# Tblproject

protitle:
Applying Elliptic Curve Based Discrete Logarithm Problem using Point Addition and Point Doubling operation for designing new Lightweight Authentication Scheme in IoT

prointro:
With increasing focus of the government on smart city, need of focusing on Internet of Things(IoT)
based protocol designing, topological designing, communication designing, and security of data
becomes more important[1]. IoT is a network of billions of devices which will be enabled via
communication with each other and communication with the human for the betterment of
people's life[2].

proobj:
To study various elliptic curves and to identify a suitable elliptic
curves for the lightweight cryptographic operation.

prometho:
To identify implemented lightweight cryptographic algorithms and
study with view point of applying elliptic curve based schemes. In addition, apply crypt-
analysis on that to and out possible mathematical attacks on the existing schemes.

prosummary:
To design and propose new lightweight authentication scheme using
elliptic curve based discrete log problem suitable for IoT resource constrained devices.

proEoutcome:
To do the comparative analysis of proposed scheme with existing scheme
in terms of computational hardness, time complexity, space complexity, etc.

FAScheme:
Mathematical Research Impact Centric Support


protitle:
A method development for improving the efficiency of solid waste collection system using distributed deployment of smart bins equipped with cheap sensors

prointro:
. Sustainable solid waste management practices need to be adopted to deal with ever increasing its management related problems regardless of the size, socio-economic traits and complexity of the municipal solid waste management program. The disposal of the solid waste has become the imminent problem across the globe. Municipal waste collection and transportation system constitutes substantial portion of the municipal activities. The cost of the same could run into unaffordable range leading to poor collection of the same and subsequent spread of unwanted solid waste material across the city. Municipalities are under constant pressure to keep cap on the cost. The ever increasing population in the cities has bent the municipality to assess their waste management program to examine cost effectiveness of solid waste collection, transportation and disposal.
 	To partially deal with the problem, it has been proposed to optimize the collection system to bring down the transportation cost. Efficiency of the collection system can depend upon several variables such as dust bin locations, road network, bins volume, traffic, population density, collection schedules, waste collecting truck volume, manpower, location of transfer stations etc. All of these variables affect cost to municipalities in complex manner to be comprehended easily. Of theses, transpiration alone cost around 60-80% of the entire cost. A small improvement in just one variable will lead to substantial decrease in overall cost. This study will develop a method for optimal collection of solid waste for Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. 
	To carry out the optimization study of collection system,  various data will be collected from the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation such as: amount of waste generated per day, number of workers, collection timings, road maps, number of transfer station, location of transfer station, number of equipment (tractors, machineries), number of zones, route of collection etc. These data will be used for validation of the model and testing of the collection system. This study will also try to automate the collection system to increases collection efficiency. Dust bins along with collecting vehicle will be made smatter by equipping them with cheap sensor (wireless communication sensor) which will talk to a centralized server about its state of fill. Data will be acquired to a centralized server to automate the collection system. Server will be used to optimize the collection route and will provide the optimal route to the collecting vehicles online for improving solid waste collection efficiency. Overall, such improvement in collection efficiency will be reflected in reduction in collection time, distance, fuel consumption, pollution emissions.

proobj:
•	To develop smart bins equipped with cheap sensors which will communicate its state of fill to a centralized server
•	Method development of communication system between smart bins and centralized server
•	To optimize the collection system of municipal waste through optimization of routes, fuel, manpower and waste volume
•	Streaming of optimized route and relevant info to waste collecting vehicles to follow optimized collection routes

prometho:
This study will be carried out with help of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC). Ahmedabad municipality has divided collection area into different zone for allocation of different jurisdiction for solid waste collection. Solid waste collection routes for different zones of Ahmedabad will be collected from AMC. ArcGIS will be used to improve the efficiency of the collection system using network analysis module of ArcGIS. Route from each zone will be analyzed and its effectiveness in collection will be assessed. Then, the entire zone combined will be assessed to evaluate its effectiveness in collection of solid waste and validity of the current zoning divisions. The use of the ArcGIS allows the user to create, arrange, treat and analyze the geographical information, organized by means of graphic and alphanumeric data. The GIS-Arc view will be used which enables the user to have a geographical reference of entire points on the digital street map.
To analyze the information through Arc view the order will be as followed: 
A) Data processing:  All the data such as location of bins, road networks will be projected into the shapefile (.shp) of each zones with the help of standardized coordinated system (the coordinate system is a reference tool used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery and observation, such as global positioning system locations within a common geographic framework). 
B) Identification of routes: All the required data for processing purposes such as length and name of roads will be inserted into the attribute table; then geo-referencing will be conducted by overlapping earth images and road layers to ensure road names are identified similar.
C) Creating network database: Arc-GIS-NA is able to find efficient travel routes for the trucks during the solid waste collection. In order to solve the route optimization, distance criteria and collection time by the truck will be considered and generated.
The final output will be in terms of distance criteria; hence the optimized routes for the solid waste collection will be produced. The same will be compared with the existing routes of different zones and assessment will be carried out. The route then will be constrained to optimize for the travel time as well as shortest distance and then output routes will again be compared with the existing route of the zones.

prosummary:
. Sustainable solid waste management practices need to be adopted to deal with ever increasing its management related problems regardless of the size, socio-economic traits and complexity of the municipal solid waste management program. The disposal of the solid waste has become the imminent problem across the globe. Municipal waste collection and transportation system constitutes substantial portion of the municipal activities. The cost of the same could run into unaffordable range leading to poor collection of the same and subsequent spread of unwanted solid waste material across the city. Municipalities are under constant pressure to keep cap on the cost. The ever increasing population in the cities has bent the municipality to assess their waste management program to examine cost effectiveness of solid waste collection, transportation and disposal.
 	To partially deal with the problem, it has been proposed to optimize the collection system to bring down the transportation cost. Efficiency of the collection system can depend upon several variables such as dust bin locations, road network, bins volume, traffic, population density, collection schedules, waste collecting truck volume, manpower, location of transfer stations etc. All of these variables affect cost to municipalities in complex manner to be comprehended easily. Of theses, transpiration alone cost around 60-80% of the entire cost. A small improvement in just one variable will lead to substantial decrease in overall cost. This study will develop a method for optimal collection of solid waste for Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. 
	To carry out the optimization study of collection system,  various data will be collected from the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation such as: amount of waste generated per day, number of workers, collection timings, road maps, number of transfer station, location of transfer station, number of equipment (tractors, machineries), number of zones, route of collection etc. These data will be used for validation of the model and testing of the collection system. This study will also try to automate the collection system to increases collection efficiency. Dust bins along with collecting vehicle will be made smatter by equipping them with cheap sensor (wireless communication sensor) which will talk to a centralized server about its state of fill. Data will be acquired to a centralized server to automate the collection system. Server will be used to optimize the collection route and will provide the optimal route to the collecting vehicles online for improving solid waste collection efficiency. Overall, such improvement in collection efficiency will be reflected in reduction in collection time, distance, fuel consumption, pollution emissions.

proEoutcome:
Growing urbanization, increasing urban population has increased the challenges of municipalities. Solid waste collection is one of the most difficult operational problems faced in metropolitan cities. In most of the zones, solid waste collections are done in an extempore manner, which contributes to high solid waste collection cost. Solid waste collection vehicles are assigned to zones without any serious demand analysis, route construction being left to the drivers. Every time the vehicle is filled up, it heads to the disposal site to unload and then returns to the zones. This method contributes to high solid waste collection cost.
 	Existing waste collection and transport systems often cannot handle the amount of waste generated by large cities like Ahmedabad with growing populations. When this occurs, waste is disposed of in uncontrolled dumps or openly burned. This type of unmonitored and uncontrolled waste disposal has negative consequences on human health and the environment. This study will partially solve the above issue

FAScheme:
Spatial Data Infrastructure for Unban Governance Application’ (NRDMS-NSDI division)


protitle:
statistical analysis of public transportation bus trips

prointro:
The project aims to analyse the historically collected trajectories of the public transportation buses using statistical methods. The data would be available from the government agencies and the Location Tracker designed as a part of an ongoing DST-SERB Funded Project titled "Advanced Urban Public Transportation System" (ECR/2017/000217). The aim is to exploit the "stop-and-go" pattern followed by the buses to compute the stoppages of buses, dwell time at a bus-stop, travel time between a pair of bus-stops and total trip duration. After deriving the above parameters for a set of trip conducted over a route, the “similarity-analysis” of the trips will be carried out. The relevant similarity measures will be studied and evaluated for their applicability to the problem.The similarity/difference among trips would be used to derive the change in demand and traffic condition on the route during peak and off-peak hours. The information  will be used to compute spatio-temporal traffic maps of the region and  to guide the decisions related to the scheduling and provisioning of buses on the route.

proobj:
The expected output of the project consists of
a methodology and/or  software package for statistical analysis of the trip data: computing trip parameters and deriving similarity;
a methodology and/or software package for computing spatio-temporal traffic maps from trip data;
an algorithm for computing the schedule and provisioning of the buses on a route based on the similarity analysis of trip data;
assessment of the above with respect to the accuracy of computed trip parameters, spatio-temporal traffic maps, and scheduling and provisioning  suggestions using real trip data of a few routes.

prometho:
As a part of the smart city initiative by the Government of India, the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Internet Connectivity are being deployed in the public transportation buses. The buses will generate huge amount of raw location data that could be analyzed to generate useful information for the commuters and public transportation planners. For example, the commuters would be interested in the arrival time of a bus at a bus-stop and an optimal  trip plan (with respect to trip time, comfort, or the number of change over) for a travel using public transportation buses. The Transportation Planners would be interested in the number of trips carried out by a bus every day, travel time of the peak and off-peak hours trips, occupancy of a bus for making the scheduling and provisioning related decisions.

This project aims to carry out the statistical analysis of historically collected trajectories of the public transportation buses. The  bus-trajectories  will be collected using the location tracker being designed as  a part of the ongoing DST funded project (ECR/2017/000217). The location  tracker uploads the location data of a bus to a central server periodically (every second).  It is noted that the  buses follow a unique stop-and-go pattern, i.e., a bus slows down and stops at a bus-stop, dwells at the bus-stop while the passengers board or get off the bus, and then accelerates and travels towards the downstream bus-stops to repeat the above pattern. The project aims to analyze the historical time-series location data of a bus-trip to compute the following parameters: stoppages of the bus, dwell time at a bus-stop, travel time between a pair of bus-stops and total trip duration.  The details of each parameter and its significance are described next.
Stoppages of a bus – speed breaker/pothole, bus-stops, and crowded junctions: When a bus is in motion, the periodic data points are separated from one another by certain distance. For example, in a typical urban scenario, during peak hours the average movement speed of a bus is 12-15 km / hr (citation). At this speed the successive data points would be separated by 3-4 meters. When a bus has slowed down due to speed breaker/potholes, or stopped at a bus-stop or at a junction (due to red signal or congestion), the periodic location data points would be clustered at that location. The clusters formed due to  speed breaker/potholes, bus-stops and junctions have a few distinguishing features. It is observed that the slowdown at a speed breaker/pothole is recurrent and occurs at the same place for a small amount of time in all the off-peak hour trips on a route. Hence, the stoppages (clusters) with fewer than 15 data points in an off-peak hour trip are classified as speed breakers/potholes. The stoppage at a bus-stop is also recurrent and occurs at the same place in all the trips on a route. The amount of time a bus dwells at a bus-stop is higher than the slowdown due to a speed breaker/pothole. It is also high during peak hour trips due to many passengers boarding the bus. The stoppage time at a junction during a peak hour trip is relatively high due to the traffic congestion. The amount of time a bus dwells at a bus-stop during a peak hour trip and an off-peak hour trip has low variance. The stoppage time variance is relatively high at a junction. When a bus-stop is near a junction, the dwell times merge and the analysis becomes difficult.
Dwell time at a Bus-stop: The dwell time at a bus-stop is highly correlated with the number of passengers boarding or leaving the bus. Generally, during peak hours, the dwell time of a bus at a crowded bus-stop is high. The dwell-time analysis can be used to estimate the demand of buses on a  route.  It can be used for making decisions about the  scheduling and provisioning of the buses. The solution is low cost as it does not require deployment of sensors  for counting passengers in every bus.
Travel time between a pair of bus stops and the total trip duration:  Travel time between a pair of bus-stops during a trip is a good indicator of the traffic condition on the road. The travel time data of the historical trips can be statistically analyzed to generate spatio-temporal traffic-map representing recurrent traffic condition along the route.  
The total trip duration can be represented as the summation of travel time between the pairs of bus-stops and dwell time at the bus-stops on route. Generally, during peak-hour trips the total trip duration increase due to higher dwell time at the bus-stops (due to many commuters boarding/leaving the bus) and higher travel time between a pair of bus-stops (due to traffic congestion). 
After deriving the above parameters for a set of trip conducted over a route, the “similarity-analysis” of the trips will be carried out.  The relevant similarity measures will be studied and evaluated for this problem. The similarity/difference among trips would be exploited to derive the  change in demand and traffic condition on the route. It would be used to guide the scheduling and provisioning related decisions on the route.

prosummary:
Tools and Technologies
Python language and the relevant packages such as Pandas, Statsmodels, Scikit, Numpy, Mlpy, Scipy will be used for the statistical data analysis.

proEoutcome:
Outcome of the Project 
The following outcomes are expected after successful implementation/ deployment of the project.
Revenue of public transportation companies may increase due to efficient scheduling and provisioning;
improved quality of travel using the public transportation buses leading to more commutes using public transportation buses; congestion and related side effects may reduce in the road network due to fewer personal vehicles in the road network


protitle:
Studies on Development of Aluminium composites reinforced by CNTs and Boron Carbide nanoparticles via friction stir processing: A novel use of Nano-technology in sustainable manufacturing.

prointro:
Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) have been widely  
                                                    used in aerospace, automobile, nuclear and other industries due to their excellent properties such as low density, high specific strength, and modulus, and added corrosion and wear resistance. These AMC’s are fabricated by reinforcing suitable strengthening elements such as Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or nanoparticles within the metal matrix. CNT’s are well-known for their remarkable mechanical, thermal and electrical properties, which combined with their low density and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE≈0), making them as the most attractive reinforcement for the development of a superior class of composites.  The conventional methods of fabrication of these AMC include CVD technique, high-pressure torsion, nano-scale dispersion, high-energy ball milling and powder metallurgy route to name a few. Friction stir processing (FSP) which incorporates a non-consumable rotating tool to generate heat and alter the microstructure can also be considered as an exciting prospect for fabrication of these AMC’s. In the proposed investigation, FSP technique will be utilized to incorporate Single or Multi Walled CNT, as well as nano-sized boron carbide (B4C) particles into the matrix of Aluminium Al-6061 alloy to form surface, reinforced composites. A detailed Strategic investigation on the effect of process conditions such as tool design (Shoulder diameter, Pin diameter, Pin Geometry and Pin length), FSP parameters (Tool rotational speed and travel speed), processing techniques (Single-pass, Multipass, reversing pass etc.) and reinforcing patterns (Hole drilling, Groove preparation, surface application etc.) will be carried out to achieve uniform distribution of these particles within the Aluminium matrix. Mechanical and metallurgical properties, as well as the detailed structure-property relationship of the FSPed samples, shall be evaluated. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, Hardness variations etc., shall be analyzed. Wear resistance of the FSPed samples shall also be carried out.   The microstructural analysis will be carried out by using optical and electron microscopes (SEM and TEM) to observe the reinforcements dispersed inside the Nugget Zone (NZ) and other phenomenon occurring. The aim of the study would be to fabricate surface composites with improved mechanical and metallurgical properties by ensuring adequate interfacial bonding and uniform dispersion of particles. FSP is an energy efficient green manufacturing technique which does not generate harmful fumes due to melting/ solidification of the materials as the process is done well below the melting point temperature. Hence the aim of the study is to develop a sustainable manufacturing process for AMC by incorporating nano-technology in manufacturing field.

proobj:
1) Investigating the effect of different process conditions of FSP on the dispersion and interfacial bonding of the reinforcement particles B4C in the 6 mm thick aluminum (Al 6061) alloy.     
2) Evaluation and analysis of mechanical and metallurgical properties of the B4C FSPed samples and experimental optimization of the mechanical and metallurgical properties to achieve aluminum composites with improved strength and properties.
3) Investigating the effect of different process conditions of FSP on the dispersion and interfacial bonding of the CNT reinforcement in the 6 mm thick aluminum (Al 6061) alloy.
4) Evaluation and analysis of mechanical and metallurgical properties of the CNT FSPed samples and experimental optimization of the mechanical and metallurgical properties to achieve aluminum composites with improved strength and properties.
5) Feasibility studies on combining the CNT and B4C reinforcement in Al 6061 matrix. 
6) Evaluation and analysis of mechanical and metallurgical properties of the combined FSPed samples.
7) Techno-commercial comparison of the FSP technique with other technique for fabrication of AMC’s.

prometho:
With the successful completion of the proposed investigation a new viable, cost-effective and sustainable technology can be developed for the fabrication of the AMC’s. In addition to this, the research would also be a unique implementation of the upcoming nano-technology in direct manufacturing for improving the existing products as well as processes. At the end of the project, a complete and precise FSP technology process maps shall be developed wherein a detailed effect of the various process conditions on the distribution of the reinforcement particles (CNT & B4C) particularly for fabricating AMC’s would be incorporated. The developed AMC would be having superior mechanical and metallurgical properties. The study will also enable a better understanding of the FSP technology and CNT in terms of the performance.

prosummary:
Advanced aluminum metal composites (AMC’s) are gaining wide popularity owing to their attractive mechanical properties such as superior strength, density and wear resistance compared to the unreinforced aluminum matrix. These AMC’s find their application for weight reduction in aircraft and automotive fabrication. The surface composites are mainly prepared by reinforcing aluminum with carbon nanotubes (CNT’s) or nanoparticles (B4C, CeO2 etc.). In the conventional processing methods to reinforced AMC’s, high temperature and high pressures are generally required. In addition to this, these composites have been fabricated using different fabrication techniques including conventional melt processing methods [21], plasma spray forming [20], powder metallurgy [25,28], powder rolling [22,42], ball milling and molecular level mixing methods [33,37]. However, two key challenges regarding the fabrication of these composites are the interface bonding and the uniform dispersion of these particles within the matrix. Friction stir processing (FSP) has been demonstrated to be an effective method of introducing the reinforcements into the metal matrix, which is a relatively new solid-state process based on friction stir welding (FSW). During FSP, a non-consumable rotating tool is plunged into the workpiece and traversed along a predetermined route to process the material in the region of interest. The material around the tool is softened by the heat generated by the friction between the tool and the workpiece [21, 27, 28]. The combination of a tool rotating and traversing induces significant material flow [29, 30] and thus results in sufficient mixing of the reinforcement and the matrix. The success of this process lies in several process parameters which have been barely studied.   
Therefore, the current study demonstrates advanced technical concepts to fabricate the AMC’s with a better dispersion of particles and improved interfacial bonding, by investigating the different process conditions ultimately to impart enhanced properties to AMC’s

proEoutcome:
With the proposed investigation a new viable, cost-effective and sustainable technology can be developed for the fabrication of the AMC’s. In addition to this, the research would also be a unique implementation of the upcoming nano-technology in direct manufacturing for improving the existing products as well as processes. One of the inherent benefits is the popularization of nanotechnology in the fraternity which is a futuristic technology and will be inevitable in future. Considering the present Indian scenario, efforts and focus are pivoted to increase the manufacturing in-house. The long-term goal of the current Indian government under “Make in India” is to develop the nation into a manufacturing hub. The success of the proposed project will prove to be helpful to Indian industries associated with manufacturing bulk composite alloys.

FAScheme:
TEACHERS ASSOCIATESHIP FOR RESEARCH EXCELLENCE


protitle:
Spatial Temporal Data Analysis for Smart City Management

prointro:
Project summary :   (About ¾ page) 
 With the rapid development of urban economy and the enormous increase of urban population, a series of problems arise, including safety and security protections of citizens, emergency events responding and management, monitoring and maintaining of urban infrastructures, and urban environment pollution treatment, etc. These problems undoubtedly hinder the development of cities and the quality improvement of residents' lives, whereas a novel and efficient management method is absent for the solving of these problems.
In this context, the present method assumes special significance. The proposed method uses data obtained from multiple sensors in analysis and predict about future.

proobj:
a. Collaborative sensing
b. Emergency events responding
c. Environment state prediction

prometho:
a. Hardware Purchase installation & Configuration
b.Data collection
c. Data pre-processing
d. Data warehouse
e. Data modelling and Software development
f. Data mining 
g. Result, Analysis, Conclusion and Report

prosummary:
a. Hardware Purchase installation & Configuration
b.Data collection
c. Data pre-processing
d. Data warehouse
e. Data modelling and Software development
f. Data mining 
g. Result, Analysis, Conclusion and Report

proEoutcome:
A novel and efficient management method would be available for the solving of these problems.

FAScheme:
Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI)
for Urban Governance Applications


protitle:
Sea Ice route optimization for safer ship navigation

prointro:
Forecasting a safe route for shipping is difficult in Antarctic Ocean due to uncertain weather conditions. These weather conditions prevail as this region witnesses a continuous interaction among atmospheric parameters, ocean parameters and sea ice parameters. Atmospheric parameters include wind speed (magnitude and direction), pressure and temperature. Ocean parameters include ocean current (magnitude and direction), ocean temperature and ocean pressure whereas sea ice parameters cover sea ice extent, sea ice thickness, sea ice concentration and ice drift. Optimizing safe routes for scientific expedition in Antarctic Ocean is even more challenging as it not only demands cost and time minimization but also needs accomplishment of scientific objectives. Wind speed and direction play a major role in ship movement. Wave dominates over ship performance due to speed and direction of the wind. Other than this continuous presence of wind gives direct impact on ice drifting, in polar region. To forecast a safe and optimal route in Antarctic Ocean, information about sea ice concentration (SIC), sea ice extent (SIE), sea ice drift  and sea ice thickness (SIT) with the deformation need to be studied from remotely sensed data.   Similarly, past data regarding wind speed and direction with its effect on wave formation needs to be studied from SCATSAT 1. All this can be modeled to forecast a safe route in this region. Further, an algorithm can be proposed to optimize the safe route with respect to time, money and scientific objectives.

proobj:
The major objective of this study is to develop a technique to provide an optimum and safe navigation route to the voyage of the Indian Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica during sea ice transit.  The prevailing weather conditions and the sea ice parameters retrieved from remotely sensed data will be incorporated in the optimization process. Thus, proposal has dual objective of (i) Sea ice status forecasting in the Antarctic. (ii) Development and validation of a technique for sea ice route optimization

prometho:
Proposed Approach or Methodology
1.	Collection and study of past data of meteorological parameters near the Antarctic region between the coasts of Maitri and Bharati stations covering India Bay and Prydz Bay in terms of atmospheric parameters, ocean parameters by reanalysis data and sea ice parameters from different sensors of satellite imaging. 
2.	This data can be used to predict its future nature by using various forecasting tools. For example surface pressure and temperature can be predicted using statistical tools that includes auto regression moving average (ARMA) and auto regression integrated moving average (ARIMA) for short period of time. Similarly, wind speed and direction can be modelled using ANN (Artificial Neural Network) as it work well with non – linear data. Hybrid approach that includes an efficient blend of numerical and stochastic prediction methods as per the requirement. Data assimilation using ensemble Kalman filter can be used. Performance of the models need to be validated with the actual data points. 
3.	Establishing safe weather conditions objectively in terms of sea ice parameters and other atmospheric parameters to find feasible points in the region to ensure the safe movement of the ships.

prosummary:
Forecasted data coupled with life period of the sea ice can be used to formulate a model to predict safe zone and safe time between Maitri and Bharati stations covering India Bay and Prydz Bay for movement.
Route optimizing in this scenario will be a multi-objective problem with conflicting interests. Therefore decision making could be done scenario wise using multi-objective evolutionary algorithms to solve MOPs for providing safer ship routes / time periods in sea ice regions of the Antarctic for Indian Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica.

proEoutcome:
A Decision Support System to provide an optimum ship navigation route through sea ice to the Indian Antarctic Expeditions. Study of Sea ice characteristics in the study region using RS data. Identifying safe route conditions. Propose an algorithm to optimize path with fulfilment of scientific requirements.

FAScheme:
Integrated Studies of Himalayan Cryosphere Project

fAhead:
INTEGRATED STUDY OF HIMALAYAN CRYOSPHERIC PROJECT ISRO


protitle:
Mechanochemical Approach for Perovskite Solar Cells: A way towards efficient, stable and low cost Solar cells

prointro:
Solar energy is one of the most abundant and renewable energy sources that have minimum harmful impact on the environment compare to other sources like fossil or nuclear energies. Utilizing solar energy to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect is a promising way for low cost green energy. An ideal solar cell requires low-cost, trouble-free, abundant material resources with good stability and high power conversion efficiency, also competent to integrate into large area. More recently, research interest of the photovoltaic community has concentrated on organic–inorganic halide perovskites and nowadays perovskite solar cells represent an emerging photovoltaic technology. These ambipolar semiconductors have attracted increasing attention due to their easy fabrication process and unique physicochemical properties like small band-gaps and high carrier mobility.

proobj:
Development of effecient and low cost solar cells

prometho:
Despite success in boosting their efficiency, 3D and 2D perovskite solar cells are still facing several critical challenges. However, the method used for design of new 3D and 2D perovskite materials that involve the replacement and modification of amine groups or cations were preceded so far by using solution-based methods. Another profound limitation is to form a homogeneous perovskite thin film, which is crucial to reproduce high efficient 3D and 2D PSCs. It has been reported that the quality of solution-processed and hot cast (HC) (maximum efficiency obtained) perovskite thin films was poor with incomplete surface coverage, large amounts of defects and pinholes, and dramatically rough surface morphologies.

prosummary:
In general, 2D perovskite materials fabrication methods plays a critical role on their chemical and physical properties, i.e. chemical composition, homogeneity, crystallinity, phase purity, morphology, grain size-dispersion, and parameters like extinction coefficients and carrier mobility can be easily altered by simply changing material formation route. Most research studies have focused on PEA, n-BA and iso-BA organic spacer cation because of their capability to tune optimal band gap and its compatibility with solution-based processing. The synthesis of 2D perovskites was accomplished through a variety of approaches, including solvothermal processes or high-temperature solid-state reactions.

proEoutcome:
A low cost solar cell with better statbality will be produce


prointro:
Nanoscale multicomponent oxide materials receive much attention because of their wide range of applications including gas sensors, electrode and electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells, and three way catalytic supports for automobile exhaust gas treatment.  Among them ceria based materials are of interest because of their application not only as a catalyst for fuel reformation to enable fuel cells to be run on existing hydrocarbon fuels but also as the water-gas shift (WGS) catalysts in PEM fuel cell but also their tremendous potential as an electrolyte material used in solid oxide fuel cell operated at low temperature because of their high oxygen ion conductivity compared to the existing electrolyte materials.  Here, we propose an experimental study on the fabrication of nanostructured ceria based materials for the use as electrolyte in low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LT-SOFC) focusing on crystal structure, operating temperature and ionic conductivity.  The overall objective is to achieve an improved understanding of the relevant physical and chemical phenomena occurring in the nanometer sized particles during cell operation.  The results from this investigation can be applied to improve the methods for the preparation of new and existing electrolyte materials important for the fuel cell industry.

proobj:
1.	Preparation of advanced ceria based electrolyte material having improved ionic conductivity at 400-600°C by chemical method
2.	Processing of those materials to make them suitable for LT-SOFC application
3.	Evaluation of ionic conductivity of the ceria based electrolyte materials at 400-600°C and find out the structure property relationship of particle dimension and ionic activity
4.	Fabrication of single cell fuel cell, which can be operated at low temperature (400-600°C) using ceria based electrolyte and compatible electrode materials
5.	Evaluation of LT-SOFC device performance at 400-600°C and study of interfacial electron transfer, phase transformation (between Ce4+ and Ce3+) under reducing condition at 400-600°C.

prometho:
Materials Synthesis:
In the present proposal the main materials, which will be synthesized are ceria based fluorite oxides.  Several tri-valent dopants (such as Gd, Sm, Y etc.) will be incorporated in the ceria system with appropriate concentration in order to achieve the cubic structure.  The materials will be prepared by simple coprecipitation method by using easily available metal salt precursors, such as nitrate, chloride and sulphate.  During the synthesis, no additional water will be used from outside to minimize agglomeration due to hydrogen bonding. Simply, the experiment will be performed at water free environment.  The coprecipitated materials will then be heat-treated at different temperature to get the desired phase and the green body will be sintered at comparatively higher temperature to achieve the dense body.  To compare the performance of synthesized doped ceria materials, we will make a series of samples with trivalent metal to Ce ratio starting from 0 to 100 mole % on metal basis.  Preliminary results (Fig 1) suggest the formation of YSZ and SDC nanoparticles prepared through the proposed coprecipitation method.  Preliminary results (not shown here) also suggest that the materials are formed at very low temperature (200°C) and active towards cell operation with H2 fuel.
For proof of concept, a single cell SOFC will be prepared by using doped ceria as the electrolyte, Ni/doped ceria as anode and LaMnO¬3/doped ceria as cathode.  First, functional anode layer will be made by pressing (~ 2 cm diameter) the synthesized Ni/doped ceria mixed with carbon black and calcined at certain temperature to generate certain amount of pores.  Then the anode support layer will be made by tape casting the same material (with less amount of carbon black) in one side of the functional layer.  On the other side, doped ceria electrolyte will be tape / drop casted and sintered at higher temperature to ensure proper adhesion between anode and electrolyte.  The cathode material, LMN/doped ceria, will then be tape casted on the electrolyte and sintered at appropriate temperature.  Finally, interconnect will be connected on both cathode and anode side.
Materials Characterization:
Bulk chemical composition will be determined by using the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).  XPS will be used to determine the oxidation state, and concentration of the atoms in the surface region.  Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) will be used to determine the particle size and morphology of the materials and to qualitatively investigate the dispersion and crystallinity of the samples via selected area electron diffraction (SAED).  High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) will be used to look in detail at the nanostructure in the particles and to obtain the lattice parameters, to compare the X-ray diffraction results. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) will be used to determine the minimum temperature needed to make the materials.  XPS will be performed in order to evaluate the oxidation state of Ce.  Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) will be used to determine the atomic number, distance and coordination number of the atoms surrounding the element whose absorption edge is being examined.  An automatic physisorption analyzer will be used to determine multi-point BET surface areas of the materials.  Electrochemical study of the fabricated single cell fuel cell will be performed at temperature between 400-600°C using both H2 and natural gas (butane, methane).  The ionic conductivity of the synthesized and processed electrolyte materials will be performed at different temperature.

prosummary:
The development of intermediate-temperature SOFC (IT-SOFC) or low-temperature SOFC (LT-SOFC) is now a world tendency for SOFC commercialization.  However, with decreased operating temperature, the internal resistance of SOFC increases tremendously, results in decrease on the performance of the cell.  Therefore, how to reduce the internal resistance of SOFC is a key point for LT-SOFC.  There are several factors leading to SOFC internal resistance: first and foremost, it’s from the large resistance of electrolyte, due to low oxygen ion conductivity of current electrolyte materials at low temperature. Second, polarization resistances of electrodes, especially cathode, are magnified with the decrease of temperature 7.  There are two main ways by which SOFCs can be operated at lower temperatures, while still attaining comparable performance to the higher temperature technology. The dimensional thickness of the electrolyte can be reduced, so reducing the area specific resistance of the fuel cell, and/or materials development can bring about the same result by improving the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte at lower temperatures and bring about improvements in the performance of electrodes 7-9. 
In recent years, there has been an enormous increase in the application of doped ceria as electrolyte materials in SOFC 10-14.  Doped ceria, having fluorite structure, is considered to be one of the promising electrolytes for LT-SOFC 15, 16.  Samarium doped ceria (SDC), yttria doped ceria (YDC) and gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) are the most extensively studied ceria based electrolytes, with the maximum ionic conductivity occurring at 10–20 mol% dopants. Compared to YSZ, doped ceria has a high conductivity and lower activation energy below 800 °C.  Moreover, doped ceria suffers from the partial reduction of Ce4+ to Ce3+ in reducing atmosphere and at high temperature (>600 °C), leads to undesirable structural change, as well as electronic conductivity that reduces performance due to electronic leakage currents between the anode and cathode. Therefore, the operation of SOFCs with a doped ceria electrolyte is to be considered most effective in the 300–600 °C temperature range.

proEoutcome:
The electrolyte is a principal element for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC).  An ideal SOFC electrolyte should have high ionic conductivity, low electronic conductivity, good thermal and chemical stability in reactant environment.  The development of intermediate-temperature SOFC (IT-SOFC) or low-temperature SOFC (LT-SOFC) is now a world tendency for SOFC commercialization.  However, with decreased operating temperature, the internal resistance of SOFC increases tremendously and so the performance of the cell.  Therefore, how to reduce the internal resistance of SOFC is a key point for LT-SOFC.  Factors include large resistance of electrolyte, due to poor oxygen ion conductivity of current electrolyte materials and polarization resistances of electrodes at low temperature.  There are two main ways by which SOFCs can be operated at lower temperatures, while still attaining comparable performance to the higher temperature technology. The dimensional thickness of the electrolyte can be reduced, so reducing the area specific resistance of the fuel cell, and/or materials development can bring about the same result by improving the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte at lower temperature.  The overall outcome, an improved understanding of the relevant physical and chemical phenomena occurring in the nanometer sized particles during synthesis, fabrication and cell operation at low temperature (300-600°C), can directly benefit the fuel cell industry.


protitle:
Development of novel two dimensional materials and their nano-carbon composites as efficient photo- and electro-catalysts for hydrogen generation from water

prointro:
The project aims at developing novel and inexpensive catalysts of two dimensional layered chalcogenide materials and their composites with graphene for photo- and electrolytic mode of water splitting. The new catalysts will replace noble Pt and Pd based catalysts with 2D layered chalcogenide (2DLC in short), such as MoS2/WS2/TiS2, layered SnS/Se with comparable activities. The process steps involved in the fabrication of these catalysts mainly focusses active site engineering of their nanosheets. Various configurations of the 2DLCs, such as 2H, 1T etc will be fabricated. These active site engineered 2DLC materials will have two major applications: first electrocatalysis of water at low over potential which is close to Pt/Pd counterpart. Second, photocatalytic mode of water splitting is challenging when nanostructured oxides, such as TiO2, CuO, NiO, -Fe2O3 etc are used due to their poor electron transfer capability. Their photocatalytic activity will improve (synergetic effect) by the use of certain co-catalysts which provide very low resistance electron pathway. Therefore, newly developed 2DLC and their nanocomposite will be acting as co-catalysts to enhance photocatalytic activity of these inexpensive oxide semiconductors. Water splitting activity of both electro- and synergetic photo-catalytic cases will be studies under various physic-chemical conditions with the measurement of gas evolution kinetics.

proobj:
• Hydrothermal synthesis of various two dimensional layered chalcogenide (2DLC) materials nanostructure as H2 evolution catalysts.
    • Fabrication of 2DLC co-catalysed inexpensive semiconductor for photocatalytic water splitting. 
    • Low cost atmospheric pressure CVD and hydrothermal processes of the graphene and reduced graphene oxides. 
    • Doping of transition metal dichalcogenide at their edge site terminated nano-form to increase their edge site activity.
    • Configuration variations in 2DLCs (2H, 1T etc) lithiation process.
    • Synthesis of composites of 2DLCs with graphene, reduced graphene oxide etc.

proEoutcome:
This project is expected to deliver inexpensive catalysts based on two dimensional layered chalcogenide (2DLC) materials for the production of hydrogen by splitting of water through photocatalysis and electrocatalysis phenomena. Photocathodes and photoanodes of minimum active area of 1cm2 can be achieved. Gram level synthesis of WS2, MoS2, Sn(S/Se) and their graphene composites with active sites nano-engineering can be possible in the project. The scale up approach to be adopted in this project will be patented and DST may co-hold the IPR. The proposed scale up may be adopted in developing pilot scale hydrogen generation unit in future projects. Other than this, papers on original development will be published and a number of PhD students may get benefited.

fAhead:
Science and Engineering Research Board/SERB/F/12337/2018-2019 DT 15 MAR 19


prointro:
In the current global scenario, ambient ‘Air quality’ or ‘Air pollution’ has become a subject of serious concern resulting from rapid industrialisation, growing urbanisation, higher levels of energy consumption, increasing vehicular emissions, biomass burning etc. leading to various ill effects on human health and environment. In India, over the past few decades, air pollution has become a critical environmental issue as an outcome of enhanced anthropogenic activities, economic development, industrial development and growing energy demands. The major sources of air pollution in the country are industries emitting toxic gases, thermal power plants emissions, and vehicular exhaust containing carbon-di-oxide, carbon monoxide, black carbon, particulate matter, hydrocarbons, sulphur-di-oxide and oxides of nitrogen etc. Ambient air with high concentrations of fine and coarse Particulate Matter (PM) consists of microscopically small solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in air. In a recent report in 2016, World Health Organisation had reported that high PM concentrations in ambient air is causing 3 million premature deaths worldwide every year and approximately 3% of cardiopulmonary and 5% of lung cancer deaths can be attributed to the particulate matter globally. This is an alarming situation and draws research interest and immediate actions through various pollution control methods and policy measures particularly in urban areas with several evidences of impacts on human health besides local and regional environmental impacts.

proobj:
•	To undertake scenario based modeling for improving the Urban Air Quality
•	To forecast Air Quality (in terms of secondary pollutants like Ozone) using techniques like Artificial Neural Network (ANN).

prometho:
1.	Identification of sources and field measurements of various air pollutants in the study area. 
2.	Use of satellite data with in-situ measurements for deriving air pollution/air quality, GHG indices and estimation of satellite derived PM.  
3.	Atmospheric LIDAR measurements for generating vertical profiles of aerosols and cloud structure. 
4.	Mathematical simulations of air pollutants dispersion from elevated point sources and mobile sources in the study area.
5.	Integration of all inputs into a GIS framework for spatial modelling.
6.	Identification of potential zones of air pollution.   
7.	Investigations on impacts of various air pollutants on Human health. 
8.	Generating a WebGIS based urban Air Quality Assessment for the study area.

prosummary:
•	To identify potential sources and spatio-temporal variabilities in air pollutants through field measurements and ambient air monitoring.
•	Deriving air quality indices using field/in-situ, remote sensing and GIS data   
•	Source dispersion modelling of air pollutants using source inventory, satellite and meteorological data 
•	To investigate the impacts of air pollutants on human health and identification of potential zones of human health hazards

FAScheme:
EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND APPLICATIONS MISSION


protitle:
MOVING TOWARDS HYGIENIZED ORGANIC MANURE USING GAMMA RADIATION

prointro:
Management of large volume of Municipality waste produced (solid and liquid) on a daily basis in big cities and towns is a major challenge all over the world particularly in densely populated countries like India. The Municipal Solid Waste (which is 60% organic), Municipal Wastewater and Sewage Sludge are a rich source of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus which are the essential building blocks of vegetation (agriculture), however, they are either sent to landfill or discharged in the water bodies which are further creating environmental problems. Thus a proper purification and disinfection technique would make the entire Municipal waste (including solid and liquid) a big resource which could significantly strengthen our agricultural production both qualitatively and quantitatively.      
  
With this background, the present project is conceptualized whose overall objective is ‘Wealth from Waste utilizing Gamma Radiation from Co-60 radio isotope’. The gamma radiation from this source would have two utilizations (1) Gamma Radiation would be utilized for grafting polymers that would have high adsorption of hazardous cations and anions in wastewater; (2) The sewage, sewage sludge and organic waste would be hygienized by radiation induced sterilization whereby pathogens like bacteria, viruses, parasitic protozoa and helminthes would be completely eliminated.

proobj:
•	Assessing the impact of utilizing (untreated) sewage in farming
i.	Nutritional content of the agricultural produce
ii.	Agricultural productivity
iii.	Health of the farmers adopting sewage farming
•	Radiation grafting of polymers and plastics for preferential absorbing of hazardous heavy metals from liquid effluents (domestic sewage and wastewater from chemical and dye industry) 
•	Evolving Optimal Nuclear Irradiation Technique for hygienization of sewage water (treated and untreated), Sewage sludge and digested organic waste.
•	Characterization of the hygienized Sewage and composite of Sewage Sludge and digested Organic Waste
•	Experimental evaluation of the Soil Health after the application of Hygienized Sewage and Hygienized Composite Composition and assessing its suitability for agriculture.

prometho:
1. Assessment of Nutritional Content of the agricultural produce using sewage
2. Health Survey of the Farmers practicing Sewage Farming
Radiation grafting of polymers  for preferential adsorption of hazardous anions and cations
3. Application of Gamma Irradiation Techniques for sterilization & hygienization
4. Characterization and evaluation of the hygienized sewage, sludge and digested MSW

prosummary:
1.	Modified Polymers and plastics which could adsorb heavy metals.
2.	Optimal Gamma irradiation dose for complete sterilization of Sewage, Sewage Sludge and digested organic waste
3.	Soil enrichment due to the application of hygienized sewage and hygienized composite compost in terms of N, P, K and C

proEoutcome:
Management of large volume of Municipality waste produced on a daily basis in big cities and towns is a major challenge all over the world particularly in densely populated countries like India. The present project has a specific mandate of addressing this issue by converting the ‘organic waste’ into ‘hygienized and heavy metal free organic manure’. The success of the project would be of great significance because Sewage Farming is being practiced in India and therefore the project outcomes would be of importance for improving the agricultural output.


protitle:
Development of inline pre-treatment system to mitigate the fouling tendency of reverse osmosis (RO) membrane along with fabrication of fouling resistant RO membrane.

prointro:
Pre-treatment has been widely used in RO systems and it has the advantage of improving the feed water quality greatly to ensure reliable RO operation as well as to prolong membrane life. Pre-treatment methods could be selected based on the source water composition analysis. For example, for feed water that has a high hardness level, pre-treatment to reduce hardness is necessary so as to reduce membrane scaling risk. A lot of work has been done by researchers to study the performance of different pre-treatment technologies. A statistical analysis was conducted to reveal the common RO pre-treatment technologies studied in the past 10 years [16]. As shown in Figure 1, UF, coagulation/flocculation and MF are the three technologies that have been most studied by researchers as RO pre-treatment methods. In fact, UF/MF filtration as pre-treatment of RO is gaining more and more popularity in recent years. Coagulation/flocculation has long been used as a pre-treatment method for not only RO but NF and other technologies as well.

proobj:
•	Mitigate the fouling of RO membranes by studying combination of inline syatems.

prometho:
The ozonation process will be carried out by a setup as depicted in Figure 3. Ozone gas will be generated from oxygen by an oxygen concentrator from air. The flow rates of the ozone will be controlled by mass flow controller. Feed is injected through a small pump and it will be mixed with ozone, after that it will keep in a contactor. In next step, stream will enter to a micro filtration setup and afterward it will enter BAC packed bed column. Before entering to the RO system, feed will pass through 0.45 µm filter setup.

prosummary:
Water shortage is one of major challenges in many places around the world. It is exacerbated by water pollution from agricultural residues, sewage as well as industrial waste. In order to meet the rising demand for fresh water, strategies like water reuse and seawater desalination have already been applied. Membrane technology is one of the most promising ways to produce high quality water. RO membrane technology is widely used in seawater desalination, drinking water production, brackish water treatment and wastewater treatment.
	However, RO membrane fouling is a main challenge to reliable membrane performance. Fouling is a complicated phenomenon which involves different mechanisms under different circumstances. To reduce the fouling of RO membrane various pre-treatment methods are used. Currently, RO feed pretreatment is mainly used to reduce suspended and colloidal material in the feed water. Conventional pretreatment includes disinfection, flocculation/coagulation and filtration processes, including microfiltration or ultrafiltration. Currently, continuous polymeric microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF) is the most popular pretreatment technology. However, polymeric membranes also need chemical cleaning and can be damaged by contact with oxidants. Furthermore, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), identified as the dominant foulant in most RO membrane plants, cannot be removed effectively by MF and UF. Indeed, due to incomplete feed water pretreatment, even a rather small concentration (i.e. a few ppm) of commonly present organic macromolecules can cause significant membrane fouling.
	To find a way to minimise RO membrane organic fouling, a pre-treatment combination including advanced oxidation (ozonation), ceramic MF, and biologically activated carbon (BAC) was proposed. The aims of the combination were to increase the content of biodegradable organics by ozonation, reduce fouling of the ceramic MF while allowing effective particle removal, and stabilisation of the water through removal of biodegradable organics by BAC. Ozonation and BAC were also expected to remove trace organic compounds that would otherwise be rejected by the RO membrane and discharged to the environment. Ozonation, ozonation-ceramic MF and BAC alone were compared with the proposed pre-treatment of ozonation-ceramic MF-BAC, based on the fouling performance of RO membrane. Further, to mitigate the fouling of RO membrane, I will also fabricate fouling resistant RO membrane using some noble additive.

proEoutcome:
•	This work will provide a simple technique for simultaneous disinfection and degradation of chemical impurities present in the raw water with the help of ozone and catalytic effect of ceramic microfiltration membrane.
•	This hybrid pre-treatment will eliminate the dissolved organic compound from water for the effective reduction of RO membrane fouling. 
•	This work will propose a alternative to the polymeric microfiltration or ultrafiltration membrane( the most popular pretreatment technology for reverse osmosis operation)
•	Noble RO membrane will be developed for minimizing the susceptibility of RO membranes towards fouling caused by the dissolved organic carbon.


proobj:
The objective of this work is to mitigate the fouling behavior of RO membrane by developing a more efficient hybrid pre-treatment system for the removal of different type of foulant from the RO feed scream.

prosummary:
According to recently published report, along with the strain on surface water, the country is also facing great stress with freshwater. Lack of strict state regulation on ground water development has caused a strain on the amount of freshwater available. The approximation of the untreated water entering the water sources such as rivers and lakes is 90 percent and only furthers the problem [48]. Therefore new and efficient techniques are required for the simultaneous removal of all kind of pollutant from the raw water, so that it can be purified to potable water. The proposed membrane based hybrid system will be able to fulfill the above requirements and its novelties are as follows:
•	Disinfection of raw water taken from any river or water body without using any chemical.
•	Degradation of all type of chemical impurities present in the raw water with the help of ozone and catalytic effect of ceramic.
•	Eliminating dissolved organic compound from water for the effective reduction of RO membrane fouling. 
•	Proposing alternative to the polymeric microfiltration or ultrafiltration membrane( the most popular pretreatment technology for reverse osmosis operation)
•	Development of noble RO membrane for minimizing the susceptibility of RO membranes towards fouling caused by the dissolved organic carbon.

proEoutcome:
The expected outputs of this proposal are described as follows.
•	This work will provide a simple technique for simultaneous disinfection and degradation of chemical impurities present in the raw water with the help of ozone and catalytic effect of ceramic microfiltration membrane.
•	This hybrid pre-treatment will eliminate the dissolved organic compound from water for the effective reduction of RO membrane fouling. 
•	This work will propose a alternative to the polymeric microfiltration or ultrafiltration membrane( the most popular pretreatment technology for reverse osmosis operation)
•	Noble RO membrane will be developed for minimizing the susceptibility of RO membranes towards fouling caused by the dissolved organic carbon.


protitle:
Non-Solvent synthesis of 2D and 2D/3D metal halide perovskites: A way for efficient and stable Perovskite Solar Cells

prointro:
The environmental burden and resource scarcity of fossil fuel based electricity generation increases the demand for clean energy production. The utilization of solar energy by the action of photovoltaic effect is been one of the most efficient and promising way to utilize the solar energy. The recent discovery of inorganic-organic metal halide perovskites are potentially transforming the photovoltaic technology because of low cost and easy processing along with relatively high power conversion efficiency. The massive research efforts over the last few years have led the unprecedented growth in device performance up to 23.3 %. This meteoric rise in cell performance attracted intense attention from the scientific community. 
At present the commercialization way of conventional perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is blocked by their low stability in high humidity. Understanding the relation between device processing conditions, molecular or compositional engineering with the device stability is a crucial step towards the designing of stable and efficient perovskite solar cells. The instability of the PSCs comes mostly from the fact that residual water decomposes perovskite to PbX2.

proobj:
On the basis of applicant’s previous project experience in the synthesis of 3D perovskites, Applicant plan to raise the challenge of further development of original inorganic-organic hybrid 2D as well as 2D/3D perovskites and investigations on their physicochemical properties of the bulk crystals and perovskite thin films. Integral part of the proposal will be the utilization of resulted materials as an absorbing layer for solar energy conversion and optoelectronic applications. The highly interdisciplinary research approach of this project will be strongly supported by the reputable international expert across in the photovoltaic area - Prof. Michael Saliba (Fribourg) and in the materials synthesis – Dr. Daniel Prochowicz (Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences).

prometho:
Recent works demonstrated that the utilization of non-solvent synthetic approach (i.e. mechanosynthesis) provides an efficient way for the formation of a variety of perovskite compounds.1-3 A non-solvent synthesis allows the introduction of inorganic (desired anions and cations) and organic (supporting ligands) species in a controllable manner, both on molecular and nano-particulate level. Moreover, non-solvent synthesis is much advantageous than conventional solution-based or solvothermal synthesis since it avoids solvent usage, being more environmentally friendly, energy-efficient and reducing reaction times with a simultaneous increasing of product purity.

prosummary:
The primary goal for this project will be the synthesis of inorganic-organic perovskite materials and their application in the fabrication of photovoltaic devices. The applicant’s institute’s i.e PDPU (Gujarat) is well equipped with state of art facilities and experience in the use of mesoscopic materials in energy conversion systems like photovoltaic cells, lithium ion batteries and photo electrochemical devices. Also, the applicant’s extensive experience in the preparation and characterization of perovskite solar cells makes it an ideal environment for this project to take place.

proEoutcome:
Low cost, high efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells: The proposed project is expected to pave the way for the more robust and high throughput method for fabrication of low cost, high efficiency and stable 2D, 3D and 2D/3D perovskites solar cells. An honest attempt will be made to look for possible large area fabrication of solar cells and its technology transfer to photovoltaic market. It is envisaged that the proposal may pave the way for a novel solar cell device which can do highly efficient and stable in a cost effective manner. With the completion of project, we believe that mechanochemical approach opens up a new avenue for making cheap and highly performed perovskite materials for solar cell applications. Ground-breaking results will be published in high-impact journals such as Journal of the American Chemical Society, Chemistry of Materials, Advanced Energy Materials and presented at international conferences as oral and poster presentations.


protitle:
Development of Loss of Life model for estimation of flood fatality and its rate caused by Dam break in India to prepare an effective Emergency Action Plan (EAP)

prointro:
There are 5,200 large dames in India; out of 196 are over 100 years old. Dam failure constitutes a severe threat to human life. Dam provides many benefits for our society, but floods resulting from the failure of constructed dams have also produced some of the most devastating disasters at downstream. Therefore, the relation between safe dam management and effective flood mitigation is a focal point in every hydrodynamic analysis of regulated river systems. Dam failures arises through  many causes like 1) Earthquake; 2) Landslide; 3) Extreme storm; 4) Piping; 5) Equipment malfunction; 6) Structure damage; 7) Foundation failure; 8) Sabotage. Regardless of the cause, almost all failures begin with a breach formation. The actual failure mechanics are not well understood for either earthen or concrete dams. When dams fail property damage is certain, but loss of life can vary dramatically with the extent of the inundation area, the size of population at risk, and the amount of warning time available. The inundation area and the warning time depend mainly on the dam break scenario and dam breach parameters like the Dynamic Breach geometry (breach depth and width, breach side slope factor), timing (breach initial time, breach formation time, etc), failure mode, breach progression, flow conditions, material, geometry and type of the dam, where as the Loss of Life (L) is depend on Severity of dam break flood (SF), dam break mode (MB), Water storage (SW), dam break time (TB), Weather during dam break (WB), building vulnerability (VB), average distance from affected area to dam (DD), Population at risk (PR), understanding of dam break (UB), warning time (TW) and evacuation condition (EC). This 11 impact factors of L are important for assessment of loss of life after the break and risk prediction ahead of the break. However, there is still a lack of systematic and comprehensive research literature on the Loss of Life (L) caused by dam break available in Indian.

proobj:
This research project aims to comprehensive study of loss of life (L) caused by dam breach and preparation effective EAP for Indian dams. To achieve the main objective dam break cases of Indian and Ukai dam, Surat city at Lower Tapi Basin will be considered as a Case study. In order to meet the main objective, the following sub-objectives are elaborated:
1) 	To develop the loss of life (L) model for Indian dams 
2) 	To develop unsteady flow model for Dam break studies 
3) 	Flood Hazard and Risk mapping to prepare an effective Emergency Action Plan (EAP).

prometho:
The adopted methodology comprises of 5 phases, namely 1) Preparation 2) Fieldwork, Data Collection and Data Preparation 3) Modelling 4) Emergency Action Plan (EAP) and 5) Reporting (Please refer Annexure- I, II & III).

prosummary:
There are 5,200 large dames in India; out of 196 are over 100 years old. Dam failure constitutes a severe threat to human life. Dam provides many benefits for our society, but floods resulting from the failure of constructed dams have also produced some of the most devastating disasters at downstream. Therefore, the relation between safe dam management and effective flood mitigation is a focal point in every hydrodynamic analysis of regulated river systems. Dam failures arises through  many causes like 1) Earthquake; 2) Landslide; 3) Extreme storm; 4) Piping; 5) Equipment malfunction; 6) Structure damage; 7) Foundation failure; 8) Sabotage. Regardless of the cause, almost all failures begin with a breach formation. The actual failure mechanics are not well understood for either earthen or concrete dams. When dams fail property damage is certain, but loss of life can vary dramatically with the extent of the inundation area, the size of population at risk, and the amount of warning time available. The inundation area and the warning time depend mainly on the dam break scenario and dam breach parameters like the Dynamic Breach geometry (breach depth and width, breach side slope factor), timing (breach initial time, breach formation time, etc), failure mode, breach progression, flow conditions, material, geometry and type of the dam, where as the Loss of Life (L) is depend on Severity of dam break flood (SF), dam break mode (MB), Water storage (SW), dam break time (TB), Weather during dam break (WB), building vulnerability (VB), average distance from affected area to dam (DD), Population at risk (PR), understanding of dam break (UB), warning time (TW) and evacuation condition (EC). This 11 impact factors of L are important for assessment of loss of life after the break and risk prediction ahead of the break. However, there is still a lack of systematic and comprehensive research literature on the Loss of Life (L) caused by dam break available in Indian.

proEoutcome:
The proposed project and its plan of action will be utilized to improve the dam regulation procedure of 5,200 large dam and many more in India. The outcomes will be submitted to the International Commission On Large Dam (ICOLD), National Committee on Dam Safety (NCDS), Dam Safety Bill, Niti Aayog, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Central Water Commission (CWC), Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Programme (DRIP), Flood Cell, Surat Irrigation Circle (SIC), NGOs and local government bodies for suggestion and further improvement of a objective of DRIP project. The developed methodology will be used in large scale to reduce the flood fatality in India as well the similar case worldwide.


protitle:
Climate change impacts on offshore wind power potential along Indian EEZ

prointro:
The global warming is a well-established fact and causes an increment in the mean earth temperature which influences the natural ecosystem including the global wind trends. The formation of wind energy generation projects is performed based on the historical data collection. Due to the long duration of these projects the future energy resource assessment is also essential. The tiny variation in the energy availability leads to the huge fluctuations in the power generation which ultimately affects the cost of the wind power projects. Such uncertainty causes huge financial risk as there is the tremendous amount of money gets involved in the establishment of wind power generation plant. Hence the core aim of this project is to study the alterations in the wind resources along Indian Exclusively Economic Zone (EEZ) region by considering the climate change scenario and its effect on the economic assessment of wind power projects. 
This project would describe the impact of climate change on the techno-economic potential of offshore wind resources along the Indian EEZ. Climate change impact on future Indian large-scale wind power resource under the latest IPCC Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) future climate projections will be analyzed. After assessing the Global Circulation Model (GCMs), the best model data one that reproduces contemporary near-surface wind speeds over Indian offshore region will be used to assess future changes in wind power in India. Due to coarse resolution, different downscaling approaches such as hard and soft techniques and Regional Climate Model (RCMs) will be used to produce high-resolution datasets. Further, validate this data with high-resolution reanalysis datasets and observational data. This high resolution downscaled datasets will be used to develop the spatial distribution maps of wind properties for past-present and future scenarios. Further, considering the wind turbine characteristics technical offshore wind potential in the study area will be estimated for present and future scenarios. Finally, levelized cost of energy (LCOE) will be estimated by considering the economies of the wind farm. The present study will be beneficial to financial investors, project developers, power transmission agencies and the policymakers.

proobj:
1.	To identify the most appropriate General circulation model that reproduce contemporary near-surface wind speeds over Indian offshore region.
2.	Validation of high-resolution downscaling data with high-resolution reanalysis and observational data.
3.	To develop the spatial distribution maps of wind properties for past, present and future scenarios. 
4.	To investigate the influence of climate change upon the Indian offshore wind resources.
5.	Estimation of a technical and economic potential of offshore wind resource for present and future scenarios.

prometho:
The methodology is outlined as follows:
o Assess the different Global circulation model data (Present and future)
o	Identify best reproduce contemporary near surface wind speeds over Indian offshore region
o	Develop high resolution wind data by using downscaling techniques such as BIMQ, ANN and WRF
o	Wind speed extrapolation (Power law)
o	Wind resource assessment for present and future scenarios (seasonal and monthly variation, WPD, average wind speed)
o	Estimation of wind power potential for present and future scenarios (power curve,  CF, AEP) 
o	Economic analysis ( LCoE, Sensitivity analysis)

prosummary:
This project will be continued for three years in the beginning and later will be implemented further. It begins with a thorough planning, collects the data from different GCM models. In the same time, the process of ordering and purchasing the workstation will be initiated. After successful installation, various GCMs data will be assessed and identify the best suitable GCM for the study area. Once GCM is identifying, the data will be downscaled with different techniques. Further, validate/correlate the downscaled wind speed with reanalysis wind speed and in-situ measurement data. Further, estimate the technical wind energy potential and levelized cost of wind energy for present and future scenarios based on best correlate downscaled wind speed. Finally, as per usual procedures, a final report of the work done under this project will be submitted to the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi.

proEoutcome:
The best GCM model applicable for the Indian offshore region for the estimation of future wind speeds will be recognized. The downscaled wind data will be validated with the reanalysis data for the spatial mapping of past, present, and future wind energy scenarios. With the help of this data, the impact of climate change on the wind resources for the Indian offshore region will be explored. Based on that influential data, the more precise economic and technical assessment of the offshore wind potential for the present and future scenario will be accomplished.
By means of accurate present and forecasted data, the contingency element gets diluted and the planning of the wind energy projects can be executed with less uncertainty. This will enable us to plan the wind energy projects for the far future with the elongated lifespan and having the precise prediction of the power generation. The lower fluctuations in wind power generation will lead to the minimal financial risk and will encourage project developers to build larger capacity power plants. The increased reliability upon the wind data will inspire more data collection at finer spatial resolution. 
The study will be beneficial to financial investors, project developers, power transmission agencies and the policymakers. As the methodology of the study remains almost similar for all the renewable energy sources, it can be applied to the resource assessment of solar and ocean energy same as the wind energy.


protitle:
Identification and Prediction of Welding Defects and Weld Quality with Multi-Sensors and Fusion of Signal Processing and Machine Learning Techniques

prointro:
In manufacturing industry monitoring quality of product is important and necessary for reducing
waste and enhancing process quality. With the advancement of automation in manufacturing
industry, it is necessary to develop an online monitoring system for the process stability.
Welding is the process which is widely used in almost all of the manufacturing industry and it is
indispensable for the manufacturers of boilers, pressure vessels, marine structure etc. Control of
weld quality and determination of defects developed during operation is very important for such
industries. Physics of weld are highly complex in nature and development of mathematical
model is tedious, due to involvement of parameters like current, voltage, speed, arc sound,
magnetic field etc. which influences the weld defects and quality of welds. Researchers
developed mathematical model with the regression analysis to predict quality of weld and to
determine the degree of weld quality and severity of weld defects. Sensors such as
accelerometers and microphones which are attached with the signal processing device are useful
for capturing the signals during manufacturing process. In the last decade machine learning
techniques emerges as a powerful technique for classification and regression model.
Classification is useful for identification of type of welds and regression is used to predict or
validate the quality of weld. The advantage of machine learning is ability to learn, identify the
pattern and make predictions entirely based on data captured through sensors rather than the
statistical model developed which are based on certain assumptions. The goal of the proposal is
to develop hybrid machine learning models with the fusion of signal processing techniques to
correctly monitor/diagnose the development of defect and predict the weld quality which will be
in line with the automation techniques in a manufacturing industry.

proobj:
To design, analyze and develop algorithms for determination of weld quality and identification of weld defects.

prometho:
1.	Identification of Welding Process
Welding technique will be identified based on the utility and complexity of techniques in a manufacturing industry, ease of mounting of sensors and thorough literature review. At present in PDPU Gandhinagar, experimental setups related to arc welding, solid state welding, ultrasonic weldings are available. 
2.	Selection and Location of Sensors

With the use of robots and mechanized equipments in industry it is necessary to control welding parameters and motion with improved fault detection and fault correction methodology. Events such as weld penetration control, joint seam tracking, joint edge detection etc. can be solved with the use of sensory feedback signals from the weld joint. Further sensors are able to detect various types of faults and quality of welds. Vibration sensors, acoustic sensors, ultrasonic sensors etc. are widely used sensors in welding but there integration is still a challenging task. Location of sensors will also be identified after initial trial run of experiments so that signals captured carries the information of event only.

3.	Development of Signal /Image Processing Techniques

Welding process is generally complex in nature. It is possible that the signals captured from the sensors are masked by the noise or contains information of other event also due to sensitivity of sensors. Therefore it is necessary to develop or utilize signal processing or image processing techniques so that the hidden information can be extracted. Fast Fourier Transform, Wavelets, Hilbert-Huang Transform, Emperical mode decomposition are widely used signal processing techniques but there suitability for welding defect characterization were not investigated in detail. Grey level coocurence matrix and Wavelets are some of the image processing techniques which are frequently used in various applications but still there investigation in context of welding is not explored. Fusion of statistical features from various signal or image processing techniques is still a challenging task, since any method cannot correctly reveal the state of machine or faults under all circumstances. So one of the objective of proposal is to investigate fusion of various signal/image processing techniques which can give better insight of the process or type of fault. 

4.	Feature Extraction

Features are representation of an event in welding process. If features are extracted properly then differentiation between various welding defects, quality of welds and severity of weld defects can be identified at early stage. RMS, kurtosis, energy, entropy, skewness etc. are widely acceptable statistical features, which are useful for identification of fault. In pattern recognition/machine learning development of new features is in advance stage which can be applied for welding process also after in-depth literature review.
 
5.	Feature Selection

A number of features are usually extracted for fault identification problems. However, not all features are equally important for a specific task. Some of them may be redundant or even irrelevant, better performance can be achieved by discarding irrelevant features. Thus, feature selection is an effective measure to distinguish between significant and insignificant features. Presence of irrelevant and redundant features results in poor predictive performance and increased computation time. Feature ranking techniques such as Fisher score, ReliefF, Mutual information are applied in the field of fault diagnosis but not explore properly in welding fault identification. So the feature ranking can be used for correctly identified faults with reduced size of feature set.


6.	 Selection of Machine Learning Algorithms

Machine learning represents sets of algorithms in which patterns are identified from the supplied data. Broadly machine learning techniques are classified in to supervised learning methods in which labeled data is needed for classification or regression, unsupervised learning in which unlabeled data is used and semi-supervised learning in which both labeled and unlabelled data is used. Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random forest are some of the widely used algorithms which falls in the category of supervised learning methods. Recently Deep convolution neural network, ensemble methods in which different classifiers are combined for better prediction, Adaboost algorithms are developed as a machine learning model for classification as well as regression. In various applications such as fault diagnosis, EEG signals, image processing, these methods have given encouraging results but not explore in detail for welding applications. 

7.	Result Analysis

The results obtained after the implementation of machine learning algorithms should be interpreted properly. Parameters such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, recall, etc. are some of the performance metrics which gives a better insight about identification and prediction. Further when fusion of signal processing or image processing techniques were employed then a challenge comes for correct identification which statistical features from which techniques are
 
 useful for correct identification of fault status or weld quality.

8.	Decision Making

Finally a blue print will be made which identifies several parameters such as 1) suitable sensor and its location. 2) Suitable signal/image processing techniques for weld defect characterization. 3) Efficient features which correctly identifies the defects. 4) Development and comparison of machine learning algorithms. 5) Interpretation of results.

prosummary:
1.	Identification of Welding Process
2.	Selection and Location of Sensors
3.	Development of Signal /Image Processing Techniques
4.	Feature Extraction
5.	Feature Selection
6      Selection of Machine Learning Algorithms
7.	Result Analysis
8.	Decision Making

proEoutcome:
Spot welding is a popular joining method in thin-sheet metal manufacturing, specifically used in the automobile industry. Therefore, the mechanical strength and long-term performance of these spot welds significantly affect the safety and reliability of an automobile structure. In a car generally 1000 to 5000 spot welding needed for joining different parts and if some faults will be developed then replacement of joint is the only solution. Therefore in this particular situation if problems can be detected at early stage with application of sensors and machine learning techniques then it will be beneficial for automobile industry.


protitle:
Uni-Health : A Machine Learning Tool for Real Time Health Analysis for Smart Campus 
with Secured Health Big-Data

prointro:
In September 2015, United Nations general assembly announced 17 sustainable goals to be achieved by the 2030. This announcement is implemented by United nations development programme as a mission and it is working as a blueprint for developing nations to achieve maximum goals out of 17 by 2030. India is a reputed nation with voting power of united nation’s general assembly and since its independence India had given priority to Pease and development. Recent reports show that India became 6th largest economy and world economy forum predicts that by 2019, it will become 5th largest economy of the world. During this growth, some of the reports published by world bank, world economic forum, world health organizations and various ministries of united India shows that India still needs to travel long way in the field of quality education and quality health. Honorable government of India in 2014 announced smart city projects and announced that India will develop 100 cities as a smart city by 2020. Smart city project is the ocean of various small islands to be smart. This project is designed as a dedication to the nation for to fulfill UNDP SDG-3, SDG-4, SDG-6, SDG-7, and SDG-13. Smart campus is a project which aims to fulfill maximum relative SDG inside the university campus. Path of any goal that nation want to achieve surely travel via university campus. Various recent announcements like Hackathon and digital India by central government motivates academy to design and develop smart solutions for the nation development.

proobj:
•	Health monitoring of student and staff using data collected from various sensors like temperature, blood pressure, pulsioximeter, spirometer, glucometer, EMG Sensor, ECG Sensor.  
•	Campus air quality analysis using various sensors like ozone, carbon monoxide, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, particulate matter and cameras.
•	Water quality analysis using sensor data to find out changes in PH, temperature, hardness, nitrate and metals. 
•	Machine learning approaches to identify the various measures that need to take care inside campus. Measures like improving water quality, campus cleanliness. By big data analysis identify the health level of each entity involved in it.  
•	Design and implement secure cryptographic model for CIA and authentication in the database stored in cloud server as well as in remote server.

prometho:
1.	Literature Survey: 
•	In literature survey, we will study in depth about currently available literatures and implementations regarding our various modules.
•	During literature survey, we will explore various optimization options for energy consumptions, time consumption and space consumptions.

prosummary:
3.	Study and Comparison:
•	Study different communication protocols and make use of suitable protocol based on size of data, range of communication and medium of communication. Optimize energy consumption, memory consumption. 
•	Comparison parameters will be:
o	Delay
o	Energy utilization
o	Quality of data
o	Average error rate
o	Average packet drop
o	Security and privacy level
4.	Experimental Set-Up:
Experimental setup will be done inside university campus. We will make use of following components:

proEoutcome:
•	Project aims to enhance quality of campus in terms of health, sports and environment using ICT facility.
•	Sensor based data collection in each module.
•	WebAPI and Mobile API for the remote monitoring, analysis and decision making. 
•	Maximum modules will be developed through graduating research students so that it will inspire student to contribute in nation building.
•	Security mechanism will be implemented on local remote server to protect the collected data.
•	As outcome, quality of education, health of student and staff, and quality of environment inside campus will be significantly improved.
•	A model system will be ready that can be directly implement by other university for campus quality enhancement.


protitle:
Investigations on incorporating nano-fibers in flux assisted TIG welding process for joining of stainless steel and its alloys – A novel use of nanotechnology in manufacturing for achieving sustainability

prointro:
Activated Tungsten Inert gas (A-TIG) welding technique is one of the most underutilized techniques by the fabrication industry. A-TIG welding comprises of the applying a chemical powder (single component as well as a mixture of oxides/halides etc.) on the top surface of the plate and then carrying out the conventional autogenous (without filler metal) TIG welding. The technique gives an edge to the manufacturers over the conventional TIG welding process by enhancing its weld penetration capability, particularly in a single pass. The efficient use of this technique can make the welding of mid-thickness (6-13 mm) joints faster as well as cost-effective. The major predicament for the manufacturers in using the technique is its relatively unconventional flux application process. Currently, the flux is mixed with an alcoholic reagent (such as methanol, acetone etc.) in a beaker and then applied on the surface with the help of paintbrush across the intended length of the plate. The major issue in the technique is that there is no way to ensure the even quantity of flux across the length. The quantity of flux directly affects the magnitude of weld penetration. An uneven distribution can cause a varying degree of penetration profile across the length rendering the technique unusable for industries. In the proposed project, it has been suggested to convert the flux mixture (flux + acetone/methanol) into the electrospun nano-fibers having a cloth/paper like rigidity and thus to replace this cumbersome and non-reliant technique of flux application. Electro-spinning is a novel process of producing sub-micron and nano-sized fibers that consist of higher physical properties. Those nanofibers can be then cut to the required size and placed on the top surface of the plate followed by Autogenous TIG welding. The benefits, of the technique, would be the even distribution of the flux and easy application techniques rendering even penetration across the length of the plate. This makes the A-TIG welding technology more usable and its full potential can be harnessed. The popularization of this technique will allow all the stakeholders reap the benefits. For the manufacturers, the welding of mid-thickness plates can be faster as well as will eliminate the requirement of weld edge preparation, the addition of filler metal, and difficulties in flux application leading to increased profits. For the environmental point of view, there will be a reduction in material wastage (due to weld edge preparation and filler metal addition), energy consumption (reduced number of weld passes for a given joint) and welding fumes making the habitat more liveable. Thus, a sustainable scenario will be created due to the success of the project. The project will encompass harnessing the cloth/paper like nano-fibers out of different fluxes and develop the technology for the low alloy steels including process parameters setting and achieving the required mechanical and metallurgical properties.

proobj:
1)	Achieving the nano-fibers from the selected flux having a cloth/paper like rigidity by an accurate parameter setting. 
2)	Achieving the different morphologies of electrospun fibers such as pores (round), beads (spherical or elongated spindle-like), fibers (round or flat), or a combination of all (bead-on-string) by varying the electrospinning process parameters and investigating their performance on the weld penetration capability of A-TIG welding process.
3) Achieving the sound, even (throughout the length) and full penetration (>=plate thickness) with the A-TIG welding by using nano-fibers.
4) Devising the heat treatment procedures for the low alloy steel including the step cooling heat treatments.
5) Analysing the mechanical and metallurgical properties  
6) Techno-commercial and sustainability analysis of the proposed technique vis-à-vis    
     current techniques.

prometho:
Manufacturing is the mandatory operation to be carried out in each and       
                                     every aspect of science, technology and most importantly taking an idea to reality. Understanding that, the current focus of Indian government for the betterment of nation is pivoted towards manufacturing under “Make in India” initiative. India is a front-runner in the manufacturing of pressure vessels, automobiles, nuclear reactors, submarines and many other large-sized and critical equipment. One thing which is common in the fabrication of all the above entities (due to its large dimensions) is that welding is a major activity to be carried out. However, the emerging markets and international competition call for efficient, robust and optimized manufacturing techniques. Thus any innovation or development in the welding field will lead to direct benefits to Indian industries. Considering the parameters for fabrication such as quality of required weld joint, design considerations, and accessibility, different welding process (prominently arc welding process) are developed and implemented. Tungsten Inert Gas welding is a conventional welding process which is used where a clean and strong weld joint is required. However, it possesses an inherent disadvantage of limited penetration, particularly in a single pass. Its primary implication is that mid- thickness > 7 mm cannot be welded by the process and hence calls for other practices which are not economical. Activated tungsten inert gas welding (A-TIG) welding technique is one such novel variant which is slowly gaining popularity in Indian industries. A-TIG welding is a variant of TIG welding which partly overcomes this drawback by employing a chemical powder (known as flux) consisting of oxides, fluorides, halides, sulfides or a mixture of these. However, this technology is not a favored candidate for industries as the flux application method which is currently followed by paintbrush is highly unreliable. This technique doesn’t impart an even quantity of flux ingredients, thus leading to uneven weld penetration questioning the effectiveness of the process. Another consequence of the situation is that no investigation has been carried out on the effect of A-TIG welding on advanced mechanical and metallurgical properties. Another reason for endorsing the A-TIG welding technology is the fact that the technology is a green welding technology as compared to existing processes. The enhanced penetration with same input energy leads to reduction in the harmful gases, reduced electricity input and hence ratifies an eco-friendly environment. On the other side given its inherent benefits, the welding can be done faster with adequate or in some cases enhanced properties and hence makes the process suitable for the industries as they can reap the maximum benefits in terms of productivity. This makes the entire process a “SUSTAINABLE PROCESS”.

prosummary:
Nanotechnology is an upcoming field of research as well as it is fast replacing the conventional methodologies in various sectors for better and economical results. Nanofibers, particularly are currently successfully used in various application such as water filters, tissue engineering, electronic devices etc. However, the current project is a unique effort to fuse nanotechnology with mainstream advance manufacturing processes by incorporating nanofibers directly in A-TIG welding to enhance productivity and quality. This will add another dimension in the applicability of nanofibers and hence the entire nanotechnology which has proven results. In addition to this, The A-TIG welding itself is a relatively novel process which is gaining popularity in industries. However, till date adequate research has not been done on A-TIG welding of Stainless steel, which are key materials for almost all manufacturing sectors. This is due to its several limitations, primarily the unreliable technique of applying flux leading to uneven weld penetration results.

proEoutcome:
The major research outcome of the project shall be the continuous and even weld penetration enabling the economical joining of components of thickness > 6 mm. It is expected that this will enhance the mechanical as well as metallurgical properties of the welded joint. The primary beneficiaries of the outcome shall be fabrication industries primarily involved in the manufacturing of pressure vessels, boilers, submarines etc. For instances, M/s Larsen & Toubro Ltd. has been using A-TIG welding in the fabrication of various components. However, the full potential of the process cannot be used because of the manual and unreliable technique of application of flux. The positive results of the project shall be taken to industries which will make this process more usable and bring in cost as well quality benefits to the industries. Additionally, the process is the current focus for many research labs as well as researchers all over the world. By communicating the work in peer-reviewed international journals the technique shall be brought to society which is a unique amalgamation of nanotechnology and manufacturing. Additionally, the relation between the thickness of the flux and corresponding weld quality parameters are also yet to be explored. The current project will also throw light on this domain and a data set pertaining to specific material, flux, nanofibers thickness, and morphology shall be presented. Going a step further, the technology can also be patented and further commercialized depending on the research outcomes.


protitle:
Computational Study on Higher-Dimensional Diffusion Problems in Nerve Cells based on Fractional Distribution of Calcium Profile in Neurological Disorders Using Finite Element Tehcnique

prointro:
Mathematical modeling and simulation of the biological systems is done on a large scale since decades. But the area of computational neuroscience is comparatively younger in comparison to other biological branches.The functioning of the brain is smoothly carried out with the help of several cells, ions and the mechanisms relating to them [1]. Universally, calcium ion is known as a second messenger, which has its role in several physiological phenomena like gene expression, synaptogenesis, transferring the information [2]; the alterations in which would lead to several neuronal disorders [3]. On the other hand, it is observed that the theoretical scientists and investigators have delineated the calcium diffusion flow in several cells at the cytosolic level. They have employed certain analytical and numerical approaches for the same [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]. But, again the use of fractional approach for solving the diffusion and advection phenomena of calcium is not done on a large scale. Theoretical scientists have studied and investigated the role of several parameters of the calcium toolkit and its impact on the cytosolic calcium concentration level [9], [5], [12], [13].So, by taking this idea as a lantern, the aim of this project would be to enlighten the research gap of study of calcium concentration distribution for nerve cells under neuronal disorder. The mathematical model will be developed in the form of fractional diffusion equation to study the physiological effect of various parameters with the help of fractional calculus. The solution of mathematical models will be obtained using finite element method.

proobj:
•	To construct the mathematical models to delineate the calcium concentration distribution in presence of considered parameters.
•	To obtain the desired solution of the assumed mathematical model using fractional approach.

prometho:
The project methodology is outlined as:
1.	Literature Survey:  Literature survey will be done according to already achieved experimental results, mathematical models and application of various analytic and numerical techniques. 
2.	Mathematical Modelling and Simulation: Based on the exhaustive survey of the literature, we will develop mathematical models by adding physiological parameters that take part directly or indirectly in calcium signalling process. In addition of the obtained solution of the constructed mathematical model, the validation of the results will be done using mathematical analysis.
3.	Study and Comparison: Simulated results will be compared to the experimental as well as the previous results. The interpretation of the simulated results will be done in view of the most common form of dementia- i.e. Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.

prosummary:
Mathematical modelling and computer simulation play a pivotal role to reveal the mystery of real world problem. Earlier ordinary and partial differential equations were used to frame a mathematical model according to the real world problem. Those models were solved by analytical and numerical methods like Laplace transform, finite difference method, finite element method etc. As time came researcher are interested to visualize the real world problem in new dimension named as fractional calculus. Fractional calculus are used due to its non-local property of solution. In the proposed project an attempt will be made to study higher-dimensional diffusion problems in nerve cells based on fractional calculus. Here we aim to obtain and estimate the calcium concentration distribution for normal and neurodegenerative disease affected cells. Under the widespread umbrella of the neuronal disorder like Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinsonism disease (PD) etc. The geometry of nerve cells are irregular in shape. Hence finite clement method can be used to solve fractional diffusion problem in content with the irregular geometry of nerve cells like neuron and astrocytes. The obtained result will give the new site to researcher to visualize the fractional approach in solving such real world problem. The finite element method will give appropriate site to have more appropriate result. The obtained results will highly beneficial to scientist researcher and physiologist to understand the new and appropriate dimension and vision of such real world problem.

proEoutcome:
•	The mathematical models help in understanding the physiological phenomena of calcium signalling in view of neurodegenerative diseases.
•	Various physiological parameters of the calcium toolkit like buffers, endoplasmic reticulum, voltage gated calcium channel, etc. can be incorporated to know their specific roles in prevailing these disorders.
•	By considering this computational technique, one can compare the variations in the normal and the diseased cells.
•	As the fractional approach is not adopted widely till date, the amalgamation of this approach with the neuronal disorders would provide a new way to look upon.
•	This study may be beneficial to the researchers and the scientists working in the field of computational neuroscience for knowing the unknown causes behind it.


protitle:
Towards the Optimization of Composite Structure under Various Levels of Ballistic Threat

prointro:
The safety of mankind is a concern right from the beginning of time. From the accidental failure of aircraft and naval structures to rise of terrorism to the global level that leads to different levels of armor-piercing bullets and improvised explosive devices, there is a need of protective structures which can prevent the loss of lives in such situations. The existing bulletproof jacket (2002 vintage) used in India has various limitation in terms of protection and weight. It does not meet international standard NIJ level III. Improved Outer Tactical Vest used by U.S. army has also similar type of problems. Soldiers in military have strong commitment towards protecting their nation. It is imperative for any armor manufacturer to produce high quality composite materials to protect them. Similarly, for military vehicle composite components, weight and cost are the main concerns. Improvement that utilize the strongest characteristic of each fiber of composite assembly will leads to optimum ballistic protection device for any armor structure.

proobj:
1.	The numerical modelling and simulation of damage behavior of unidirectional, woven  and nonwoven Aramid and Glass based laminated and metal matrix composites under various levels of ballistic threats based on National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Standards 
2.	Implementation of Python based Genetic Algorithm to optimize the composite material by interfacing Python with ABAQUS and FORTRAN.  
3.	Ballistic Vest: To obtain the optimum design of Aramid based Composite Plate subjected to different NIJ based levels of Bullet Impact and Blast Loads considering ballistic limit (energy absorption) as objective function and stacking sequence as design variable

prometho:
The present project will address the response of these type of composite structures subjected to blast and impact loads based on various NIJ levels of ballistic threats. The response of aramid and glass based woven, non-woven and unidirectional composites will be studied. The effect of stacking sequence will be addressed by varying various threat levels. Continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model will be used to model the fracture of target plate. The model involves majority of failure modes of laminates, such as fiber and matrix failure in tension/compression and de-bonding of composite plies. The CDM model will be coded in FORTRAN to implement user material VUMAT in ABAQUS to simulate these problems. The results will be validated by manufacturing (by self) and testing of composite materials on ballistic test setup (outsources). To the best of author’s knowledge, there are very limited research articles are available in the area of optimization of composite materials under ballistic loading. The methodology to optimize the composite structure under ballistic loadings will be presented. Considering ballistic vest as an example, the optimum stacking sequence of aramid composite will be obtained using energy absorption as an objective function. Similarly, the optimum stacking sequence of glass based composite will also be achieved taking army vehicle as an example. The minimum weight especially for bulletproof vests considering aramid based fiber will be obtained under ballistic loads. Python based genetic algorithm will be selected as a tool to perform optimization of laminates with stacking sequence as variable. Lastly, the composite materials will be manufactured from optimum stacking sequence and tested on ballistic test set up. The present methodology can be helpful to designers who wish to study the composite laminates under impact loadings. The optimum design will be open to any armor manufacturing industries.

prosummary:
The present project will address the response of these type of composite structures subjected to blast and impact loads based on various NIJ levels of ballistic threats. The response of aramid and glass based woven, non-woven and unidirectional composites will be studied. The effect of stacking sequence will be addressed by varying various threat levels. Continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model will be used to model the fracture of target plate. The model involves majority of failure modes of laminates, such as fiber and matrix failure in tension/compression and de-bonding of composite plies. The CDM model will be coded in FORTRAN to implement user material VUMAT in ABAQUS to simulate these problems. The results will be validated by manufacturing (by self) and testing of composite materials on ballistic test setup (outsources). To the best of author’s knowledge, there are very limited research articles are available in the area of optimization of composite materials under ballistic loading. The methodology to optimize the composite structure under ballistic loadings will be presented. Considering ballistic vest as an example, the optimum stacking sequence of aramid composite will be obtained using energy absorption as an objective function. Similarly, the optimum stacking sequence of glass based composite will also be achieved taking army vehicle as an example. The minimum weight especially for bulletproof vests considering aramid based fiber will be obtained under ballistic loads. Python based genetic algorithm will be selected as a tool to perform optimization of laminates with stacking sequence as variable. Lastly, the composite materials will be manufactured from optimum stacking sequence and tested on ballistic test set up. The present methodology can be helpful to designers who wish to study the composite laminates under impact loadings. The optimum design will be open to any armor manufacturing industries.

proEoutcome:
1.	Response of unidirectional, woven  and nonwoven Aramid and Glass based laminated and metal matrix composites under various levels of ballistic threats based on National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Standards 
2.	Methodology towards optimization of Composite Materials subjected to various levels of Ballistic threat. 
3.	Ballistic Vest: Optimum design of Aramid based Composite Plate subjected to different NIJ based levels of Bullet Impact and Blast Loads considering maximum energy absorption.
4.	Vehicle Armor/ Spall Liner: Optimum design of Glass based Composite Plate subjected to different NIJ based levels of Bullet Impact and Blast Loads considering maximum energy absorption.
5.	Ballistic Materials of Army Jackets: Weight based design of Composite Structure subjected to Various NIJ based levels of Ballistic Threats.


protitle:
Layout optimization of a wind farm in complex terrains under uncertainty conditions

prointro:
This project would describe the novel progress of researches in the wind farm layout optimization field including the complex terrain and would also open up the possibilities in the developments of desirable kinetic wake model that will predict the wake deficit in a complex terrain wind farm with minimum variation.

proobj:
•	To evaluate the effectiveness of recently developed advanced metahuristic methods such as HTS, PVS and its variants for finding the optimal placements of a wind turbines in a complex terrain wind farm .
•	To develop the kinetic wake model that will predict the wake deficit in a complex terrain wind farm with minimum variation
•	To incorporate the several uncertainly parameters i.e., average wind blow, wind shear, etc. in to the power generation model, wake model and cost model to predict the economics of the project
•	To implement the proposed methodology for the various wind farm site located in India.

prometho:
This project would describe the novel progress of researches in the wind farm layout optimization field including the complex terrain and would also open up the possibilities in the developments of desirable kinetic wake model that will predict the wake deficit in a complex terrain wind farm with minimum variation. Several uncertainly parameters i.e., average wind blow, wind shear, cost reduction coefficient, quantity of proper geological areas, and quantity of proper topographical areas as well as the consumers' proximity having major impact on power generation are considered in this project. Initially, the study will carried out with three available kinetic wake models for predicting the wake deficits of a complex terrain wind farm with uncertainty parameter taken in to account. The performance of the wake models are assessed by investigating how accurate they predict the measured wake, with regard to the normalized power deficit, the wake width and the energy loss. The outcomes of the results are useful for the wind farm developer and designer to design the wind farm effectively. The outcomes of the project may be share with the key renewable energy sector player like SUZLON, GE Energy, DNVGL etc. for their future project. The project will have dual advantages in Industry and academy for the development of wind farm.

prosummary:
This project would describe the novel progress of researches in the wind farm layout optimization field including the complex terrain and would also open up the possibilities in the developments of desirable kinetic wake model that will predict the wake deficit in a complex terrain wind farm with minimum variation. Several uncertainly parameters i.e., average wind blow, wind shear, cost reduction coefficient, quantity of proper geological areas, and quantity of proper topographical areas as well as the consumers' proximity having major impact on power generation are considered in this project. Initially, the study will carried out with three available kinetic wake models for predicting the wake deficits of a complex terrain wind farm with uncertainty parameter taken in to account. The performance of the wake models are assessed by investigating how accurate they predict the measured wake, with regard to the normalized power deficit, the wake width and the energy loss. The outcomes of the results are useful for the wind farm developer and designer to design the wind farm effectively. The outcomes of the project may be share with the key renewable energy sector player like SUZLON, GE Energy, DNVGL etc. for their future project. The project will have dual advantages in Industry and academy for the development of wind farm.

proEoutcome:
The research outcome from the present project will be utilized to design the new wind farm with improved wake deficit calculation. The outcomes of the results are useful for the wind farm developer and designer to design the wind farm effectively. The outcomes of the project may be share with the key renewable energy sector player like SUZLON, GE Energy, DNVGL etc. for their future project. We hope our project will have dual advantages in Industry and academy for the development of wind farm. Finally the research methodology and the research setup will be utilized for a full fledged research activity in a multi-objective wind farm modeling research area.


proarea:
Digital Signal Processing, Speech Enhancement Techniques, Digital Hearing Aids

prointro:
The project focuses on the improvement of speech quality and intelligibility as perceived by the hearing impaired person using hearing aids. The cheaper hearing aids available in market are only sound magnifier and they are not capable to deal with the background noise and create annoying effects in the noisy environment. The use of speech enhancement techniques in hearing aids had improved the quality of digital hearing aid. However, still background noise and reverberation effects are still challenges for digital hearing aids. The project focuses on state of the art speech enhancement techniques that can be implemented using digital signal processing algorithms in real time and embedded easily in hardware. The focus is also on providing multi-microphone solution, adaptive beam-forming and binaural hearing.

proobj:
i. Assistance to hearing impaired persons
ii. Improvement in quality of speech (perceived by hearing impaired person) by adaptive cancellation of noise
iii. Improvement in intelligibility of speech (perceived by hearing impaired person) by cancellation of multi-talker babble and reverberation
iv. Developing algorithm suitable for real time and embedded implementation using digital signal processing techniques and suitable for hearing aid application

prometho:
•	Study of existing research on speech enhancement algorithms for hearing aid applications.
•	Selecting the algorithm suitable for real time implementation.
•	The existing research on speech enhancement algorithms for background noise reduction will be further tuned and refined to fit into digital hearing aid application.
•	Use of adaptive beam-forming techniques for optimum noise cancellation.
•	Simulation of modified and developed speech enhancement algorithm using MATLAB-SIMULINK and toolboxes.
•	Objective and subjective evaluation using IEEE standard database (for different types of noises and reverberation) and indices.
•	Comparisons of evaluation result with existing techniques to measure improvement in output speech quality and intelligibility.
•	Testing of algorithm on hardware platform using Digital Signal Processor and other components.
•	The outcome of the system will be tested on normal hearing people as well as on the hearing impaired persons with different disabilities. The help of ear specialist and audiologist will be taken.

prosummary:
Literature Survey
Procurement of Equipment and Software
Simulation and Evaluation of Speech Enhancement Methods using MATLAB  SIMULINK and toolboxes
Results Comparison 
Modifications, tuning and refinement of algorithms for digital hearing aids application
DSP Hardware implementation using Development Tools and Platforms, 
Testing with real microphone array and speakers suitable for hearing aids
Evaluation of Real Time performance
Documentation
Research Paper Preparation & Presentation/Publication
Final Framework Preparation
Project Submission

proEoutcome:
•	Speech Enhancement Algorithm 
•	Hardware prototype implementation
•	A Real Time Speech Enhancement Algorithm Embedded into Digital Signal Processor capable of handling noise and reverberation simultaneously suitable for hearing aids application
•	Data links between the right and left hearing aids for binaural devices to increase the flexibility and ease in use
•	Knowledge generation: auditory system and its relation to digital signal processing

FAScheme:
TECHNOLOGY INTERVENTIONS FOR DISABLED ELDERLY (TIDE) PROGRAMME


protitle:
Reservoir Modeling and Simulation of Cambay Shale coupled with Geomechanics and Hydrofracturing

prointro:
Shale gas production in India is at nascent stage. Government of India, through its technical arm – Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) has taken initiative to identify prospective shale gas basins and evaluate and assess the potential of these basins. Multi organizational team (MOT) has been constituted under Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoP&NG). A resource potential of around 2000 TCF of Shale Gas is estimated and according to preliminary data analysis by Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH), basins - Gondwana, Cambay, Krishna – Godavari, Cauvery, Assam-Arakan, Rajasthan, Vindhyan and Bengal are the most promising shale gas plays. So, Shale gas exploration and exploitation with adequate policies can improve the India’s energy demand and supply which may influence its economy immensely. It is the need of the country to exploit these untapped resources by the successful implementation of upgraded technologies and policies.

proobj:
Formulation and Validation of a conceptualized geomechanical and hydrofracturing model for Cambay Shale, Cambay Basin

prometho:
1.	The present study will investigate the pros and cons of two distinct shales namely upper and lower cambay shale from production point of view. The Kerogen type of both the shales has already been studied. 
2.	Models for trapping, reservoir characteristics and textural understanding through Tomography (2D and 3D models) will be constructed to simulate shales for exploitation strategies. 
3.	For the Cambay shale samples of North Cambay Basin, following examination will be carried out for Microstructural characterization and fracture Identification-   
-	SEM 
-	XRD 
-	X- Ray Fluorescence. 
-	FTIR
-	X-Ray Computed Tomography
4.	In conjunction to the above study some other analysis will be performed to understand porosity, fluid saturation, grain density and bulk density, permeability etc. In-situ stress profile, natural fracture characterization and In-situ permeability measurement will augment the research study.  
5.	This will be complimented with Geomechanical Analysis and hydraulic fracturing modeling.

prosummary:
1.       Characterization of Materials: SEM, XRD and FTIR
2.       BET / BJH / DFT (Any Two)
3.       Rock Mechanics Studies 
4.       Brinell Hardness Test
5.       Fracture Modeling coupled with Geomechanics

proEoutcome:
Microstructure Characterization to image the porosity and permeability. 
2.	Mathematical Representation of Non – Darcy Gas Flow behavior in the Shale Rock.
3.	Understanding of the Poro-Elastic Nature of Shales 
4.	Determination of Static and Dynamic Parameters of Shale Rocks. 
5.	Evaluation of Brittleness Index, Ductility, Mineralogy of Shales.
6.	Identification of Zones of Weaknesses, Fracture Mapping and Characterization, Micro-crack Studies, Insitu Stress-Strain Analysis.
7.	Optimization of Hydraulic Fracturing Models.


protitle:
“Recruitment Discrimination against Older Workers in India: The Case of Accounting Assistants”.

proarea:
Organisational Psychology,Human Resource Management,Indian Company

prointro:
Declining birth rates, improved health care and increased longevity see the relative proportion and number of older adults (60 years and over) in India rapidly growing. From 5.4% in 1955 through 9% in 2016 (95.7M) to a predicted 19% (324M) by 2050. The proposed research will test for actual age and sex discrimination against older workers in the Indian labour market and is planned as a step toward a larger study in which we will compare issues related to ageing and work across Australia, India, and New Zealand. The ageing trend in India threatens income security, labour participation, health expenditure and the dependency ratio. One solution is for older adults to remain in paid employment longer, broaden the tax base and assist in savings for later life. This has met with limited success because of ageism. Research (e.g., in Australia and the U. S.) show clear evidence of age discrimination against older workers in hiring, retention, and professional development with negative stereotypes playing a major role in this ageism. Identification of the reasons for ageism assists informs the workplace, government policies, and development of specific interventions to reduce such ageism.

proobj:
The proposed research will test for actual age and sex discrimination against older workers in the Indian labour market and is planned as a step toward a larger study in which we will compare issues related to ageing and work across Australia, India, and New Zealand.

prometho:
One evidence-based methodology with which to test for stereotype-based discrimination is correspondence testing (CT). It will involve simultaneously sending carefully matched unsolicited pairs of fictitious resumes to a sample of about 1000 Indian companies, allowing observed differences in responses to be attributed to our variables of interest, namely age and gender. Keeping with previous research, we will use the ages of 32 for younger and 57 for older job seekers. This will allow comparisons and be consistent with the body of knowledge. We will conduct the study online by e-mailing resumes. We will depict accounting assistants because they are found across industries, allowing generalisability of the findings, and because accounting assistant has an ‘old’ job stereotype, hence we will be testing our research question against the odds so submitting it to a risky test. The study will employ a 2 x 2 between subjects design with gender (male or female) and age (32 and 57) as the independent variables. Gender is included as an IV because it has been found that women are often discriminated against on the grounds of both age and sex. The dependent variables will be the number of positive responses, the number of negative responses, and time from delivery of applications to receipt of a positive or negative response. Positive responses are cases where the applicant is contacted with request for an interview and responses stating that the applicant’s CV will be kept on file should a position become available as this indicates that the applicant has a “foot in the door”. Negative responses are letters/emails of rejections or telephone calls informing the same. All positive responses received from employers will be immediately returned with apologies explaining that the applicant has since received another offer. Data will be collated and analysed using SPSS. A factorial multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) will be conducted as there are four dependent variables. Analysis of the interaction between gender and age will indicate whether and how these two variables have an effect on the type of responses.

prosummary:
One evidence-based methodology with which to test for stereotype-based discrimination is correspondence testing (CT). It will involve simultaneously sending carefully matched unsolicited pairs of fictitious resumes to a sample of about 1000 Indian companies, allowing observed differences in responses to be attributed to our variables of interest, namely age and gender. Keeping with previous research, we will use the ages of 32 for younger and 57 for older job seekers. This will allow comparisons and be consistent with the body of knowledge. We will conduct the study online by e-mailing resumes. We will depict accounting assistants because they are found across industries, allowing generalisability of the findings, and because accounting assistant has an ‘old’ job stereotype, hence we will be testing our research question against the odds so submitting it to a risky test. The study will employ a 2 x 2 between subjects design with gender (male or female) and age (32 and 57) as the independent variables. Gender is included as an IV because it has been found that women are often discriminated against on the grounds of both age and sex. The dependent variables will be the number of positive responses, the number of negative responses, and time from delivery of applications to receipt of a positive or negative response. Positive responses are cases where the applicant is contacted with request for an interview and responses stating that the applicant’s CV will be kept on file should a position become available as this indicates that the applicant has a “foot in the door”. Negative responses are letters/emails of rejections or telephone calls informing the same. All positive responses received from employers will be immediately returned with apologies explaining that the applicant has since received another offer. Data will be collated and analysed using SPSS. A factorial multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) will be conducted as there are four dependent variables. Analysis of the interaction between gender and age will indicate whether and how these two variables have an effect on the type of responses.

proEoutcome:
Insights on “Recruitment Discrimination against Older Workers in India: The Case of Accounting Assistants”.

FAScheme:
CENTRE FOR WORK AND ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE (CWOP)


protitle:
Development of liquid desiccant heat pump system for hot and humid regions

prointro:
The proposed LDHP system is an alternative to the traditional VCR system because of its advantages in removing air latent load, ability to reduce electricity consumption and environment-friendly feature. Hot and humid ambient air is sub cooled and dehumidified by desiccant before entering to evaporator of VCR unit.

proobj:
Modelling, optimization and development of a small-scale hybrid liquid desiccant heat pump system for comfort air conditioning.
Investigate the performance of a proposed system as compared to traditional VCR system.

prometho:
Initially design of the proposed system is carried out followed by the optimization. Finally the optimized system is fabricated for the performance evaluation

prosummary:
	Literature survey and problem description
	Thermal modelling and optimization of system
	Fabrication of the experimental set up
	Experimentation and results
	Validations and conclusions 
	Journal Paper and thesis Preparation
	Final submission of Project

proEoutcome:
•	Desiccant dehumidifier integrated VCR unit for comfort air conditioning possessing following characteristics: 
•	Reduced electricity cost
•	Enhanced COP
Reduced carbon emission
Efficient utilization of condenser heat
Prototype of hybrid liquid desiccant and VCR system ready for evaluation and modifications. 
Publications in journals like Applied Thermal Engineering, Applied Energy, Int. journal of Refrigeration.


protitle:
Evaluating the performance enhancement of small scale absorption refrigeration system using nano particles

prointro:
The proposed nano fluids based ARS is the recent research advancement in refrigeration technology. While the ARS system work with law grade energy and it gives cooling with law COP, nano fluids based ARS can improve the thermal properties of the base fluid.

proobj:
The main objective of this  proposed work is to improve the performance of ARS with a combination of different type and size of nanoparticles and base fluids
To investigate the energy and exergy analysis with the introduction of nanofluid in ARS.

prometho:
In general, there are two methods namely One step, and two-step used to make the nanofluids. In one step method, nanofluid prepared by particle synthesis method while in a two-step method, nanoparticles dispersion into the base fluid by ultrasonic vibration. One step method is expensive and mainly recommended for volatile fluid such as Nh3/H2O pair. Therefore, in the current proposed work, nanofluid is prepared by a two-step method which is also economical and best suitable. The average diameter of nanoparticles should be 15 nm to 60 nm with a purity of more than 99%, and higher chemical durability means not to react with LiBr solution and fabricated metal. Nanoparticles prepared from gold and diamond have excellent resistance to oxidizing whereas the cost of nanoparticles is higher than other nanoparticles. Therefore, CuO and Al2O3 used as a nanoparticle. Based on the selection and preparation of nano fluids, experimente will performed to identify the performance of absorption refrigeration system with nano fluid.

prosummary:
	Literature Review
	System Design
	Fabrication of System
	Data collection and Analysis
	Thermodynamic analysis of real performance of system,
	Journal Paper Preparation
	Final submission of Project

proEoutcome:
•	Thermally efficient absorption cooling system at rural area will produce less wastage of agriculture product and help in the Indian economy.
Nanoparticle integrated ARS system also operate with renewable energy like waste heat of Industries, solar energy, geothermal energy and waste steam so that it may reduce the green house gases effect. 
Publications in journals like Energy, Int. journal of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Heat and Mass Transfer, Hydrogen Energy and Applied energy


protitle:
Design and development of solar assisted hybrid heat pump system for food drying

prointro:
•	Hot air based thermal drying is an energy-intensive method of food preservation. The solar air heater is the best option amongst other renewable technologies for food drying.  
•	The drawbacks of the traditional solar heating systems are:
(a)	Overheating of the working fluid in the solar heating system due to limited temperature control mechanism.
(b)	 Cannot work in off sunshine hours and cold weather
(c)	Requirements of specific orientation of solar collector 
•	Therefore, it is necessary to select an energy efficient drying system to overcome the above limitations.
•	Heat pumps are the popular choice in water and space heating applications.
•	In the conventional heat pumps, if the evaporator is enclosed in solar heater, large amount of heat will be released in the condenser. 
•	Main objective of this work is to design and develop a small scale solar assisted hybrid heat pump system for continuous food drying (SAHPFD).
•	The proposed innovative design of SAHPFD is major advancement in solar thermal technology. While the conventional solar systems are operated using only daylight, SAHPFD system do not require direct sunlight and can produce heat at 50-55 °C round the clock on 365 days in a year.

proobj:
•	Main aim of this study is to design and develop a small scale solar assisted hybrid heat pump system for continuous food drying (SAHPFD).
•	To investigate the energy performance of a SAHPFD for vegetables drying under hot-humid climatic conditions

prometho:
The proposed schematic diagram of a SAHPFD is depicted in Fig. 1. The SAHPFD consists of two main circuits, namely, drying air and heat pump circuit. The drying air circuit consists of an air cooled condenser, blower, an airflow meter, a control valve, and a drying chamber. All the inner sides of the drying chamber are thermally insulated to reduce heat loss through the sides of drier cabin. The drying chamber contains perforated trays (having 90% perforation) to hold the drying materials and expose it to the hot air flow, which comes out from the condenser. The air flow ducts are also thermally insulated to reduce the heat loss to the surroundings. The heat pump circuit consists of a hermetically sealed reciprocating compressor, an air cooled condenser, a liquid receiver, a refrigerant drier, a thermostatic expansion device and a flat plate type evaporator (solar collector) of 1 m x 1 m. During sunshine hours, heat energy will be extracted through the solar collector and during off sunshine hours, the energy will be extracted through the ambient source evaporator due to its temperature difference between evaporator tube and ambient sources. 
The heat pump circuit will be flushed with nitrogen to remove the impurities and moisture inside the system and charged with required quantity of suitable refrigerant which can be operated effectively up to 60 °C condensing temperature. During the experiments, temperature at typical locations in heat pump and air circuit, power input to the compressor and blower, pressure at all the typical locations in the heat pump circuit, air velocity at tray inlet, wind velocity, solar intensity, ambient temperature, moisture content of food being dried, and relative humidity at three different locations (as shown in Fig. 1) will be measured every one hour interval. During sunshine hours and off sunshine hours, the refrigerant will be circulated through the solar collector for absorbing the solar-thermal energy and/or ambient energy.
The measured temperatures, power consumption of the blower and compressor; and the moisture evaporated will be used to evaluate the performance of a SAHPFD.

prosummary:
Literature Review
 System Design
 Fabrication of System
Data collection and Analysis
Thermodynamic analysis of the real performance of the system,
Journal Paper Preparation
Final submission of Project

proEoutcome:
•	Novel integrated unit for food drying which will be operated efficiently day and night for 365 days in a year with
o	Possible use of solar thermal energy  
o	affordable cost
o	enhanced COP
o	reduced weight
•	Prototype solar assisted hybrid heat pump system for food drying unit ready for evaluation 
•	Publications in journals like Energy, Int. journal of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning and Applied energy


protitle:
Design and development of desiccant-based humidifier system for atmospheric water recovery unit.

prointro:
•	Around some 1.1 billion of population remains inadequate of clean drinking water. Nearly 2.7 billion people live with limited water access at least one month out of the year as a result. At current water consumption rates, it is expected that two-thirds of the world population might face water shortages by 2025.
•	Hence it becomes necessary to develop an alternate source of water generation that is available universally as well as able to meet the global requirements. The atmosphere contains 3400 trillion gallons of water vapor.
•	The drawbacks of current atmospheric water generator operating on VCR are:
(a)	Reduced usability in winter when the relative humidity is lower.
(b)	Condensate (water) cost is high due to compressor load.
(c)	Amount of condensate (water) generated per day by other methods is less. 
•	Therefore, it is necessary to select an appropriate method to generate water from atmosphere.
•	Therefore, generating water from atmosphere by VCR seems the best choice.
1.	With the help of heat recovery units introduced on either side of the evaporator coil can reduce load on compressor.
2.	By integrating desiccant system, inlet relative humidity can be increased. 
•	By integrating the above two mentioned points, a setup can be fabricated and experimented which will be able to generate ample amount of water 365 days a year with lower per liter cost.

proobj:
•	Main aim of this study is to design and develop an atmospheric water generator with integrated desiccant system.
•	To experimentally asses the system in every atmospheric conditions.

prometho:
When air is cooled below its dew point temperature condensation takes place. Dew point temperature mainly depends on atmospheric conditions (dry bulb temperature and relative humidity).The medium of cooling utilized here is vapor compression refrigeration. The VCR circuit consists of a hermetically sealed reciprocating compressor with accumulator, an air cooled condenser, a liquid receiver, tube and fin evaporator coil and a thermostatic expansion device.  Air is flowed over the evaporator coil, which cools the air below its dew point temperature and condensation starts.

In this proposed design air is first blowed in a cold heat recovery system, where the inlet air will be precooled with the help of return air. Crossflow heat exchanger with dimple plates will be used as heat recovery unit. This can precool air upto 5-10 °C which ultimately reduces load on compressor. Necessary components will be insulated to minimize the heat loss.
 
System will even be experimented with two heat recovery units on either side of the evaporator coil. Here air will be blowed from both the sides of the evaporator coil simultaneously. Both the air streams will be precooled in the heat recovery units. 

Fig 1 shows the schematic of solid desiccant system. Process air with ambient conditions will be passed in upper half section of desiccant rotor with silica gel as an adsorbent. The humidity of this air will be adsorbed and outlet process air will be dry. Simultaneously regenerative air will flow in opposite direction of process air. This air will be preheated by electric air heater and then will pass to desiccant rotor. This heated air will absorb moisture from the adsorbent and we will be able to get air with relatively higher humidity. This air will further be passed on to cold heat recovery unit and evaporator coil for the condensation process. Fig 2 shows the schematic view of desiccant integrated atmospheric water generator with heat recovery unit.
 
The system will regressively be tested by numerous experiments in different atmospheric conditions. Optimum value of input parameters will be found out.

prosummary:
Literature Review
 System Design
 Fabrication of System
Data collection and Analysis
Thermodynamic analysis of real performance of system,
Journal Paper Preparation
Final submission of Project

proEoutcome:
•	The innovative design of atmospheric water generator can generate water with
	Lower per liter cost
	Better results in low relative humidity conditions (winter)  by integrating desiccant system
	Decrease load on compressor thereby decreasing cost of water by 0.30-0.40 INR.
	The condensate will be drinkable after mineralization.

•	Prototype for experimentation and evaluation in different atmospheric conditions.
•	Optimum operating conditions can be evaluated.
•	Publication in journals (Development and experiment work)
 


protitle:
Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Novel ionic liquids for Extractive Desulfurization of Liquid Fuel:- Modeling, Molecular simulation, and Thermodynamic study

prointro:
It’s well known that high sulfur concentration in transportation fuels causes a critical environmental issue which adversely affects the performance of the fuel itself. Sulfur impurities in fuels like dibenzothiophene (DBT), benzothiophene (BT), thiophene (TS), and there by products [1,2] release sulfur dioxides (SOx) during the combustion process, which causes many serious environmental issues such as depletion of ozone layer, water pollution, and acid rain. United State Environmental Protection Agency approved stringent SOx emission standard (33 ppm for gasoline and 15 ppm for diesel) and European Union (10 ppm for both gasoline and diesel) had further created the huge challenges for the desulfurization of fuels [3, 4]. Therefore, reduction of S-content as considerably as possible is now the most significant assignment to produce S-free fuel i.e., clean fuel.
In Industry, the most preferred process for desulfurization of liquid fuels is traditional hydride sulfurization (HDS) process where S-composites react with hydrogen (H2) and changed into hydrogen sulfide and hydrocarbons [5-7]. Among them, Extractive desulfurization (EDS) seems very encouraging method because it does not require H2 and catalyst under mild operating conditions [8].
Phosphonium based ILs are moderately new group of ILs in EDS. It has been observed that phosphonium ILs have favorable characteristics, including better thermal stability, lower viscosity, lower cost and wider electrochemical windows [20, 21].The promising stability of phosphonium based ILs makes them good options for various applications. However, the performances of most this phosphonium ILs on DBT extraction has not been studied and reported in the literature.

proobj:
Due to environmental legislation, the demand of ‘clean’ fuels is increasing and most likely will increase even more towards fuels with almost zero content of sulfur compounds, e.g. dibenzothiophene, and its other derivatives.

prometho:
Methodology
Literature Review:
A detail literature survey will be done to gather all relevant information regarding screening, synthesis, and characterization phosphonium based ionic liquids desulfurization of liquid fuels. This would also include procedures followed / suggested by researchers and the problems faced by them. These will give the best possible approaches for the study.
 Screening of Ionic Liquids:
The screening of novel phosphonium ionic liquids will be done by using the COSMO-RS or other simulation software tool in comparison with conventional solvents based on various cation and anon combinations. Further basic experiments of desulfurization may also be tried for the screening.
Characterization of Ionic Liquids (FTIR, NMR, ESR, TGA, DSC etc):
A structure of novel phosphonium ionic liquids will be analyze by various analytical techniques like, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and 31P-NMR, Electron spin resonance spectrometer. These will be used for determination of molecular structures and confirmations of the compounds. This instrument is an ideal analytical tool in characterizing the structure of ions and molecular confirmations of ionic liquids. 
Desulphurization of the liquids through extraction with phosphonium ionic liquids:
The selective removal of the sulfur compounds from the model fuel will be investigated. A typical model fuel can be prepared by dissolving dibenzothiophene in various organics as n-dodecane, n-octane, n-tetradecane, n-heptane, n-decadecane, and n-hexane etc. The IL will be added to an excess of model fuel in a mass ratios of 5:1, 3:1, and 1:1. The obtained biphasic mixture will then be stirred at room temperature for 5 hr for equilibration. The sulfur content will be determined with UV-sulfur detector or XRF (X-ray fluorescence spectrometer). Multistage extraction process will also be carried out. The desulfurized model fuel from the first step will be again treated with fresh IL. This process will be repeated at least 6-8 times. 
Effect of various parameters 
The effect of time, temperature, ultrasonication, phase ratio, type of ionic liquid, type of hydrocarbons or model fuel/oil, water content, impurity, etc. on removal efficiency of sulfur will be investigated. 
Regeneration of IL
For commercial application of an ILs for the desulfurization of liquid fuels, the regeneration and recycling of ILs is necessary in view of high cost of ILs. The removal of S-compounds from an ILs can be carried out by a variety ways which are heating the IL to vaporize the S-compounds at temperatures within the IL stability range, back extraction of the S-compounds from the IL with another solvent, removing the aromatic S-component by electrolysis, or precipitating the S-components by dilution with water. Few methods will be studied for regeneration of ILs.

prosummary:
Due to environmental legislation, demand of ‘clean’ fuels is increasing and most likely will increase even more towards fuels with almost zero content of S-compounds, e.g. dibenzothiophene and its other derivatives. The objective of this project is the development of phosphoinum based ILs for desulfurization of liquid fuel.
In view to achieve this objective following work will be carried out:
•         Screening of phosphonium based ILs using various combinations of cations and anion (various software tools such COSMO-RS will be used for determination of molecular structure of ILs).
•         Synthesis of selected novel phosphonium ILs.
•         Characterizations of ILs 
•         Effect of various parameters, such as process time, temperature, sulfur compounds, molar ratios, moisture content etc.
•         Multistage desulfurization.
•         Desulfurization and multistage process of real fuels (Diesel, and gasoline)
• Regeneration and reusability of ILs
• Process design and optimization

proEoutcome:
A typical group of novel ionic liquids and process will be developed for the extractive desulfurization of liquid fuel. After project completion, a strong potential exists for IPR patents to be filed for desulfurization of liquid fuels using ionic liquids. It has a practical relevance in various petroleum industries/refineries, where it can be implemented. Various research and design agencies such as: Indian Institute of Petroleum Deharadun, National Chemical Laboratory Pune, Engineers India Limited India, HPCL, BPCL, IOCL, ONGC, RIL refineries etc. will also be benefited by this project. Further, the pilot studies may also be carried out with support of these organizations. After completion of the project, the generated assets will be used by PI and his group and also it will be shared with other researchers working on related areas. There is strong potential to commercialize this desulfurization process in petroleum refineries and industries. A pilot plant can be installed in the laboratory to study its commercial sustainability and feasibility of the process.

FAScheme:
Indo-Finish Mobility call for researcher


protitle:
Gamma Irradiated Castor seeds and other non edible feed stock for in situ bio-diesel production

prointro:
Reduction in global oil reserves, continuous emission of environmental pollution and sustainability have become major concerns to the public in recent years. Biodiesel is attractive from policy perspective as well as being an environmental friendly, non-toxic, renewable and biodegradable fuel. 
National energy imports has grown up and reached the highest share ever in total energy. India imported 46% of its total primary energy (commercial) in 2015-16 which consumes significant amount of foreign currency and not a sustainable solution. It was 38% in 2011-12 (at the end of the Eleventh Five Year Plan), and is being rising every year since then. [1] Further, Government of India is emphasizing on cutting down these costs by promoting the bio fuels including biodiesel production as a part of Niti Ayog policy [2]. As per Government of India initiatives, efforts are being made to grow non-edible oil seed based feedstock for the production of biodiesel. According to recent reports biodiesel from non-edible sources (Jatropha/Pongamia) cultivation wasteland is projected to increase to 1.7 Mha (by 2047) and biodiesel production to 1.7 mtoe/year [3].
Traditional methods for biodiesel production (for first generation biodiesel) involve various steps: oil extraction, purification, and series of other processing with subsequent transesterification. The requirement of these processing steps constitutes more than 70% of the total production cost [4].  Recently developed reaction extraction technology for biodiesel production from oil bearing materials is capable enough to simplify the steps associated with solvent extraction and oil clean up. However, some disadvantages due to application of catalyst are: difficulty in product separation, equipment corrosion and waste water pollution limits their applications etc. [5].

proobj:
The main objective of the current study is to develop environmental friendly, industrially viable and low cost in situ self-catalytic process for biodiesel production. In India, oil seeds are the main feed stock collected from non edible oil crops. Project can be worked on with objectives of the present experimental investigation are as follows:
i.	Experimental investigation of with and without Gamma ray irradiated non-edible oil seed feedstock characterization
ii.	To study the effect of of gamma irradiation on process variables (molar ratio, catalyst %/catalyst free, reaction temperature etc.) for process optimization of biodiesel production techniques (viz, In-situ, PI and conventional).
iii.	Characterization of thermo physical properties of biodiesel produced from the proposed novel method and comparison with standards.
iv.	Scale up studies for and process economics for industrial applications of biodiesel production.

prometho:
The aim of proposed study is to improve oil characteristic (physio-chemical properties and lipid profile) of non-edible oilseed crops and can be used them as feed stock for biodiesel production. Compared with the conventional methods for biodiesel production from oilseeds, such irradiated oilseeds with self-catalyzed reactive extraction route will reduce the overall biodiesel processing time and the amount of solvent for oil extraction by combining the oil extraction and esterification/ transesterification processes in one step. Furthermore, this route with no additional catalyst added will cut all the cost associated with the catalyst and greatly simplify downstream processes. Therefore, this irradiated oilseed self-catalyzed reactive extraction can be a breakthrough technology for biodiesel production from oilseeds directly. The concept is applied to the non-edible oil bearing seeds such as castor seeds, thumba seeds and other relevant feed stocks.

prosummary:
•	Collection of Non edible seeds of various types (e.g. Castor oil, thumba, karanja etc and or region specific species) 
•	Application of gamma irradiation dosages (0.5 kGy – 20 kGy with a suitable intervals based on the literature understanding)
•	Characterization of raw oil normal and oil from irradiated seeds
•	Design of experiments for process optimization studies using individual/combination of PI techniques for biodiesel production
•	Phy-ico chemical property characterization of products
•	CI Engine performance studies
•	Energy and cost analysis studies

proEoutcome:
•	Development of a improved catalyst free biodiesel production process for various  non edible oil feed stocks using Gamma irradiation
•	Collection of raw oil characterization data for irradiated non-edible feedstock.
•	Characterization and comparison with standards for biodiesel produced from the proposed process  
•	Preparation of report, process manual, technology transfer


prointro:
Reduction in global oil reserves, continuous emission of environmental pollution and sustainability have become major concerns to the public in recent years. Biodiesel is attractive from policy perspective as well as being an environmental friendly, non-toxic, renewable and biodegradable fuel. 
National energy imports has grown up and reached the highest share ever in total energy. India imported 46% of its total primary energy (commercial) in 2015-16 which consumes significant amount of foreign currency and not a sustainable solution. It was 38% in 2011-12 (at the end of the Eleventh Five Year Plan), and is being rising every year since then. [1] Further, Government of India is emphasizing on cutting down these costs by promoting the bio fuels including biodiesel production as a part of Niti Ayog policy [2]. As per Government of India initiatives, efforts are being made to grow non-edible oil seed based feedstock for the production of biodiesel. According to recent reports biodiesel from non-edible sources (Jatropha/Pongamia) cultivation wasteland is projected to increase to 1.7 Mha (by 2047) and biodiesel production to 1.7 mtoe/year [3].
Traditional methods for biodiesel production (for first generation biodiesel) involve various steps: oil extraction, purification, and series of other processing with subsequent transesterification. The requirement of these processing steps constitutes more than 70% of the total production cost [4].  Recently developed reaction extraction technology for biodiesel production from oil bearing materials is capable enough to simplify the steps associated with solvent extraction and oil clean up. However, some disadvantages due to application of catalyst are: difficulty in product separation, equipment corrosion and waste water pollution limits their applications etc.

proobj:
The main objective of the current study is to develop environmental friendly, industrially viable and low cost in situ self-catalytic process for biodiesel production. In India, oil seeds are the main feed stock collected from non edible oil crops. Project can be worked on with objectives of the present experimental investigation are as follows:
i.	Experimental investigation of with and without Gamma ray irradiated non-edible oil seed feedstock characterization
ii.	To study the effect of of gamma irradiation on process variables (molar ratio, catalyst %/catalyst free, reaction temperature etc.) for process optimization of biodiesel production techniques (viz, In-situ, PI and conventional).
iii.	Characterization of thermo physical properties of biodiesel produced from the proposed novel method and comparison with standards.

prometho:
•	Collection of Non edible seeds of various types (e.g. Castor oil, thumba, karanja etc and or region specific species) 
•	Application of gamma irradiation dosages (0.5 kGy – 20 kGy with a suitable intervals based on the literature understanding)
•	Characterization of raw oil normal and oil from irradiated seeds
•	Design of experiments for process optimization studies using individual/combination of PI techniques for biodiesel production
•	Phy-ico chemical property characterization of products
•	CI Engine performance studies
•	Energy and cost analysis studies

prosummary:
The aim of proposed study is to improve oil characteristic (physio-chemical properties and lipid profile) of non-edible oilseed crops and can be used them as feed stock for biodiesel production. Compared with the conventional methods for biodiesel production from oilseeds, such irradiated oilseeds with self-catalyzed reactive extraction route will reduce the overall biodiesel processing time and the amount of solvent for oil extraction by combining the oil extraction and esterification/ transesterification processes in one step. Furthermore, this route with no additional catalyst added will cut all the cost associated with the catalyst and greatly simplify downstream processes. Therefore, this irradiated oilseed self-catalyzed reactive extraction can be a breakthrough technology for biodiesel production from oilseeds directly. The concept is applied to the non-edible oil bearing seeds such as castor seeds, thumba seeds and other relevant feed stocks.


protitle:
Impact of climate change on offshore wind and wave power of potential in the India EEZ region

prointro:
The present and future energy resources assessment incorporating the impact of climate change plays a major role in the process. The selection of suitable locations for the establishment of offshore wind and wave power projects is very crucial. The site selection for utilizing wind and wave energy systems corresponds to the complex and multi-dimensional decision making process. In order to estimate and select among various siting alternatives, an effective decision making requires explicit methodologies related to technical, economic, environmental and socio-political factors. The research work executed till date is primarily focus on the impact of climate change on energy potentials by means of assessing the change in wind and wave properties.

proobj:
Identification of favourable locations for individual wind and wave power exploitation using the spatial multi-criteria analysis under climate change.

prometho:
The research project will primarily focus on the impact of climate change on offshore wind and wave power potential in Indian Exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The Global Circulation Model (GCM) that reproduce the best contemporary near-surface wind speeds, wave heights and wave periods will be identified and used further to assess future changes in wind and wave power potential. Due to coarse resolution of GCM dataset, the downscaling approaches and Regional Climate Model (RCMs) will be used to produce high-resolution datasets simultaneously validated with high-resolution observational and reanalysis data. This high resolution downscaled datasets will be used to develop the spatial distribution maps of wind and wave properties for present and future emission scenarios. Further, considering the wind turbine and wave energy converter characteristics, technical offshore power potential in the study area will be estimated for present and future Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) emission scenarios. The main aim of the project is to identify the most suitable locations based on present and future emission scenario in Indian EEZ region by means of multi-criteria analysis for wind and wave power generation projects considering the technical, economic, environmental and socio-political factors.

prosummary:
This project will be continued for three years in the beginning and later will be implemented further. It begins with a thorough planning, collects the data from different GCM models. At the same time, the process of ordering and purchasing the workstation will be initiated. After successful installation, various GCMs data will be assessed and identify the best suitable GCM for the study area. Once GCM is identifying, the data will High-resolution with different techniques. Further, validate/correlate the downscaled wind speed with reanalysis wind speed and in-situ measurement data. Further, estimate the technical wind and wave energy potential for present and future scenarios based on best correlate downscaled data. Finally, as per usual procedures, a final report of the work done under this project will be submitted to the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).

proEoutcome:
	High-resolution spatial distribution maps of offshore wind resource for past, present and future climate scenarios (wind power density (W/m2), interannual variability, capacity factor and annual energy production).
	High-resolution spatial distribution maps of wave resource for past, present and future climate scenarios (wave power potential (kW/m), interannual variability, capacity factor, annual energy production).
	Techno-economic analysis of offshore wind and wave energy potential by considering state of art offshore wind turbines and wave energy converters for past, present and future climate scenarios.
	Identification of favorable locations by applying a multi-criteria decision-making model for individual offshore wind and wave energy exploitation under climate change


protitle:
Development of Advanced TIG welding technologies for joining of nickel-base superalloy and Stainless steel alloy in similar and dissimilar configurations for engine systems

proarea:
Advanced Manufacturing / Mechanical engineering

prointro:
The proposed study aims at development of welding procedures for mid-thickness (6, and 10 mm) thick Inconel X750 # Inconel X750 and Inconel X750 # SS 321 metal configurations. Inconel X750 is a precipitation-hardened nickel-base superalloy which has a wide range of applications such as high temperature structural components for gas turbines (rotor blades, wheels, bolts and other structural members), jet engine parts, nuclear power plant applications, rocket-engine thrust chambers, as well as air frame applications including thrust reverses and hot-air ducting systems. The alloy is prone to strain age cracking. Hence, a careful investigation for the welding procedures needs to be developed. In the current study, two different variants of the TIG welding process such as Nano-Fiber assisted TIG welding (NF-TIG) and Hot-wire TIG welding (HW-TIG) shall be attempted to be joined. The 6 mm thick joints shall be attempted with NF-TIG whereas 10 mm thick joints shall be attempted with HW-TIG process. The study will incorporate devising the pre-heating, post weld treatments and filler metal selection for the similar and dissimilar joints. The welded joints shall be subjected to mechanical and metallurgical testing and characterization including fracture toughness and grain size measurement which can be a measure of the strain age cracking susceptibility. Finally, welding procedures for similar and dissimilar configurations shall be developed which will be beneficial to the fabrication procedures of these engines. The effect of different welding condition such as welding parameters, pre heating, post weld heat treatment and aging heat treatments shall be analyzed

proobj:
1) Identifying fluxes (single or multicomponent may be oxides, halides, fluorides, sulphides etc.) imparting full and secure penetration (>= plate thickness) in 6 mm thick Inconel X750 and Inconel X750 # SS 321 steel configurations with A-TIG welding in single pass and in autogenous mode. Bead-on-plate trials shall be carried out and macro-structural analysis will be done.  
2) Converting the selected fluxes in nano-fibers having a cloth/paper like structure by electrospinning process. The variation in the electrospinning process parameters shall be done to get different morphologies of electrospun fibers such as pores (round), beads (spherical or elongated spindle-like), fibers (round or flat), or a combination of all (bead-on-string).
3) 6 mm Butt welding of Inconel X750 # Inconel X750 and Inconel X750 # SS 321 steel joint configuration in single pass. Analysis of as welded mechanical and metallurgical properties such as tensile properties, toughness properties, grain size measurements, micro structural observations using SEM, Optical microscopy and XRD techniques.   
4) Development of welding conditions for NF-TIG welding process, pre-heating, post-weld heat treatment (aging heat treatment) to enhance the properties beneficial to reducing the strain age cracking.
5) HW-TIG Process parameters setting with matching filler metals for the similar and dissimilar Inconel X750 # Inconel X750 and Inconel X750 # SS 321 joint in 10 mm thick configuration to get a sound weld by depositing bead-on-plate welds. Analysis of as welded mechanical and metallurgical properties such as tensile properties, toughness properties, grain size measurements, micro structural observations using SEM, Optical microscopy and XRD.
6) Butt welding of 10mm thick similar and dissimilar welds with HW-TIG welding process.     
7) Development of welding condition for HW-TIG process, pre-heating, post-weld heat treatment (aging heat treatment) to enhance the properties beneficial to reducing the strain age cracking.

prometho:
The primary challenge at hand is to fabricate the Similar and dissimilar joints of Inconel X750 and SS 321 steel components wherein the problems of strain age-cracking susceptibility of this joint is eliminated. The answer to this lies in understanding the metallurgy of these steels. Inconel X750 is a superalloy. Very few alloys such as iron-, cobalt- and nickel-base alloys, which are known as super alloys, can be operated for prolonged periods of time at elevated temperatures. Among those, nickel-base super alloys are widely used for the components of jet engines and gas turbines, which require materials with special properties in relation to corrosion and oxidation resistance, and mechanical performance at high and wide range of temperatures. Many nickel-base super alloys consist of a solid solution strengthened austenitic face-centered-cubic gamma phase matrix, a major precipitate gamma prime phase coherent with the matrix, and various types of carbides and other phases distributed throughout the matrix and along the grain boundaries. Carbides most commonly encountered in the nickel-base super alloys are MC, M23C6, and M6C. They have three main tasks to perform. First, when properly formed, they make the grain boundary stronger, prevent or retard the grain boundary sliding, and permit stress relaxation. Second, if fine carbides are precipitated in the matrix, they strengthen the alloy. Third, carbides can tie up certain elements that would otherwise cause phase instability during service. MC carbides are mono carbides and have the general formula MC, where ‘‘M’’ stands for metallic elements such as titanium, tantalum, niobium, or vanadium. M23C6 carbides, where M is usually chromium, have a complex cubic structure and a tendency to form along grain boundaries. As for MC carbides, there can be considerable variation in the ‘‘M’’ content. Nickel, cobalt, iron, molybdenum, and tungsten can substitute for chromium. M6C carbides are similar to M23C6 carbides and generally occur as a grain boundary precipitate [42]. Furthermore, the strain age cracking primarily depends on the microstructure, chemical composition and heat treatment procedures. All these factors are primarily dependent on the welding processes and the related conditions such as pre-heat, post heat and post weld heat treatment cycles as it governs the cooling rates and ultimately the grain microstructure. Thus, an accurate control over the welding procedures and conditions can lead to a microstructure resistant to strain age-cracking. In addition to this, these welding procedures needs to cost-effective and productive as compared to existing techniques. The main aim of the proposed study would be to finally analyze the fracture strength of the HAZ and weld zone for the Inconel X750 # Inconel X750 and Inconel X750# SS 321 steel joint configurations by different techniques. Thus, to achieve the goal, 2 process are proposed in the study, wherein Nano-fiber assisted TIG welding process (NF-TIG) and Hot wire TIG (HW-TIG) processes shall be developed for 2 different thicknesses (6 & 10 mm) for similar and dissimilar configurations.

prosummary:
5 mm thick SASS 904 L steel was experimented with autogenous TIG welding techniques by using MoO3 flux by taking bead-on-plate trials. The first trial was taken by moving the TIG torch over the pate surface, whereas the second trial was taken by applying MoO3 flux over the plate surface by applying it with a paint brush after mixing with methanol. For the third trial, MoO3 flux was first converted to nano-fiber having a paper/cloth like appearance as shown in fig. 5 with the electrospinning process. The flux paste was then applied on the plate surface as shown in fig. 6 and then welding trials was carried out.

proEoutcome:
On successful completion of the project following deliverables cab e expected.
1.	Development of reliable welding technologies for the Semi cryogenic engine systems fabricated by ISRO for different applications. (Specification as per ISRO/IPRC)
2.	Welding Parameters for the specific joint with all the data and its effects.
3.	Technology development on actual components at IPRC. 
4.	Exhaustive reports on Test results and analysis for different weld configurations. 
5.	Weld Tested samples as well as corresponding reports.
6.	Final consolidated reports wherein entire technology and its effect can be understood. 
7.	Outcomes in terms of Research papers / Patents etc.


protitle:
Development of economically efficient favorable nanostructured material as electrocatalysts for hydrogen production: A step toward energy applications

proarea:
Physical Chemistry, Material Science, Electro/Photo-chemical Technology

prointro:
Continuous removal of fossil fuels from the earth and rapidly growing industrialization, based on such fuel generated energy are expected to create a crucial problem in terms of environmental imbalance and scarcity of such fuels within decades. The scientific community now therefore must indulge more in search of alternative renewable energy to comply with the pace of current civilization. It is   expected that within next 30 years the demand of global fossil would become double and the energy produced from crude oil, natural gas, coal and nuclear energy, will fall short of fulfilling the increasing demand of energy for sustaining human civilization. Moreover, continuous release of CO2 in the environment due to combustion of fossil fuels and increasing population is now a major threat to the whole mankind and animal world on account of global warming and allied consequences. We are now left with no other option, except searching for clean and renewable alternatives of usable energy and manipulating the utilization of available energy resources such as, solar, wind, water and biomass. In this direction, hydrogen production from water electrolysis as a fuel are now well accepted concepts, which await necessary implementations. In this connection, electrochemical (EC) reduction is the simplest and reliable method, which could work at a large scale for hydrogen production. Besides, the value-added chemical feed stocks and fuels generated by during water splitting can helpfully relieve the dependency on conventional fossil resources.

proobj:
To set important steps for developing an experimental pathways for hydrogen production during water electrolysis.

prometho:
Development of economically favorable metal NPs encapsulated hollow sphere for Hydrogen production: The synthesis of hollow spherical micro/nano-structures using templates would involve four steps as represented in scheme II. At first, the hard template would be synthesized. The modified templates would then have coated by the designed materials or their precursors to achieve compact shells. The final step would be calcination at high temperatures to get the hollow material. In either approach, one should be cautious to prevent collapsing of the shells during template removal process. Sometimes, during dissolving of template materials with the application of organic solvent, swelling of the polymer can rapture the hollow sphere.
Work package (WP1): Synthesis of sulfonated hollow-sphere template (template material to be used in double-shelled micro-hollow spherical Titania/Carbon synthesis) A commercially available hollow latex dispersion, OP-96 produced by Rohm and Haas, will be used as a model, as its interesting structural features satisfy the requirements of this research investigation. The shells of the cages are poly-styrene (PS), which ensures that the spherical shape remains unchanged during the template synthesis. Carboxylate and carboxylic acid groups, which can facilitate the growth of materials, are located on the interior surface. These hollow latex cages will be immersed in concentrated sulfuric acid for sulfonation at 40 oC for few hours. Then the sulfonated spheres will have to be thoroughly rinsed with water and ethanol to obtain the final template. This task will cover in Milestone M1.
Work package (WP2): Synthesis of double-shelled micro-hollow spherical Titania
A calculated amount of freeze-dried sulfonated templates will be immersed in Tetrabutyl Titanate (TBT)/ethanol (1:1 v/v, 5 mL) for 24h. After centrifugation and rinsing with ethanol, the resultant materials will be introduced into sol-gel process using ethanol and water. Double-shelled Titania hollow spheres will be obtained after centrifugation, rinsing with ethanol, and template removal by dissolution in DMF or calcinations at 450 oC for 2 h in air atmosphere (Milestone M2).
Following and combining the methodology 1.1 & 1.2 the proposed research aims to synthesize the following metal doped-hollow spheres:
Work package (WP3): Synthesis of gold NPs encapsulated in hollow carbon sphereThe synthesis of Au NPs encapsulated in hollow carbon spheres (HCSAu) would be synthesized by using glucose and chloroauric acid as the precursor materials for the carbon shell and gold NPs, respectively. The anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) would be considered as the starting material in the preparation of hollow carbon spheres. The proposed design of experimental procedure is shown in Scheme III (Milestone M3).

prosummary:
Our work plan for the proposed research project is summarized by the following activities:
The 6 month milestone will address objectives WP1 and WP2: Synthesis of TiO2/Carbon hollow sphere encapsulated metal NPs
Task 1. To perform the experiment as mentioned in WP1 & WP2
Task 2. Synthesis of TiO2 hollow sphere by using template method
Task 3. Synthesis of Carbon hollow sphere by using template method
Task 4: Synthesis of suitable metal NPs Sn, Pt-Sn, Ru, Ru-Sn, Ta.
Task 5: Doping of these metals into synthesize hollow sphere
Task 6. To analyze the preliminary results obtain from experiment done
The 12 month milestone will address objectives WP3 and WP4: Morphological characterization analysis
Task 7. To characterize the synthesized material with the help of electron microscopy like SEM, TEM.
Task 8. To characterize the synthesized material with the help of various analytical instruments like XRD, FT-IR, TGA, Raman and XPS spectroscopy.
Task 9. To analyze the obtained experimental data
The 18 month milestone will address objectives WP4/WP5 and WP6: Electrochemical set up and performance characterization
Task 10. To establish set up to perform the electrochemical experiment
Task 11. To obtain the preliminary results of the performed experiment
Task 12. To perform the electrochemical measurements like current density, faradic efficiency (FE), Electrochemical surface area, cyclic voltammetry measurements (CV), cathodic and anodic polarization measurements with Tafel slope calculations, etc.
The 24 month milestone will address objectives WP5 and WP6/WP7:
Task 13. To analyze the experimental data
Task 14. To develop a mathematical model and performed simulation of the obtained experimental results with the help of some known mathematical software like MATLAB, Python and LabView.
Task 15. To write manuscript based upon the obtained experimental results
Task 16. To submit the written manuscript in international peer-reviewed journal.
Task 17. To attend the conference and workshop

proEoutcome:
The preliminary results of the proposed research project would be helpful to apply this methodology to extract hydrogen during water electrolysis at larger scale.The combined research and sharing of expertise between the group members will lead to new results that could find their places in top ranked international journals also the outcomes of the project might be deliverable in the form of patents and publication.


protitle:
Graphene-based platform for green electronics

proarea:
Materials science (Biomaterials, Thin-film materials, materials design and characterisation)

prointro:
This research project is based on our experience on the growth of epitaxial graphene on SiC and its surface functionalization and basically can be a continuation of our previous works. To produce high-quality epitaxial graphene (@LiU) we using thermal decomposition of SiC, the main advantage of this method is that graphene layers are formed directly on a semiconductor substrate, therefore no graphene transfer needed for device processing and fabrication.
In this research project surface functionalization of graphene will be performed by using CB. Different bioelectrodes (CB/Graphene/SiC platform) will be fabricated, characterized, and utilized for biofuel and biosensor (detection of C-reactive protein) application. The experimental activities will be complemented by theoretical calculations (ab initio and tight binding) for the detailed fundamental understanding of the structure-property relations of different epitaxial graphene layers, and also CB-graphene interface using different theoretical models. Explore immobilization of the enzyme and antibodies and charge transfer process theoretically.

proobj:
1. Surface functionalisation of Epitaxial graphene with supramolecular strategy
2. development of Novel sensing platform using CB and graphene.
3. Development of CRP sensor and glucose sensor based on the novel platform.
4. investigating the fundamental characteristics of the CB-EG platform

prometho:
1. The growth of epitaxial graphene on 4H-SiC substrates (7×7 mm2) with more than 95% monolayer (ML) graphene coverage, three sublimation reactors are available at our growth lab. The surface of graphene will be characterized by AFM, SEM, LEEM and Raman spectroscopy
2. Synthesis of different CB[n]s with different size and cavity by acid-catalyzed condensation.  
3. we will investigate immobilization of CB[n]s on graphene samples which prepared in WP1 and WP2. We expect noncovalent interaction and bonding between CBs on EG. We will explore the alignment of CBs on graphene samples 
4. Here different approaches will be explored and developed for the fabrication of stable graphene-enzymes and graphene-antibodies biointerfaces demonstrated by (prototype) sensor

prosummary:
One of the challenges for direct immobilization of biomolecules onto graphene surface is due to the hydrophobic nature of graphene causing a significant conformation change and denaturation of the adsorbed biomolecules. Also, desorption of biomolecules may occur resulted in an unstable bio-interface. Herein we propose to fabricate the enzymatic biofuel cell (EBFCs) equipped with enzyme-functionalized CB/graphene hybrid electrodes (Fig. 4). The CB/graphene resolve the problem of hydrophobicity, which provides a relatively hydrophilic CB intermediate layer to assist the immobilization of biomolecules such as enzymes and antibodies, thus improve the native biological function and stability of the immobilized biomolecules. In addition, the CB provide an additional spacer to reduce the effect on steric hindrance between the immobilized biomolecule and the graphene surface, which can further improve the performance of immobilized biomolecules. If CB7 used as a template to immobilize enzyme, probably porous structure (with suitable size) of CB7 will act as the cage to protect the immobilized enzymes from being denatured and leaching out while also providing glucose and oxygen sufficient access to the enzymes may improve the EBFC performance. Similar kind of issues was associated with the Eg based sensing platform. the present project addresses those issues by developing a non-covalent immobilisation of active enzyme over EG surface by utilising the supramolecular binding affinity to improve stability and accessibility to the active site. This is the first of its kind research to tether Eg neutral surface. Hense, New CB-EG platform could be used as novel electrode system for biosensors and bioelectronics.

proEoutcome:
1. A novel surface immobilisation strategy for EG
2. CB based tethering of biomolecules on EG surface
3. Novel Sensing platform for new generation bioelectronics
4. Use of supramolecular binding in bioelectronics: understanding of fundamentals


prointro:
This research project is based on our experience on the growth of epitaxial graphene on SiC and its surface functionalization and basically can be a continuation of our previous works. To produce high-quality epitaxial graphene (@LiU) we using thermal decomposition of SiC, the main advantage of this method is that graphene layers are formed directly on a semiconductor substrate, therefore no graphene transfer needed for device processing and fabrication. In this research project surface functionalization of graphene will be performed by using CB. Different bioelectrodes (CB/Graphene/SiC platform) will be fabricated, characterized, and utilized for biofuel and biosensor (detection of C-reactive protein) application. The experimental activities will be complemented by theoretical calculations (ab initio and tight binding) for the detailed fundamental understanding of the structure-property relations of different epitaxial graphene layers, and also CB-graphene interface using different theoretical models. Explore immobilization of the enzyme and antibodies and charge transfer process theoretically.

proobj:
1. Surface functionalisation of Epitaxial graphene with supramolecular strategy 2. development of Novel sensing platform using CB and graphene. 3. Development of CRP sensor and glucose sensor based on the novel platform. 4. investigating the fundamental characteristics of the CB-EG platform

prometho:
y	1. The growth of epitaxial graphene on 4H-SiC substrates (7×7 mm2) with more than 95% monolayer (ML) graphene coverage, three sublimation reactors are available at our growth lab. The surface of graphene will be characterized by AFM, SEM, LEEM and Raman spectroscopy 2. Synthesis of different CB[n]s with different size and cavity by acid-catalyzed condensation. 3. we will investigate immobilization of CB[n]s on graphene samples which prepared in WP1 and WP2. We expect noncovalent interaction and bonding between CBs on EG. We will explore the alignment of CBs on graphene samples 4. Here different approaches will be explored and developed for the fabrication of stable graphene-enzymes and graphene-antibodies biointerfaces demonstrated by (prototype) sensor

proEoutcome:
1. A novel surface immobilisation strategy for EG 2. CB based tethering of biomolecules on EG surface 3. Novel Sensing platform for new generation bioelectronics 4. Use of supramolecular binding in bioelectronics: understanding of fundamentals


protitle:
Structure, Interaction and Process for Energy Efficient CO2 separations using Novel Ionic Liquids supported membranes

prointro:
Membranes in separation processes have been intrigued in recent years. The chief reason for high interests in membrane technology is its low relative energy consumption in comparison with common separation processes such as distillation, drying, extraction, adsorption, etc. Besides this, the processability and low capital and operating costs of the membranes prompt the researchers to investigate more and more about implementation and extension of the membranes in industrial units in order to facilitate separation processes. Permeability is a measure of productivity and selectivity is a measure of separation efficiency in gas separation processes. The gases are separated due to their different diffusivity and solubility in the polymeric membranes. The investigations about selective transports of the gases through polymeric membranes have been become an interesting area for researchers in the last two decades. 
        Ionic liquids (IL) are promising alternatives to enhance a polymeric membranes property, which leads to higher permeability of different gases, such as CO2, N2, O2, CH4, H2 etc. Mass transfer generally is much faster in the IL than in polymeric membranes, which results in great separation properties. Furthermore, the separation properties of the IL can be tuned by selecting appreciate anions and cations, which are compatible with functional groups in their structures. According to this, addition of different IL to the polymeric membranes has been intrigued recently. The high CO2 solubility in ILs in comparison with other gases like N2 and CH4 has been attracted some researchers to investigate ILs’ capability for CO2  capture. The good CO2 solubility in ILs  is the result of the asymmetrical combination of the anion and cation. Therefore, as the incompatibility of the ionic parts of the ILs increases, the higher solubility could be obtained in the ILs. Generally, the CO2 solubility in ILs increases with pressure increment, and temperature decrement. The physical adsorption mechanism is a result of the interaction between CO2 molecules and ILs in which the gas molecules occupy the free space in the ILs structure by means of a high quadrupole and Van der Waals forces. In other words, the Lewis acid base interactions between the anion part of the IL and CO2 play an important role in CO2 solubility in ILs. Since ILs have intrinsic acid base properties, addition of acidic basic functions, such as halide and carbonic groups as acidic functions, and also amino/fluorine groups as basic functions, could enhance these interactions and as a result increase the CO2 solubility 
In this study, the goal is to incorporate the superior features of the novel ionic liquids supported membranes, such as flexibility and processability in gas separation, with the affinity of ionic liquid to CO2 gas. Then, fabricate new blended membranes in order to facilitate gas transport properties of the neat membranes, results in increasing the permselectivity of the membranes for CO2/light gases separation. The effect of addition of IL membrane on its gas transport properties will investigate by carrying out CO2, CH4 and N2 gases permeation tests under different operating conditions. In addition, the exact diffusion and solubility coefficients will also measure. Finally, the morphological study can be inspect by means of characterization tests in order to examine the feasibility of utilizing the high performance membranes.

proobj:
In this study, the goal is to incorporate the superior features of the novel ionic liquids supported membranes, such as flexibility and processability in gas separation, with the affinity of ionic liquid to CO2 gas. Then, fabricate new blended membranes in order to facilitate gas transport properties of the neat membranes, results in increasing the permselectivity of the membranes for CO2/light gases separation. The effect of addition of IL membrane on its gas transport properties will investigate by carrying out CO2, CH4 and N2 gases permeation tests under different operating conditions. In addition, the exact diffusion and solubility coefficients will also measure. Finally, the morphological study can be inspect by means of characterization tests in order to examine the feasibility of utilizing the high performance membranes.

prometho:
The novelty of this project would be an energy efficient novel ionic liquids support membrane which would be much effective for Carbon Capture/separation Process. The superior features of the novel ionic liquids supported membranes, such as flexibility and processability in gas separation, with the affinity of ionic liquid to CO2 gas. Also, fabricate new blended membranes in order to facilitate gas transport properties of the neat membranes, results in increasing the permselectivity of the membranes for CO2/light gases separation. The effect of addition of IL membrane on its gas transport properties will investigate by carrying out CO2, CH4 and N2 gases permeation tests under different operating conditions. Further this project intends to reduce the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere which will help to reduce global warming and drastic effects of climate change if implemented worldwide.

prosummary:
In proposed work, the Novel Ionic Liquids supported membrane will be synthesized for the energy efficient CO2 separations. The expected outcomes could be good referred SCI/SCIE research publications, possibly one/two patents, and conference papers. Also the technology may be implemented for energy efficient CO2 separation purpose by studying commercial aspects. Long Term Goals would be continue research collaboration with the European Union and other countries R & D Institutions. Try to solve the industrial issues and minimize the environmental pollution problems

proEoutcome:
After the completion of project, a process for the energy efficient CO2 separations using novel ionic liquids supported membranes will be developed in a laboratory scale which will be later commercialize with support of industries such as NTPC, RIL etc. A business plan will be prepared establishing techno-economic viability. The beneficiary from the proposed work will be:
i)	Researchers working in the field of CO2 sequestration, Separation etc.
ii)	Industries which are interested to develop energy efficient process for CO2 capture.
There would be a strong potential to file a US patent and published 5-7 international referred SCI/SCIE journal publications along with few national journal / conferences publications.

FAScheme:
Mission Innovations : Proposal on Carbon Capture


protitle:
Integrated Design and Demonstration of Intensified CO2 Capture and its conversion to Methanol using solar as energy source. (IDDE-CO2-SM)

prointro:
This project aims to develop a scale up unit through engineering design, development and fabrication for demonstration of efficient CO2 capture in an absorber-regenerator system with significant intensification of mass transfer and micromixing by using efficient CO2 capture fluid. The captured CO2 will be converted to fuel grade methanol using low cost metal catalysed hydrogenation reaction in a heat integrated high pressure packed bed reactor. The methanol reactor will use catalyst developed by our mission innovation (MI) country partners. The methanol reactor will be operated by solar energy. Process modelling, simulation, configuration, industrial scale up, economics analysis and environmental impact studies of CO2 capture and utilization will also be done under this project. The integrated carbon capture and utilization unit will serve as a technology demonstrating to industry and society and will impart further industry driven testing and research facility.

proobj:
The outcomes of this project would be an effective Carbon Capture Process Technology along with Utilization of CO2 to produce fuel grade methanol. The integrated and systematic study of CCU technology would result societal and realistic benefit.

prometho:
Literature survey on Pilot plant testing of CO2 capture. Theoretical Analysis and Design and specification of CO2 capture bench scale pilot plant based on regenerative chemical absorption process. Process intensification study.
Solvent Screening and tuning and selecting which has less % degradation, high equilibrium capacity, high rate kinetics, low regeneration energy and heat of absorption, etc. Finalization of Design 
Specification of CO2 capture Demo plant (absorber, regenerator, and heat exchanger, etc) and placing of order for the equipment and fabrications.

prosummary:
Systematic design, development & fabrication of advanced process intensified CO2 capture laboratory bench scale pilot plant with a promoted efficient 2nd generation amine absorbent. 
•	engineering design, development & fabrication of advanced solar methanol production process. The high pressure packed bed reactor would utilize catalyst cartridges which would develop in collaboration with MI country partners. 
• Absorption and regeneration study of intensified CO2 capture process integrated with CO2 conversion process with application of solar energy. 
•	Heat integration study of combined capture and utilization process with process configuration and simulation. 
•	Estimation of total energy requirement, scale-up, GHG emission and economic analysis of combined process will be undertaken. 
• Development of models for physico-chemical properties to be used in process simulation and industrial scale up study; Parameter optimization study; sensitivity analysis; commercial implementation and environmental impact study. 

•	Technology demonstration of the integrated process to industries and society. This demo plant will be used to test any advances in CO2 capture fluid and methanol production catalyst.

proEoutcome:
The outcomes of this project would be an effective Carbon Capture Process Technology along with Utilization of CO2 to produce fuel grade methanol. The integrated and systematic study of CCU technology would result societal and realistic benefit. Large scale capture and utilization pathway to produce fuel grade methanol from waste flue gas would be realistic if hydrogen available or multi production of electricity and H2 form coal adapted or chemical storage of renewable energy in the form of H2 is used. In view of this, this project aims understanding and demonstrating the CO2 value chain and carbon management lab in line with MI on carbon capture challenges and implementation strategy to Industry and stakeholders. Further this project intends to reduce the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere which will help to reduce global warming and drastic effects of climate change if implemented worldwide. Integrated process Design, bench-scale testing and demonstration including solar catalytic reactor with energy demand, scale up and economic analysis and large-scale implementation study are the outcomes. The demo unit will serve as a test rig for further testing and validating any frontier research and innovation in CCU. Besides the knowledge sharing, training and working with MI country Institute and Industry and utilizing the outcome for societal benefit would address the objective of Mission Innovation on Carbon Capture Challenges on Global perspective.

FAScheme:
Department of Bio-technology, Govt of India; Mission Innovation on carbon capture challenges (IC#3)


protitle:
Waste to Energy: A feasibility Study of Pirana Heaps of Solid Waste

prointro:
Despite several reports from the state pollution control board, there has been no attempt to reconstruct the Pirana landfill site scientifically. Similar to Kolkata's Dhapa landfill the sole waste treatment plant in Pirana has long shut its doors due to the civic body's inability to maintain it. The plant had a capacity of treating 700 tonnes of waste compared to the landfill's daily intake of over 4000 MT. The present research aims at application of "Plasma Technology" for solid waste management for the Pirana Heaps

proobj:
To prepare a Feasibility Report on disposal of Pirana heaps using Plasma technology for energy generation

prometho:
The research will be carried out to find out the feasibility of solid waste management through plasma technology. 
(1) First pyrolysis (without oxygen) of gaseous, liquid and waste in thermal plasma furnace with plasma torches is carried out
(2) Then gassification (oxygen starved) of soild waste containing organic compounds to produce syngas (hydrogen + carbon mono-oxide) is carried out
(3) Finally verification of solid wastes by transferred, non-transferred or hybrid arc plasma torch according to electric conductivity of substrate is carried out.

prosummary:
The research plan will include:
(1) Literature survey about use of Plasma Technology in the area of solid waste management (1 month)
(2) Exploring a suitable Plasma Plant (100T per day) for the solid waste management of the Pirana heaps (3 months)
(3) Establishing a pilot plant (1 T per day) to observe the efficiency of destroying the municipal solid waste
(3 months)
(4) Suggest a feasible plant for the Pirana heaps and prepare the feasibility report (1 month)

proEoutcome:
The expected outcome is to find out a suitable Plasma Plant which would handle the solid wastes of Pirana

FAScheme:
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation(AMC) will find the project to tune of INR 20,00,000. in the below mentioned scheme:
(1) 20% mobilization advance
(2) 20% at inception report
(3) 40% at draft report
(4) 20% within 30 days of submitting final feasibility report


protitle:
Study of Oxygen Carrier Material (OCM) for effective combustion via Chemical Looping Combustion

prointro:
Chemical looping, a low carbon technology for the fossil fuel industry, is increasingly been viewed as a competitive technology in carbon capture and storage. As the world increasingly transitions to a low-carbon economy, it is becoming important for fossil fuel-based industries to develop ways to reduce their carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. To do this many fossil fuel-based industries, and in particular coal-based power stations, are promoting carbon capture and storage (CCS). This is where the CO2 generated from coal combustion is separated from the power station’s flue gas and sequestered for long-term storage. The advantage of CCS is that it enables existing infrastructure and industries to meet carbon emission reductions while continuing to operate into the medium-term future.

proobj:
To find out a suitable material that can be used in chemical looping combustion. 
Experiments on OCM

prosummary:
Experiment on Various metals for Oxidation and reduction suitable in chemical Looping combustion

proEoutcome:
Suitable material for Chemical Looping combustion. New power plant technology for Clean energy production


protitle:
Flood Damage Assessment of Dhanera City of Banaskantha District Using 
Geo-Spatial Techniques and Hydrodynamic Flood Inundation Modeling

prointro:
Our primary aim is to perform hydrodynamic modeling over Shukal Nadi (Rel River) Catchment of Banaskantha region for hydrodynamic modeling. In addition, drone based data collection and field surveys will be conducted to trace recent flood extend, loss of property and damages of Dhanera region. Satellite data shall be exploited to determine the changes in a larger spatial and longer temporal scale. Hydrodynamic modeling with synchronous satellite inundation information would be used to generate flood hazard mapping. Flood Inundation map, Flood Hazards map would be developed in order to estimate the causes of the possible damage due to recent flooding.

proobj:
1)	To generate different inundation scenario using extreme flooding events over study region.
2)	Flood vulnerability mapping using different inundation scenarios and geo-spatial data sets.
3)	To establish a systems framework for disaster (flood) risk assessment and management.

prometho:
To perform flood hazard mapping stepwise approach of hydrodynamic modeling and geo-spatial data analysis would be performed over Banaskantha region. In this study, HEC-RAS hydrodynamic model would be used to generate inundation scenarios for extreme flooding events. To set up the hydrodynamic model high resolution DEM would be used for better representation of river floodplains and inundation extent. 
Flood inundation maps from microwave satellite images would also be used to assess the flood extent for extreme flood events.

prosummary:
Literature review	Feb2019 – April 2019
Hydrologic data collection	May2019 – July2019
Field Survey and UAV based data collection	August 2019 – January 2020
2D HEC-RAS Hydrodynamic Modelling	January 2020- November 2020
Flood Inundation, Flood Depth, Flood Velocity map, Flood Hazard Map	December2020- April2021
Model validation 	May2021- August2022
Frame work for Disaster risk assessment and management	September2022-January2022
Reporting, Paper Publication	June2021 - January2022

proEoutcome:
•	Different inundation scenarios and flood hazard map would be generated using hydrodynamic model.
•	Publications/Reports.


protitle:
Development of Nano-fiber assisted TIG welding process for stainless steel piping systems for uranium fuel production line and refining assemblies.

prointro:
Uranium is the basis of the nuclear power industry as well as military weapons programs. The unique position of uranium in these activities, the increasing ore grades that have been discovered, and increasing environmental concerns have very much influenced recent process developments. The fabrication of the Uranium extraction equipment systems and its assemblies and sub-assemblies such as solvent extraction process, uranium conversion ore concentrate also the powder and pallet preparation plants have complex piping systems. As the pipelines are used for the transfer of nuclear materials including acids and corrosive fluids, the welded transitions between those pipes requires high quality of weld joint. These welding challenge becomes critical for the fabricator. The Stainless steels and its alloys are always preferred as the base materials due to the combination of the high strength and corrosion resistance properties. The entire piping system also includes joining of several SS alloys (SS304/SS304L, SS316/SS316L) in thickness ranging from (3-5 mm). The fabrication of these assemblies and components always poses a challenge as very precise selection of the materials and various manufacturing techniques have to be devised to ensure safe working and maximum output.

proobj:
1) Achieving the nano-fibers from the selected flux having a cloth/paper like rigidity by an accurate electrospinning parameter setting. 
2) Achieving the sound, even (throughout the length) and full penetration (>=plate thickness) with the A-TIG welding by using nano-fibers on SS 304 and 316 L steel. (thickness from 2.5 - 6 mm)
3) Achieving the different morphologies of electrospun fibers such as pores (round), beads (spherical or elongated spindle-like), fibers (round or flat), or a combination of all (bead-on-string) by varying the electrospinning process parameters and investigating their performance on the weld penetration capability of A-TIG welding process.
4) Butt welding of pipes with optimized nano-fibers morphology and corresponding welding parameters in a single pass.  
5) Analyzing the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the weldment and further optimization of welding trials if required.

prometho:
The similar and dissimilar 2.5- 4.0 mm thick SS 316 LN and SS 304 Stainless steel joints are encountered number of times in the piping systems of the uranium extraction and production line. The most suited welding procedures would be by using 2 –pass TIG welding technique using filler wire. If the joint is attempted to be welded in a single pass autogenous mode, the current needs to be on higher side. This would further incorporates following drawbacks which needs to be addressed. 
	High heat input leading to excessive warpage/bend of the welded structure.
	Tedious, time consuming and costly process of correcting the bend/distortion after welding.
	Stringent mechanical and metallurgical weld properties requirement including leak testing. 
	Increased time and cost for preparing the Weld edge with high precision.
	Increased time and cost for adding filler metal.
	High operator skill required.
	In-situ welding is difficult and controlling is a challenge.

prosummary:
One of the candidate process for the welding is the flux assisted TIG welding technique, also termed as Activated TIG (A-TIG) process wherein a chemical powder (termed as flux) is applied on the top surface of the plate which increases the penetration capability of autogenous TIG welding. The technique enables the welding of 3-6 mm thick joints to be welded in single pass in autogenous mode at the same welding parameters as the TIG welding without flux. The conventional method of flux application is to convert the powder into a paste by adding alcoholic reagents such as methanol, acetone etc. and applying this paste with paint brush. However, these technique of flux application is considered unconventional, manual and also does not ensure an even quantity of flux across the length of plate to be welded. This drawback leads to uneven penetration profile across the length which is not acceptable. 

Thus, there is a need to develop a technique wherein Activated TIG welding can be carried out for the proposed joint which can ensure the even penetration across the length. This can solve the problem and lead to development of a cost-effective, faster and more energy efficient welding technology ensuring superior mechanical and metallurgical properties.

proEoutcome:
The Major objective of the proposed study is to fabricate nanofibers from suitable chemical powder (termed as flux) by electrospinning technique and employ them in Activated Tungsten Inert Gas welding (A-TIG) process for Stainless steels and low alloy steels. Thus the current study will primarily address to replace this cumbersome and non-reliant technique of flux application by developing and incorporating nanofibers synthesized from flux powder by electrospinning technique. The study will also addresses the effect of different morphologies of electrospun fibers such as pores (round), beads (spherical or elongated spindle-like), fibers (round or flat), or a combination of all (bead-on-string) on the weld penetration capability of A-TIG welding process. Furthermore, the fibers may exhibit a variety of coils, loops, and bends resulting.


protitle:
Controlling the CH4 emission from CNG vehicles: A step towards green India

prointro:
Our idea is to develop a catalyst that can be embedded inside the CNG vehicles. The device will
reduced the CH4 in enviourement friendly products. To develop the catalyst we are going to use a
novel method of reactive calcination (developed by our research group). This reactive calcination
approach opens up a new avenue for making cheap and highly efficient/active catalyst materials for
oxidation/reduction reaction and will be extended in this research project to the preparation of a range
of 2-3D nanostructures and their composites.

proobj:
1) Development of cobalt and nickel oxides, and their composites
2) Development of composites based on doped by metal oxides nanoparticles
3) Catalytic converter device fabrication and measurements
4) Stability of catalytic converter devices in complex conditions of humidity

prometho:
The problem of air pollution arises as a result of emissions of toxic gases from vehicles driven by fossil
fuels, especially in urban areas. The primary pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), unburned
hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot or particulate matter (PM) emitted directly into the
atmosphere from the conventional fueled vehicles
The synthesis of catalysts has been commonly accomplished through energy-consuming solvothermal processes
or high-temperature annealing reactions. Recently, chemical transformations driven by single step RC
(developed by our team) route have appeared as a new emerging methodology in catalyst materials science.
The single step reactive calcination offer a significant advance to avoid the use of high temperature,
dramatically shortening synthesis times and simultaneously increasing the purity and amount of product.

prosummary:
Thus, tremendous effects have been paid to make high quality activated catalysts, however it is still a huge
challenge to realize uniform size distributed catalysts with high active surface area. The synthesis of catalysts
has been commonly accomplished through energy-consuming solvothermal processes or high-temperature
annealing reactions. Recently, chemical transformations driven by single step RC (developed by our team)
route have appeared as a new emerging methodology in catalyst materials science. The single step reactive
calcination offer a significant advance to avoid the use of high temperature, dramatically shortening synthesis
times and simultaneously increasing the purity and amount of product. As a result, single step reactive RC has
been extensively applied as a ‘ease to do’ method for the construction of discrete metal complexes, 1D
coordination polymers and even porous MOFs (metal organic-frameworks).

proEoutcome:
The project main aim is to develop low cost catalytic converter with a wide application in CNG
vehicles. The further commercialization of product lay the road map for technology self-sustainability.


protitle:
Black phosphorus, phosphorene and their derivatives as new functional nanomaterials for electrochemical and energetic application

prointro:
Phosphorene, the monolayer form of black phosphorus is the most recent addition tographene-like van der Waals 2D systems. Due to its immense interesting properties namely, itstunable direct band gap, high carrier mobility,and unique in-plane anisotropy, it emerged as apromising candidate for electronic and optoelectronic devices. Recently monolayered or few-layered phosphorene nanosheets and other phosphorene based materials gained huge attention due to its unique semi-conducting and optical properties. But there is a huge unexplored area of researches where phosphorene based nanocomposites could find new applications. And one of these branches – is making new functionalized phosphorene materials and study their catalytic (including photo- and electrocatalytic) activities in various types of reactions.
The main drawback of few-layered phosphorene nanosheets (and black phosphorus itself) is their sensitivity to oxygen and humidity in presence of light which makes impossible their usage in ambient conditions. There are several approaches have been made towards protecting phosphorene sheets from oxidation. However,the synthesis of phosphorene based materials with enhanced stability to ambient conditions is still a very challenging research area. This is why functionalization of phosphorene sheets should not only bear some new properties or active sites but it also should increase the stability of new nanomaterial

proobj:
Development of economically favorable black phosphorus and their derivatives as new functional nanomaterials for the water splitting and electrochemical reduction of CO2 into fuels.
2. Morphological characterization: To characterize prepared material as describe with XRD, BET surface area analysis, SEM, Cryo-TEM, TGA, TRP, etc.
3. Performance characterization: Evaluation of electrocatalyst performance characterization with various electrochemical measurements, e.g. current density, faradic efficiency (FE), electrochemical surface area, cyclic voltammetry measurements (CV), cathodic and anodic polarization measurements with Tafel slope calculations, etc.
4. To measure the water splitting and electrochemical reduction of CO2 using the fabricated electrocatalyst.
5. Theoretical and simulation study with the help of Density Functional Theory (DFT).

prometho:
3.	Methodology:
(a) Design and synthesis of Black phosphorus, phosphorene and their derivatives as new functional nanomaterials: A series of experiments aimed at obtaining phosphorene and few-layered black phosphorus will be conducted during this project. It is known that with a decreasing number of phosphorene layers some of the physical properties of materials change. And to achieve the most active materials with best catalytic and chemical activities it is favorable to prepare phosphorene nanosheets with a number of layers as low as possible, ideally – to obtain suspensions considering only monolayered black phosphorus. There is a lot of researches has been done in this field but obtaining of monolayered phosphorene is still challenging. Currently, the method of liquid exfoliation of black phosphorus is widely used to obtain few-layered phosphorene nanosheets. This method consists of successive sonication and centrifugation of black phosphorus suspensions in different solvents. Liquid exfoliation of black phosphorus makes it possible to obtain bi- or even monolayers of phosphorene, but the usage of quite a harsh sonication process (which lasts dozens of hours) breaks not only the van der Waals interactions between two layers but also breaks P–P bonds within one layer so the surface area of phosphorene also decreases. Therefore, other methods of black phosphorus exfoliation such as shear-assisted techniques and electrochemical exfoliation find their applications. A combination of different methods of black phosphorus exfoliation will be used during this project to obtain high-quality phosphorene sheets with acceptable lateral size.
The second stage of the project includes the functionalization of phosphene and few-layered black phosphorus nanosheets. Due to the presence of lone electron pairs (LEP) in phosphorus atoms, the surface of phosphene can be modified by acidic chemical groups by a donor-acceptor mechanism. In addition, phosphorus can act as a ligand for transition metal complexes. Computational calculations have shown that the donor power of the phosphorus in phosphorene is weak; therefore, to form a coordination bond with metal atoms, it is necessary to select such complexes in which the ligands are weakly bound to the central atom. In addition, it is worth noting that the LEP of phosphorus atoms form an angle of about 30° with the phosphorene sheet, hence the generated metal fragments should not create peculiar steric problems in the approach to the 2D material to maximize the σ overlap. The P-metal bond can also be formed by electrochemical reduction of salts and transition metal complexes on the surface of a phosphorene-modified electrode. Immobilization of metal nanoparticles on the surface of phosphorene and few-layered black phosphorus nanosheets is carried out mainly by mixing the corresponding suspensions.

prosummary:
Time frame	Target	Indian Responsibilities	Russian Responsibilities
(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)
1st six months	To synthesize the various types electro-polymerization fabrication of nanohybrid as electro-catalyst for water splitting and CO2 reduction into green fuel.
	Task 1. To set up the basic infrastructure for performing the designed experiment
Task 2. To construct and investigate preliminary results
Task 3. To set up a basic kinetic model of the electro-catalytic reaction.
	Task 1: To design a cost effective and efficient different kind of electro-catalyst.
Task 2: To check the suitability of designed catalyst with the help of density functional theory.
2nd six months	Morphological characterization and electrochemical measurement.	Task 5. To characterize the synthesized nano-catalyst with the help of electron microscopy like SEM, TEM. (India)
Task 6. To characterize the synthesized material with the help of various analytical instruments like XRD, FT-IR, TGA, Raman and XPS spectroscopy	Task 7. To analyze the obtained experimental data.
Task 8. To refine kinetic model using experimental results with the help of computational chemistry and DFT approach.

3rd six months	Electrochemical set up and performance characterization
	Task 9. To establish set up to perform the electrochemical experiment.
Task 10. To obtain the preliminary results of the performed experiment.
	Task 11. To perform the electrochemical measurements like current density, faradic efficiency (FE), Electro-chemical surface area, cyclic voltammetry measurements (CV), cathodic and anodic polarization measurements with Tafel slope calculations, etc. 
Task 12. To adapt kinetic model for spatial simulations.

4th six months	To derive the mathematical model and simulating the obtained experimental results with the help of DFT theory	Task 13. To analyze the experimental data.
Task 14. To develop a mathematical model and performed simulation of the obtained experimental results with the help of some known mathematical software.
	Task 15. To write manuscript based upon the obtained experimental results.
Task 16. To submit the written manuscript in international peer-reviewed journal.

proEoutcome:
The Russia group has expertise in the area of experimental investigation of Black phosphors based new functional nanomaterials as electro-catalyst for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) system. Thus the idea would be shared with Indian group.The indian group  have experience in synthesis of hollow sphere as electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen production and reduction of CO2 into fuels. Thus, this idea will be shared with the Russia group.The Russia group has well expertise on the computational approach and DFT calculation for the design and development of electrocatalysis for water splitting and CO2 reduction. Also they have expertise by using these approach for energy storage and conversion. Thus this idea would be shared with both Indian group.The combined research and sharing of expertise between the Indian, and Russia groups will lead to new results that could find their places in top ranked international journals also the outcomes of the project might be deliverable in the form of patents and publication.


protitle:
A novel route of reactive calcination for development of highly efficient catalysts: An approach for cleaner emission in CNG vehicles

proarea:
Green Catalysis; Vehicular emission control; Chemical reaction engineering

prointro:
The problem of air pollution arises as a result of emissions of toxic gases from vehicles driven by fossil fuels, especially in urban areas. The primary pollutants emitted directly into the atmosphere from the conventional fueled vehicles and play a key role in the formation of more lethal secondary pollutants  such as PAN, ozone, acid rain etc. To solve the problem of emissions from conventional vehicles, CNG has attracted much attention and becoming an alternative fuel throughout the world. In spite of all merits, CNG vehicular exhaust consists of significant amount of CO, unburned CH4 and NOx. The CO is well known poisonous gas and silent killer of 21st century, while CH4 is a greenhouse gas. These gases are very harmful for human being, environment as well as climate change. The low concentration of CO and CH4 emission from CNG vehicles can be catalytically converted into CO2 because its emission in permissible limit of atmosphere (0.1% or 1000 ppm) (CO2 toxicity). An ideal catalytic converter requires low-cost, trouble-free, abundant material resources with good stability and high conversion efficiency. The three way catalysts are one of the most effective approaches to control CO, HC and NOx simultaneously from CNG vehicle in a single unit of tailpipe. TWC mostly contain platinum group metals for oxidation as well as reduction reaction. Nevertheless, PGM catalysts show some shortcomings for real application like high sintering rates, volatility, poisoning in the presence of disturbing compounds, high price and limited availability. As such, the transition metal oxide catalysts have been appealing rising concern recently for catalytic combustion of CO as well as CH4. Thus, efforts have been put towards the development of low cost and high activity transition metal catalysts.

proobj:
To develop the catalyst we are going to use a novel method of reactive calcination (developed by our research group). This reactive calcination approach opens up a new avenue for making cheap and highly efficient/active catalyst materials for oxidation/reduction reaction and will be extended in this research project to the preparation of a range of 2-3D nanostructures and their composites. In particular, the applicant divided her research tasks into four parts:  
     1) Development of transition metal oxides, and their composites
	2) Development of composites based on doped by metal oxides nanoparticles
     3) Catalytic converter device fabrication and  activity measurement           
4) Stability of catalytic converter devices in complex conditions of humidity

prometho:
In general, catalyst materials designing methods play a critical role on their physico-chemical properties, i.e. chemical composition, homogeneity, crystallinity, phase purity, morphology, grain size-dispersion, and parameters like active sites and carrier mobility can be easily altered by simply changing material formation route. Most research studies have focused on Co, Ni, Mn and their composites because of its high stability and its compatibility with each other for CO and HC oxidations. The synthesis of Co, Ni, Mn composites was accomplished through a variety of approaches, including solvothermal processes or high-temperature solid-state reactions, etc. Nevertheless, preparation methods that could achieve more controllable and favourable crystallinity and morphology are lacking. More recently, we provided an efficient low-temperature reactive calcination synthesis process for Co, Ni, Mn composites with well-defined structure and composition. Further detailed investigations revealed that such RC route gave superior performance in comparison to conventional route.

prosummary:
Work Package 1: Development of cobalt and nickel oxides, and their composites
Goal: Development of new RC approach for cobalt and nickel oxides, and their composites. A particular effort will be done to understand the physical properties of the resulted perovskite materials
Tasks: 
T1. RC of cobalt oxides
T2. RC of mix cobalt, Nickel, manganese and Iron oxides
Deliverables:
D1. Report on physical properties of the resulted catalytic materials 
D2. Identification of most promising catalytic material according to tasks T1-T2
Milestone:
M1. A range of lead catalytic materials will be identified
Work Package 2: Development of composites based on doped by metal oxides nanoparticles
Goal: Development of metal oxides and metal nanoparticles doped catalytic materials. In this stage of the project, we will combine novel and non-novel metals with a variety of metal oxides in order to prepare hybrid nanocomposites.
Tasks:
T3. Synthesis of a range of semiconducting metal oxides nanoparticles i.e. Bi2O3, SnO2, ZnO, Ga2O3
T4. Development of novel and non-novel metals nanoparticles doped composites
Deliverables:
D3. Report on the optical characterization of developed composites
D4. Identification of most promising metal doped nanocomposites
Milestones:
M2. A range of metal nanoparticles doped catalytic materials will be identified

Work Package 3: Catalytic converter device fabrication and measurements
Goal: Fabrication of catalytic converter device. In this part of research project, we will investigate the behavior of the resulted composites as the active materials to fabricate catalytic converter devices
Tasks:
T5. Exploration of the resulted composites in the formation of catalytic converter devices
Deliverables:
D5. Report the conversion efficiency with resulted composites materials
D6. Delivery of working catalytic converter devices
Milestones:
M3. The fabrication of catalytic converter devices

Work Package 4: Stability of catalytic converter devices in complex conditions of humidity
Goal: Study on the stability of the resulted catalytic materials as well as fabricated converter devices in different conditions like temperature and humidity or steam.
Tasks:
T6. Study on the stability properties for the resulted catalytic materials in WP1 and WP2
T7. Study on the stability properties for the fabricated in WP3 converter devices
Deliverables:
D7. Report on the stability properties of the resulted catalytic materials as well as fabricated converter devices 
Milestones:
M3. Stable catalytic materials upon exposure to humidity or steam and light soaking

proEoutcome:
The present research proposal also aims to transfer the research for the benefit of the society. This proposal, as a part of the Swarn jayanti  programme, will enable integration of the research community, the public and industries. This aim will be realized by non-specialists who can improve the public's understanding of catalyst technology by writing about the research, participation in exhibitions and public meetings or discussion events. In the long term, it is expected to inspire school children, adults or families to take an interest in the current technology area


protitle:
First principle investigations of Mn2 Based Full Heusler compounds for spintronics and thermoelectric applications.

prointro:
Work proposed in this project aims to investigate the electronic and thermoelectric properties of Mn2 based Heusler compounds with structural and dynamical stability.  Unique electronic band structure with a narrow band gap in the minority or majority spin channel and sharp electronic density at the EF level enhances the thermoelectric performance of the material with increasing Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity. The plane wave density functional theory approach is implemented for calculation of structural, elastic, thermal, electronic, magnetic, thermoelectric and lattice dynamical properties of Mn2 based Heusler compounds using Quantum Espresso computational package. Narrow band gap increases the flow of spin-polarized currents up to 100%, which increase the efficiency of Heusler compounds for spintronics applications. Boltzmann transport equations with ab initio approaches are used to investigate thermoelectric properties of present Heusler compounds. The real frequencies of phonon dispersive curves along with phonon DOS confirms the dynamical stability of structures of Heusler compounds.

proobj:
To calculate thermoelectric properties of Mn2 based Heusler compounds and predict efficient material for the thermal applications

prometho:
Density functional theory (DFT) and Kohn-Sham equations (KS) are commonly used to calculate the various properties of materials. This approach provides a way to solve many body problems, where certain properties remain difficult to calculate exactly. The powerful ab-initio code Quantum-Espresso is most commonly used package to solve the ground state properties (including structural, elastic, mechanical and thermal properties), electronic band structure, electron density of state (DOS), projected density of state (PDOS), phonons and its allied properties for the Mn2 based full heusler compounds. Mn2 based Heusler compounds are half-metallic ferromagnetic in nature, thus magnetic properties of the present series of compounds have been calculated using Generalized spin gradient approximation (GGSA) with implementation of spin to Mn atom in the calculations. The second order elastic constants will be calculated by applying numerical differentiation of physical stress on a crystal as a function of the induced strain. Density functional perturbation theory approach will be used to calculate the lattice dynamical properties including phonon dispersive curve and phonon density of state. Boltzmann transport equations with ab initio approach as implemented in BoltzTraP code under CRTA (constant relaxation time approximation) will be used to find out temperature and chemical potential dependent thermoelectric coefficients.

prosummary:
In the first year recruitment of manpower, purchase of a high-end computing facility, space arrangement, and initial literature survey is planned. During the second year, initial optimization and theoretical calculations for Mn2 based Heusler Compounds is planned. During the later part of the second year and third-year complete study for these compounds for thermoelectric applications is planned.

proEoutcome:
Results of present study may prove critical for synthesis and fabrication of spintronics and thermoelectric devices using Heusler compounds. Successes in multipurpose applications of Heusler compounds are encouraging the development of both spintronics and thermoelectric devices, while there is still progress needed to be made in this field. Greater response of electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient at high temperature are useful for preparation of thermoelectric generator for recovery of waste heat at high temperature.


protitle:
International Travel support for presentation at the 14th International conference Greenhous Gas Control Technologies (GHGT-14)

prointro:
Post combustion CO2 absorption into Potential Aqueous Blended Amines: Thermodynamic study, Kinetics and thermo-physical Properties. 14th International conference Greenhous Gas Control Technologies (GHGT-14)

proobj:
1.Prepare presentation
2. To visit  Australian National Research on Carbon  Capture and sequestration Project

prometho:
to present paper at  Melbourne Convention Center- Melbourne, Australia

prosummary:
As ever, the objective of the GHGT conference is to bring together all stakeholders involved in CCS, the power sector, transport and industry to present and discuss new insights, experiences, developments and research in GHG emission reduction, from theory to experiment, from research to demonstration, from investment to deployment, from potential to risk, from cost to acceptance, and from policies to opportunities.

proEoutcome:
The conference will bring together all the experts and professionals of the industry, academia, scientists and will offer them a great platform where they can share their experiences and ideas with others and discuss about the latest advancement of the energy sector. My presentation at the 14th International conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (GHGT 14) and the feedback and discussion there with other experts in the area will certainly be helpful in achieving the objective of our department’s research in this very important area of Chemical Engineering Science.


protitle:
Employees Happiness and Well-being at workplace in MSMEs in Gujarat State

prointro:
The MSME Sector carries a great importance in Indian Economy.

proobj:
To study the Happiness and job satisfaction of Employees at Workplace in selected MSMEs in Gujarat State.

prometho:
The First phase is of exploratory research
Second is Conclusive Research

prosummary:
A pilot study to be conducted in two districts, . 
The outcome and questionnaire will be discussed with industry experts and for further refinement.

proEoutcome:
The output is also expected in form of
• Research papers / • Research paper publication
• Documented report

FAScheme:
IMPRESS Scheme of MHRD, Government of India


protitle:
Mechanism of Phase Formation during Electrochemical Deposition of Si from Ionic
Liquid Bath

prointro:
In the proposed work we intend to electro-deposit Si at room temperature on working
substrate such as FTO and Au (111). The detail processes involved in the nucleation and growth of
Si from SiCl4 on the two substrates will be studied on the light of existing theory of electrocrystallization.
Both DC and AC electroanalytical tools will be used in complementary to ex-situ
electron and scanning probe microscopy to reveal the detail mechanism. Key parameters
influencing the morphology and thickness will be identified and the results will be tried to extend to
carbon coated Cu substrate. The resulting details from the investigation may provide a protocol for
the synthesis of Si thin film with optimum morphology for its application as negative electrode
material for Li ion battery.

proobj:
• Electrochemical deposition of Si at room temperature using ionic liquid.
• Studies on the solubility of various Si precursors in the ILs as mentioned in (a)
• Electrochemical deposition of Si at room temperature using ionic liquid.
• Studies on the solubility of various Si precursors in the ILs as mentioned in (a)
• Electrodeposition of Si (thin films and 2D organized nano-particle assembly) under controlled
atmosphere using various working substrates beside noble metal.

prometho:
Si will be electrodeposited from their respective suitable precursors in ionic liquid medium. The
main feature of the ionic liquids will be very moderate viscosity, stability over broad temperature
range, very large available potential window and good solvating nature. We will be using
BMImTf2N and BmImPF6 for the purpose as we already have experience in the above mentioned
ionic liquids. Next, we will focus on the next two important aspects. The first one will be the
choice of suitable precursor for Si besides SiCl4. Precursors should be highly soluble in the selected
RTILs and also free from impurity. The second one will be the choice of suitable substrates. In the
present case we will restrict our studies on Au (111), FTO and carbon (reduced graphene oxide,
graphene) coated Cu substrate. The electrolytic cell will be custom designed to facilitate the growth
of thicker and smooth Si films. Electrodeposition will be carried out by both potentiostatic and
galvanostatic modes using conventional three electrode configuration. The current time transients
will be analysed by the existing theories to reveal the mechanism focusing the nucleation and
growth of the electrodeposition process in particular. Both DC and AC electroanalytical tools will
be applied to reveal the nucleation and growth mechanism on various substrates in ionic liquid
medium.
Structural characterizations of the thin films will be carried out by using XRD, SEM, Raman, and
FT-IR. The thickness of the film will be determined by the SEM cross sectional analysis and also by electrochemical stripping techniques. The thin films will also be characterized by diffuse
reflectance spectroscopy to reveal the electronic properties.
The electro-analytically determined nucleation and growth parameters will be compared with the
ex-situ electron and probe microscopic results for the prediction of the optimum process parameters
for obtaining Si electrodeposits with expected morphology reproducibly

prosummary:
Si is the element of tremendous importance in today’s world. Beside various application in
microelectronics, now a days Si has attracted a lot of interest in the renewable energy sector as
well. Be the application is for energy conversion by solar photovoltaic cell or energy storage by
high energy density Li ion battery, Si promises unparalleled potentials. Electrodeposition of
crystalline and amorphous Si from room temperature ionic liquids have been studied for last 5 – 6
years using various substrates. Depending on the deposition parameters, people have reported the
formation of amorphous thin films, aggregates of micro or nano-structured films and also crystalline
phases. Although investigators shown very good correlations of the deposition parameters with the
resulting structure of the deposited Si, no work has been carried out to fundamentally establish the
mechanism of the formation of Si on the basis of current potential transients. In the present
proposal we would like to explore the nucleation and growth mechanism of Si on Au (111) and FTO
substrates through systematic analysis of I-t transients and correlating them with the real time and
real space information of the phases obtained by ex-situ electronic and probe microscopic studies.
Both DC and AC electroanalytical techniques will be extensively explored to achieve the goal of the
proposed work.

proEoutcome:
Electrochemical deposition of the Si will be performed using ILs with optimized properties. The system parameters such
as the active electrolyte concentration, the concentration of impurity species, the concentration of any additive (if required)
and the process parameters like the deposition potential, the current density, the deposition time etc. will be optimized to
obtain the desired deposit with required thickness. Fundamental studies related to the electrochemical deposition process
will be carried out at room temperature using electroanalytical techniques. Thorough characterization of the thin film
semiconductors will be carried out. Finally the parameters obtained from the electro analytics will be compared with data
obtained from real time and real space experimental characterizations. Under successful completion of the project, it is
expected to obtain a clear mechanism of nucleation and growth of Si on working substrates in ionic liquid medium. The
Influence of substrate surface energy and morphology on the structure, crystallinity, composition and surface morphology
of the electrodeposited Si is expected to be established.
Knowledge of nucleation and growth in ionic liquid media for specific working substrate will lead to the fabrication of active
electrode out of Si for various device level application by a single unit operation.


protitle:
Graphene Protected Si Nano-Spheres (interconnected) for Developing High Energy Density Li Ion Battery

prointro:
We propose here for the preparation of interconnected Si nano-spheres by a simple and versatile process which can be readily scalable.  In the proposed work, interconnected Si nano-spheres will be prepared by electrodeposition from SiCl4 dissolved in ‘water in ionic liquid’ medium.  These interconnected Si nano-spheres on metallic substrate will be used in different ways as negative electrode in Li ion battery:  In our first approach, the electrodeposited Si network on suitable metallic substrate will be cleaned using suitable solvent (alcohol) followed by coating a layer of graphene by CVD.  These electrodes will be readily used as negative electrode material in a custom designed Li ion battery.  In the second approach, the Si nano-network on the metallic substrate will be directly sintered in an oven in Ar atmosphere thereby carbonizing the interconnected Si network.  Afterwards, the carbon coated electrode will be used as the negative electrode material.

proobj:
Fabrication of inter-connected Si nano-spheres by electrodeposition on suitable conducting substrate (Au for proof of concept, Graphene coated Cu, Al and Ni)for application as negative electrode material in Li ion battery

prometho:
•	Electrodeposition of interconnected Si nano-sphere at room temperature using water in ionic liquid medium on Au, Graphene coated Cu, Al and Ni substrate.
•	Covering nano-structured Si electrode by few layer graphene by chemical vapor deposition.
•	All the materials will be characterized by XRD, HRTEM, SEM, BET, AFM, XPS and Raman spectroscopy.
•	Electrochemical performances such as CV, charge-discharge, and cycle life be carried out using standard approach.
•	Mass and charge transfer process will be understood by applying electroanalytical techniques (both DC and AC).
•	Extensive computer simulation will be carried out to study molecular dymanics during the Li doping and dedoping process.

prosummary:
Negative electrode material based on interconnected Si nano-spheres will be obtained by simple Electrodeposition process.  The material is expected to be first in its design as it can be directly used as active electrode in Li ion battery.Suitable optimization of the size of electrodeposited interconnected Si nanospheres is expected to deliver maximum reversible capacity in the range of 2000-2200 mAhg-1(normalized with respect to the mass of complete negative electrode).  It is expected that modification of the electrode by CVD grown graphene will improve the capacity to more than 2500 mAhg-1with minimum 100 cycle.  The expected capacity retention is believed to be approximately in the range of 85-90% till 1000 cycle.  In the proposed work, a maximum surface area to be coated by Si is projected in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 cm2 using custom designed Teflon cell.1Hence; we expect to fabricate two different types of Li ion batteries in: (i) Swagelok and (ii) Button cellconfiguration using active electrode area of 0.5 to 1.0 cm2.

proEoutcome:
In two years period we should be able to fabricate Li ion battery with the newly developed Si nano-sphere based negative electrode material with maximum reversible capacity in the range of 2000-2200 mAhg-1. We also expect to demonstrate longer life time. The evaluation should be based on fabricated device in two different configurations: (i) Swagelok and (ii) Button cell.  A detail analysis of the performance of the proposed battery will also be presented in two years.  The phase wise development is presented in the work plan.


prosummary:
Preparation of negative electrodes based on interconnected Si nano-spheres protected by graphene/carbon layer on suitable substrates (Au/Ni/Graphene coated Cu) by Electrodeposition followed by CVD technique.
Characterization (Surface, structural, electrical, surface textural and compositional) of each component of the electrode materials.
Fabrication of energy storage devices and their performance evaluation.
Patent, Publication and report preparation

proEoutcome:
In two years period we should be able to fabricate Li ion battery with the newly developed Si nano-sphere based negative electrode material with maximum reversible capacity in the range of 2000-2200 mAhg-1. We also expect to demonstrate longer life time. The evaluation should be based on fabricated device in two different configurations: (i) Swagelok and (ii) Button cell.  A detail analysis of the performance of the proposed battery will alsobe presented in two years.  The phase wise development is presented in the work plan.

FAScheme:
Material Innovation Challenge
Material for Energy Storage (MES-2017)

fAhead:
3425-OTHER SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (MAJOR HEAD), 60-OTHERS, 60.200 ASSISTANCE TO OTHER SCIENTIFIC BODIES (MINOR HEAD), 70-INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT (MINOR HEAD), 70.00.35 GRANTS FOR CREATION OF CAPITAL ASSET PLAN 2018-19 (CEMI)


proarea:
Solid Waste Management, Land Pollution Abatement, Organic Manure,

prointro:
Management of large volume of Municipality waste produced (solid and liquid) on a daily basis in big cities and towns is a major challenge all over the world particularly in densely populated countries like India. The Municipal Solid Waste (which is 60% organic), Municipal Wastewater and Sewage Sludge are a rich source of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus which are the essential building blocks of vegetation (agriculture), however, they are either sent to landfill or discharged in the water bodies which are further creating environmental problems. Thus a proper purification and disinfection technique would make the entire Municipal waste (including solid and liquid) a big resource which could significantly strengthen our agricultural production both qualitatively and quantitatively.

proobj:
•	Evolving Optimal Nuclear Irradiation Technique for hygienization of sewage water (treated and untreated), Sewage sludge and digested organic waste.
•	Characterization of the hygienized Sewage and composite of Sewage Sludge and digested Organic Waste
•	Experimental evaluation of the Soil Health after the application of Hygienized Sewage and Hygienized Composite Composition and assessing its suitability for agriculture.

prometho:
•	Assessing the impact of utilizing (untreated) sewage in farming
i.	Nutritional content of the agricultural produce
ii.	Agricultural productivity
iii.	Health of the farmers adopting sewage farming
•	Radiation grafting of polymers and plastics for preferential absorbing of hazardous heavy metals from liquid effluents (domestic sewage and wastewater from chemical and dye industry) 
•	Evolving Optimal Nuclear Irradiation Technique for hygienization of sewage water (treated and untreated), Sewage sludge and digested organic waste.
•	Characterization of the hygienized Sewage and composite of Sewage Sludge and digested Organic Waste
•	Experimental evaluation of the Soil Health after the application of Hygienized Sewage and Hygienized Composite Composition and assessing its suitability for agriculture.

prosummary:
The gamma radiation from this source would have two utilizations (1) Gamma Radiation would be utilized for grafting polymers that would have high adsorption of hazardous cations and anions in wastewater; (2) The sewage, sewage sludge and organic waste would be hygienized by radiation induced sterilization whereby pathogens like bacteria, viruses, parasitic protozoa and helminthes would be completely eliminated.

proEoutcome:
1.	Modified Polymers and plastics which could adsorb heavy metals.
2.	Optimal Gamma irradiation dose for complete sterilization of Sewage, Sewage Sludge and digested organic waste
3.	Soil enrichment due to the application of hygienized sewage and hygienized composite compost in terms of N, P, K and C

FAScheme:
Research funded by Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences


protitle:
Model-based controller design for stick-slip mitigation and Internet of Things (IoT) based real-time anomaly detection during oil well drilling

prointro:
The stick-slip motion of the bit is usually recognized on a drilling system as Measurement While Drilling (MWD) tools indicate the stops of the bit for periods up to several seconds. When such stops occur, the rotary table of the drill-string keeps rotating, twisting up the drill-string, increasing the torque and storing energy in the drill-string, which starts to act as a torsional spring. When the torque is increasing in such a way that the bit cannot withstand it anymore, it starts to spin and the stored energy is suddenly released. This implies a spin of the bit, which is usually so fast that the drill-string unwinds and the torque drops. As a result of this phenomenon, the speed of the bit decreases, eventually to a complete standstill. From that point, the process of winding and unwinding of the string repeats itself. Since, the energy and the torque required to keep the bit moving are higher than those, what induces this rotation, the torque does not drop out during the stick-slip phenomenon. The energy lost by the drill-string while it is rotating is regained when the bit is stopped. The occurrence of stick-slip motion is therefore based on the fact that the static torque is more significant than the dynamic torque. This shows that an analogy can be made between the above process and the behaviour of both the static and dynamic frictions between two sliding bodies which explains why the phenomenon is called stick-slip. In this work, one of the focuses is to develop the experimental setup of drill-string which can capture key dynamical features of the drill-string for research and analysis.
However, the emphasis of the proposed project is also on the development of a model-based control system for prevention of stick-slip oscillations in drill strings that are used for drilling oil wells. The goal is to reduce stick-slip oscillations by manipulating mainly two parameters: angular velocity of the top drive mechanism and weight on bit. The torque on the bit plays a major role in producing undesirable stick-slip oscillations which can be seen as disturbance while designing a control system. It has been reported in the literature that increasing angular velocity of the top drive mechanism helps to reduce stick-slip but at the same time, it causes lateral vibrations known as “whirl” which are undesirable. Thus, the idea of varying angular velocity alone to wipe out stick-slip oscillations can be dangerous. Increasing damping by changing mud characteristics helps in attenuation of stick-slip oscillations. However, there is a need for active control strategies that can tackle the stick-slip problem in an efficient manner.

proobj:
Development of a mathematical model to capture the key dynamics of the drill string mechanism.
Development of a laboratory scale model (Drill-string Emulator) and its testing.
Model-based controller design for stick-slip mitigation

prometho:
	The concept of feed-forward control will be exploited using a disturbance model, which will be developed in the proposed work.  
	Observer (soft sensor) will be designed, which can estimate the angular velocity of the bit accurately. Later, the estimates will be used for controller design.
	The model-based control strategies such as Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Linear Quadratic Gaussian Control (LQG) are increasingly gaining importance in handling industrial problems involving multivariable interaction and constraints. The effectiveness of such control strategy will be investigated for robustness towards variation in the drill-string length. 
	The singular value decomposition based model reduction technique can be useful to obtain a reduced order model which can be used along with the model-based controller. This will reduce the computational load while implementing the model-based controller. 
	Industry 4.0 based IoT concept will be used for early detection of failure of costlier equipment.

prosummary:
A. Development of Mathematical Model:
I. First Principle based Model Development:
The drill-string mechanism will be modelled as a rotary mechanical system using fundamental elements such as inertia, spring and damper. By making suitable assumptions, it is possible to develop a process simulator which can capture key dynamical features such as “stick-slip” and “whirl” oscillations.  The simulator will be useful for studying the dynamic behaviour of a system of coupled masses under different operating conditions.
II. Model Reduction:
The actual higher order first principle model developed in the first phase can be reduced to a lower order model so that key dynamic features can be preserved using a suitable model reduction technique. Principle Component Analysis based model reduction scheme seems to be a promising technique for model reduction of such systems. The reduced order model can be used for controller design. 
B. Implementation of Model-based control scheme using simulation software (HIL simulation):
The model-based control scheme called “Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) Control” can be used in a novel feedback-feed-forward framework to attenuate stick-slip oscillations in the presence of changing friction at the bit. It is reported in the literature that the traditional mud pulse telemetry system is not able to give an accurate value of the angular velocity of the bit. The proposed approach employs Kalman filter for estimating the angular velocity of the bit accurately which will be used as feedback by the LQG controller.
C. Experimental Implementation:
The proposed scheme can be implemented on the coupled mass process developed in the laboratory (during the first phase of the project) which mimics the oil-well drilling process. Industry grade platform such as NI PXI and Compact RIO can be used to implement dedicated control algorithms on the experimental setup. The setup can be coupled with IoT enabled sensors and web analytics for early failure detection and generating notifications on mobile devices.
D. Systematic evaluation of possible benefits that can be obtained by implementation of the proposed adaptive control scheme in terms of improved handling of disturbances,  reduction in computational time, plant safety, operator’s comfort, model accuracy and benchmarking with existing control schemes.

proEoutcome:
The proposed concept of automation in the drilling process can be useful for the Oil & Gas industry particularly those which are working in the exploration and production area. 
The following is the proposed list of Oil & Gas industries which may be interested in adopting the proposed technology,
•	Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation,
•	Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC)
•	Jindal Drilling Industries Ltd.
•	Shell Technology Centre, Bangalore,
The proposed experimental module will also be useful for the academic and research community.  The setup can be treated as a benchmark for studying the impact of stick-slip and the effect of other vibrations such as whirl and axial vibration.


protitle:
”Need and Gap Analysis for the Select Villages of Surendranagar District Under Vrundavan Gaam Yojana”

prointro:
Government of Gujarat launched Vrindavan Gam Yojana in the year 2017-18. Under this scheme the GoG gave 10 villages of Surendranagar District to PDPU team to understand and evaluate the shortcomings and gaps and p;propose interventions keeping in mind the laid criteria under the scheme.

proobj:
Step 1: Pre-Assessment i.e. Needs Analysis and Gap Analysis of present scenario on various modules (listed under the proposed schedule) using customized inventory and scientific text (psychometric and behavioural test).
Step 2: Primary intervention of the relevant modules as identified after assessment .
Step 3: Post Assessment of all the variables focused for intervention.

prometho:
Survey based study , Focus Group Meetings

prosummary:
The team of researchers and interns will in coordination witg the district officials will be scheduling multiple visits to the villages for surveys and FGM's. The Government data will also be used.

proEoutcome:
Expected outcomes: 1. Submit a detailed needs and Gap analysis report on designated factors to Government of Gujarat.
2. Propose interventions

FAScheme:
Funding by Government of Gujarat, District Rural Development Agency, Surendranagar, Gujarat
Fund Approved: INR 10,00,000


protitle:
A new route of reactive calcination for development of highly efficient oxygen deficient catalysts: An approach of development of catalytic converter device for CNG vehicular emission control

proarea:
Catalysis and chemical reaction engineering; Environmental catalysis

prointro:
The problem of air pollution arises as a result of emissions of toxic gases from vehicles driven by fossil fuels, especially in urban areas. The primary pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot or particulate matter  emitted directly into the atmosphere from the conventional fueled vehicles [1]. The primary pollutants are toxic themselves and also play a key role in the formation of more lethal secondary pollutants in the presence of sun light or some other gases such as peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), peroxyacetyl nitrate , ozone, acid rain etc. To solve the problem of air pollution from fossil fueled vehicles, compressed natural gas (CNG) has attracted much attention due to several merits and becoming an alternative fuel to conventional fuels throughout the world [2]. In spite of all merits, CNG vehicular exhaust consists of significant amount of CO, unburned CH4 and NOx [3]. The Three way catalytic converter (TWC)  are one of the most effective approaches to control CO, HC and NOx simultaneously from CNG vehicle in a single unit of tailpipe. Earlier, TWC was used for gasoline engine emission control but it contains platinum group metals (PGM: Pt, Pd, Rh), highly active for oxidation as well as reduction reactions. Nevertheless, PGM catalysts normally show some shortcomings for real application like high sintering rates, volatility, poisoning in the presence of disturbing compounds, high price and limited availability [6]. Consequently, in current era the transition metal oxide catalysts have been appealing rising concern for catalytic combustion of CO as well as CH4. So, the efforts have been put towards the development of low cost and high activity transition metal catalysts.

proobj:
To synthesize a low cost-efficient double layer catalysts for converter and also investigate the activity, and durability of the catalysts.

prometho:
In general, catalysts designing methods play a critical role on their physico-chemical properties, i.e. chemical composition, homogeneity, crystallinity, phase purity, morphology, grain size-dispersion, and parameters like active sites and carrier mobility can be easily altered by simply changing material formation route. Most researchers’ studies have focused on Co, Ni, Mn and their composites because of its high stability and its compatibility with each other for CO and HC oxidations. The synthesis of Co, Ni, Mn composites was accomplished through a variety of approaches, including solvothermal processes or high-temperature solid-state reactions, etc. Nevertheless, preparation methods that could achieve more controllable and favourable crystallinity and morphology are lacking. More recently, we provided an efficient low-temperature reactive calcination synthesis process for Co, Ni, Mn composites with well-defined structure and composition. Further detailed investigations revealed that such RC route gave superior performance in comparison to conventional route. 
	This RC approach opens up a new avenue for making cheap and highly efficient/active catalyst materials for oxidation/reduction reaction and will be extended in this research project to the preparation of a range of 2-3D nanostructures and their composites.

prosummary:
The applicant divided her research tasks into four parts: 

Work Package 1. To design and develop a highly efficient oxygen deficient catalysts for control of CO, CH4 and NOx from CNG vehicles.

Work Package 2. To develop the catalysts nano-composites and modified their properties with dopants.

Work Package 3. To design and fabricate a prototype catalytic converter and checked its performance in simulated/laboratory and real exhaust conditions.

Work Package 4. To incorporate the finalized catalyst on a cordierite honeycomb in the converter and test the thermal stability and moisture effects on the catalysts performance.

proEoutcome:
The proposed project is expected to pave the way for the more robust and high throughput method for fabrication of low cost, high efficient and stable catalytic converter device for CNG vehicles and it can be tested for other application related to air pollution control. An honest attempt will be made to look for possible large area fabrication of catalytic converter device and its technology transfer to catalytic converter market. It is envisaged that the proposal may pave the way for a novel solar cell device which can do highly efficient and stable in a cost effective manner. The applicant will also present their research in National and International conference so that the results of proposed research get highlighted in various platforms. With the completion of project, we believe that RC approach opens up a new avenue for making cheap and highly performed catalytic converter applications.


prointro:
The Malpur is located in North Gujarat in the district Arvalli. The project aims to undertake research base rural empowerment. The specific needs of the development will be assessed through personal visit and interaction with the inhabitants of the village. The assessment of village requirement from view point of water a basic necessity will be carried out. To enhance their technical skill and overall education temperament, detailed examination of facilities required for technical education and library will also be done.  Periodically, discussion will be held with the village leaders and the concerned MLA to fine-tune the project working. This project will help upliftment of lower strata of rural population. It addresses the basic need of bottom of the pyramid of rural population.

proobj:
To carry out the assessment of specific development works for the rural empowerment of Malpur village

prometho:
1.Personal visit – interaction with residents of the village
2.Survey through structured questionnaire (cross sectional convenience sampling design)
3. Analysis of Data 
4. Preparation of preliminary report 
5. Discussion with concerned MLA
6. Submission of the final report

prosummary:
The research project is to be carried out in two phases. In the first phase experts from PDPU shall carry out the detail assessment of Malpur village requirement for the development. This will be done using the methodology stated above. Time and again inputs from experts will be obtained as and when required. Considering the population of the Malpur village appropriate sample size will be decided. After assessing the requirement, the entire project shall be completed within a period less than a year from the date of release of fund. The project shall be carried out by Dr. Tejas Dave, Dr. Ashish Joshi and Dr. Ashvin Dave.

proEoutcome:
Requirements for Rural empowerment of Malpur village residents will be specified with time frame. This will help the residents of Malpur village to improve quality of their life and their skill level.

FAScheme:
Community Development Programme – Approved by Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA – Bayad &Malpur) and Funding under “MLA Constituency Development Fund”  allocation by  Government of Gujarat


protitle:
Recruitment Discrimination Against Older Workers in India :The case of Accounting Assistants

prointro:
Decline birth rates,improved health care and increased longevity see the relative proportion and number of older adults(60 years and over)in India rapidly growing.From 5.4% in 1955 through 9% in 2016 (95.7M) to a predicted 19% (324 M) by 2050.The proposed research will test for actual age and sex discrimination against older workers in the Indian labour market and is planned as a step toward a larger study in which we will compare issues related to ageing and work across India,Australia and New Zealand.The ageing trend in India thretens income security,labour participation,health expenditure and the dependency ratio.One solution is for older adults to remain in paid employment longer,broaden the tax base and assist in savings for later life.This has met with limited success because of  ageism.Research (e.g.,in Australia and the U.S.) show clear evidence of age discrimination against older workers in hiring,retention and professional development with negative stereotypes playing a major role in this ageism.Identification of the reasons for ageism assists informs the workplace,government policies,and development of specific interventions to reduce such ageism.

proobj:
This research intends to test for actual age and sex discrimination against older workers in the Indian labour market and is planned as a step toward a larger study in which we will compare issues related to ageing and work across Australia,India and New Zealand.

prometho:
One evidence -based methodology with which to test for stereotype-based discrimination is correspondence testing(CT).The study will employ a 2*2 between subjects design with gender(male or female) and (32 and 57)as the independent variables.

proEoutcome:
Insights on recruitment discrimination against older workers in India:The case of accounting assistants.


protitle:
Performance of Corrugated Web Plate Girder

proarea:
Steel Structural Engineering, Sustainable Engineering

prointro:
This project is ongoing. Recently two student name Mr.Dhruv Narola and Mr.Dheeraj Thithalani went to Itly for presenting conference paper.

proobj:
To check performance of   various corrugation (Rectangular, Triangle, Trapezoidal ) in terms of vertical deflection and lateral displacement under point load and simply supported boundary condition.

prometho:
Erect various types corrugated web plate girder. Testing of  plate girder using test set which is a part of this ORSP that is Mini-Loading Frame. Record various inputs in terms of load  and output in terms of deflection, lateral displacement, stress etc.

prosummary:
Material Procurement: various thiickness of GI sheet procure. various corrugated web profile designed. cutting of GI plates for web and flanges, Molding of GI sheet for various configuration of corrugated web, welding of two flange and web component togathely.
Testing of corrugated plate girder in specially design test set up for different intencity of load and recording results in term of deflection and lateral displacement.

proEoutcome:
Inputs are various type of corrugated web profile and different intencity of loading. the performance of various corrugated profile recorded.


protitle:
Development of Aluminium-Stainless Steel transition pipe joints for cryogenic and vacuum application (in collobration with C V Raman College of Engineering, Bhubneshwar and SRM, Chennai)

prointro:
The main objective of the proposed research project is to establish welding process parameters using CMT process for realizing leak-proof Al-SS transition pipe joints with
leak rates less than 10-8 atm.cc./sec. It may be possible to obtain even better, or much better, joints; but there is no way to predict what we shall eventually achieve.

proobj:
To establish CMTprocess parameters for dissimilar pipe joint of aluminium and stainless steel using AlSi5 (4043) or AlSi12 (4047) or suitable alumninum filler wire of 1.2mm of
diameter.

• To investigate welding defects and quality of joints by Non-destructive Testing methods.

• To explore the effect of CMT process parameters on microstructural and mechanical characteristics for improved performance of welded joints.

prometho:
Ist Year:
• Literature survey.
• Necessary information regarding the procurement of raw materials and consumables
needed for the experiments.
• Support in the staff selection and experimental work.
• Support to determine the experimental procedure and design of experiments.
IInd Year:
• Analysis of the 1st year progress report.
• Plan of work/ general discussion/meeting etc.
• Implementation of the research works (if successful).
• Support in publications, patents and final report submission

prosummary:
1st year Report
• Laboratory arrangement.
• Constitute Institute monitoring system.
• Order for equipments.
• Recruitment of JRF.
• Literature survey.
• Order for consumables.
• Preparation of aluminium and steel samples for CMT operation.
• Perform trial on CMT process for operating window.
• CMT welding of aluminium-steel pipe under different process parameters.
• Non-destructive testing and evaluation of welded joints.
• Microstructural characterization of CMT joints by Optical Microscope.
2nd year Final Report
• Leak test results of the welded joints.
• Torsion and Micro- Hardness survey of the welded joints.
• Phase analysis by XRD.
• Microstructural characterization of welded joints by SEM and EDS.
• Element distribution analysis of welded joints by EPMA.
• Fracture surface study by SEM.
• Finite Element analysis for thermal stress distribution of transition joints.
• Optimization of CMT process parameters.
• Assessment of optimized welded joints via leak test, microstructural analysis and
mechanical behaviour.
• Development of anefficient mathematical model for CMT process to predict
responses.
• To prescribe the most suitable combination of CMT process conditions for dissimilar
pipe joint of aluminium-stainless steel with respect to leak-proofing, strength,
ductility and microstructure.

proEoutcome:
Al-SS304L welded pipe/tube joint of size 20 mm NB (nominal bore) and 100 mm NB. Thickness of each pipe will be between 3 to 5 mm. Length of the welded pieces
will be about 100 mm on each side.
The experimental methodology of major CMT process parameters and predictive


protitle:
Development of graphene as a transparent conducting channel on Au/Si nanowire heterostructure for ultrafast IR sensors

prointro:
The fabrication of 1D Si nanowires (SiNWs) has drawn much attention in the current energy conversion and optoelectronic devices in recent years. The application of Si-based photodetectors in light detection demonstrates low sensitivity in the ultraviolet (UV) and near infrared (NIR) regime, due to its low light absorption coefficient. Moreover, Si has an indirect band gap which results in low light sensitivity and it is mainly restricted in visible to NIR light. To improve the performance of the device in the selective wavelength regime, graphene, a 2D material, has been chosen on the top of the Si-nanowires as a promising candidate due to its flexibility, transparency, high mobility, stability and conductivity. The study of graphene/SiNWs heterojunctions as metal-semiconductor schottky devices has recently been carried out for various operational opto-electronic applications by using complicated fabrication and complex processes. There is now an immense interest in developing such high performance SiNWs/graphene heterojunctions through novel and cost-effective fabrication processes. In this regard, the current proposal promises to alleviate this challenge by combining horizontal SiNW networks interconnected on both sides with graphene layers as an innovative approach to construct high-performance energy selective metal/semiconductor/metal (MSM) heterojunction photodetectors.

proobj:
Fabrication for highly efficient and low cost near-mid infrared (IR) sensitive photodetector

prometho:
The solution processed Si nanowires (SiNWs) network interfacing with graphene as a metal electrode, with the MSM heterojunctions configuration will be fabricated to improve the near-mid infrared photodetection on Si, glass and flexible substrates. The MSM heterojunction will be fabricated by employing a very facile and large scale fabrication process in a controlled environment. The flow for the fabrication is described as follows:
1. Fabrication of random Si nanowire (SiNW) network as an active material.
2. Fabrication of transparent metal conductive electrode for MSM heterojunction 
3. Design structure of MSM heterojunction photodetector
4.  Material Characterization and Performance Analysis

prosummary:
The proposed photodetector will include an insulating layer on the Si substrate, a 1D SiNW random network on the top of the dielectric layer as an active layer in a MSM heterojunction type photodetector. Mono/bi-layer graphene sheets on both sides will act as a transparent metal conductive electrode. The optical properties, surface morphology and structural characterizations will be studied in detail and under various process parameters for developing the MSM photodetectors. In addition, device modelling will be carried out in parallel to investigate and explain the interface properties of SiNW networks with graphene and their evolution depending on the Si type, doping density and the number of graphene layers. To achieve the highest sensitivity and responsivity, the optical and electrical characteristics of MSM heterojunctions will be studied extensively by using UV-VIS-NIR-MWIR spectrophotometer, solar simulator, photo-responsivity, sensitivity and quantum efficiency in the NIR wavelength regime by IR light source, monochromator, oscilloscope and high frequency optical chopper.

proEoutcome:
The proposal will lead to the Development of the practical MSM heterojunction device with a very low cost, high response in tens of A/W in near-mid IR range and with a very high sensitivity in sub-picoseconds range on the diverse substrates. Integrating graphene/Si nano-wire MSM network with a plasmonic nanostructures, will outperforms the light–graphene interaction and improve the responsivity to even more tens of A W-1 in the desired wavelength regime for defence application. The proposed work on the MSM photodetector will include an insulating layer on Si substrate, a 1D SiNW random interconnect network


protitle:
Flexoelectricity generation in soft membranous structures as a source for energy harvesting

prointro:
Usage of soft dynamical systems such as soft membranes for energy harvesting is emerging as a topic of high interest in recent years especially for applications in miniature electronic devices and sensors and nanogenerators. A general example of soft membranes is a lipid membrane. A lipid membrane is constituted by a bilayer of amphiphilic lipid molecules, for example, phospholipids. An amphiphilic molecule contains water-loving head group represented by the phosphate group in the phospholipid and a water-hating part usually comprised of hydrophobic C–H chains. This arrangement results in an intrinsic dipole moment due to charge separation in the lipid membrane[]. Application of non-uniform mechanical stress produces strain gradients across a lipid membrane which induce the onset of a potential difference due to the electrical polarization of the charges in the membrane. This, in turn, generates a type of current called flexoelectricity. Flexoelectricity has been exhibited in Black Lipid Membranes (BLM) under the application of a non-uniform mechanical stress[]. Flexoelectricity is similar to piezoelectricity in which applied strain causes the current generation via electrical polarization when suitable material is put between two electrodes. But piezoelectricity is limited to some materials such as quartz and other brittle crystallites such as barium titanate which possess non-centrosymmetry[]. Flexoelectricity could be achieved in dielectrics that are not non-centrosymmetric, through non-uniform applied pressure that causes a marked potential difference due to induced strain gradients. Strain gradients are inversely proportional to the elasticity. Experimental evidence proves the flexoelectric coefficients of soft materials such as polymer membranes are of the same order of magnitude as that in the case of crystallites.

proobj:
To realize and understand exotic flexoelectric characteristics in soft membranous structures such as lipid and polymer-based bilayer membranes and most prominently in certain vesicular structures.

prometho:
Vesicles of diblock copolymers would be prepared through interfacial chemistry employing an organic solvent and water. For this micro-centrifuge tubes will be used. Also, micro-centrifuge equipment will be used to obtain vesicles out of the interfacial reaction. Similarly, lipid-based vesicles will be prepared through electroformation method as reported in the literature. These vesicles would then be effected by external agents such as sequential step up or step down in temperature or osmotic pressure or a combination of both. During this application of external agents, shape changes will occur in these vesicles whose conductance arises due to the electrical polarization due to the mechanical strain in them caused by the external agents. This change in conductance will be measured through a technique called as amperometry.  A microscope will be utilized to visually record the sequence of events during this process and could also be possibly recorded through a probe station in which an optical microscope is attached to amperometry set up. A library of such polymer-based and lipid-based measurements on vesicles would be performed to register and establish flexoelectric coefficients of these vesicular systems.

prosummary:
In this project, soft membranous structures like bilayers and most importantly vesicles made of lipids and polymers would be studied for their flexoelectric activity under external forces such as temperature and osmotic pressure gradients that could induce membrane strain in such soft systems. A library of lipid and polymer-based membranous structures like polymer vesicles or polymersomes and lipid vesicles or liposomes along with mixed lipid-polymer systems would be prepared and employed to test and establish their flexoelectric coefficients. Gaining from the previous experience of the principal investigator in the field of preparation and self-replication of polymer vesicles where one polymer vesicle divides into two on application of osmotic gradient across the membrane, the project is expected to take a unique direction in which the self-replicating polymer vesicles undergoing gradual alteration in their spontaneous curvatures effected by factors such as gradual temperature or osmotic pressure variation in the system could lead to higher flexoelectric coefficients over time during the division process. The project also would be dealt keeping in view realization of second-generation production of daughter vesicles in such self-replicating systems which would again induce extra membrane curvature and in turn increased flexoelectric effects.

proEoutcome:
Observation of increased flexoelectricity in vesicles made from soft matter as in the case of lipids and polymers based vesicles due to increased electrical polarization resulting from shape fluctuations and shape transformations that drastically change the membrane curvature opens up new avenues of applications. Most prominent applications include soft electronics and nanogenerators and sensors and actuators which will utilize the shape change (and thus increase in mechanical strain) dependent rise in the magnitude of the flexoelectric coefficient in such systems. Soft materials are less explored for energy harvesting even in the flexoelectricity area, even less explored are the vesicle-like structures that can deform and transform into other interesting shapes such as in the case of self-replication and multiple budding. Also, this research would inspire to explore the underlying factors relating shape change with the flexoelectricity. Shape change dependent fluctuation or specifically the rise in the magnitude of the flexoelectricity would have applications in wearable technologies. Flexible materials that could undergo electrical polarization vouch for wearable electronics. And, in this changing world, wearable technologies are garnering much interest. This can be fostered by flexible materials such as flexoelectric soft materials. As smart electronics are taking over the world rapidly, soft materials such as vesicular systems assume their place as the primary source materials for the preparation and thus utilization of soft and flexible electronics for wearable technologies.


protitle:
Transition metal single atom encapsulated in a graphene matrix as a new class of catalyst for electrochemical reduction of CO2 into green fuels

prointro:
Continuous removal of fossil fuels from the earth and rapidly growing industrialization, based on such fuel generated energy are expected to create a crucial problem in terms of environmental imbalance and scarcity of such fuels within decades. The scientific community now therefore must indulge more in search of alternative renewable energy to comply with the pace of current civilization. It is   expected that within next 30 years the demand of global fossil would become double and the energy produced from crude oil, natural gas, coal and nuclear energy, will fall short of fulfilling the increasing demand of energy for sustaining human civilization. Moreover, continuous release of CO2 in the environment due to combustion of fossil fuels and increasing population is now a major threat to the whole mankind and animal world on account of global warming and allied consequences. We are now left with no other option, except searching for clean and renewable alternatives of usable energy and manipulating the utilization of available energy resources such as, solar, wind, water and biomass.

proobj:
Design and development of transition metal single atom electro-catalyst incorporated into graphene matrix for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 into green fuels.

prometho:
1. Design and development of transition metal single metal atom electrocatalyst incorporated into graphene matrix for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 into green fuels: Preparation of Ni, Pt, Ag, Au & Cu Single Atom Catalyst (Milestone M1).
2 Preparation of electro-spinning precursor solution: A Fresh solution of polyacrylonitrile (Mw=150,000), polypyrrolidone (Mw=1,300,000), Ni(NO3)2•6H2O, and dicyandiamide (DCDA) in 10 to 50 ml of dimethylformamide (DMF) would be prepared in a Scintillation vial. In order to get the homogenous and transparent clear solution of the polymer and salt mixture the DMF solution would be heated up to 80 °C, keeping the mixture with constant stirring.
3.Production of polymer fibers by electro-spinning techniques: The electro-spinning instrumentation set up would be operated by setting the conventional parameters of its functioning. A, 5 mL syringe would be used to extract the precursor solution (Approx. 5 ml), keeping syringe pump at  optimized flow rate , in order to start the electrospinning processes

prosummary:
3.1 Design and development of transition metal single atom electro-catalyst incorporated into graphene matrix for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 into green fuels.
Task I: To prepare various types transition metal single atom catalyst.
Task II: To prepare precursor solution by performing electro-spinning experiment.
Task III: To produce polymer fibers from electro-spinning experiment.
Task IV: To anneal polymer fibers into carbon nanotubes.
3.2 Morphological characterization
Task V: To characterize prepared material as describe in 3.1 section with XRD, BET surface area analysis, SEM, Cryo-TEM, TGA, TRP, etc.
3.3 Performance characterization
Task VI: Evaluation of performance characterizations of 3.1 section with various electrochemical measurements, e.g. current density, faradic efficiency (FE), Electro-chemical surface area, cyclic voltammetry measurements (CV), cathodic and anodic polarization measurements with Tafel slope calculations, etc.

proEoutcome:
The expected output and outcome of entire project (2 years) would be as follows:
1. New nanomaterials based on transition metal single atom catalyst incorporated into grapheme matrix would be obtained, possessing potential catalytic activity in the reactions of CO2 reduction.
2. Modification of electrodes by the obtained nano-composites will be carried out and their main electrochemical parameters will be investigated.
3. New transition metal single atom embedded into grapheme matrix based electro-catalytic systems for CO2 reduction will be developed. 
5. Theoretical studies of the chemical functionalization of developed material will be carried out, as well as modeling of the electro- and photo-catalytic activity of nano-composites in the reactions of CO2 reduction using DFT calculations and molecular modeling technique.
6. Trained researchers in the experimental investigation of Design and development of transition metal single atom electro-catalyst incorporated into graphene matrix for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 into fuels: The young research scholars, who will join this project would get opportunity to enroll in Ph.D. program of the institute and research work carried out under this project might be the part of his/her thesis. 
7. Publications: The experimental results obtained could find their places in top ranked international journals also the outcomes of the project might be deliverable in the form of patents and publication.


protitle:
Studies on Enhanced Oil Recovery by Ionic liquids-Based Nanofluids in High Temperature High Salinity Sandstone and Carbonate Reservoirs

proarea:
Enhanced Oil Recovery (Petroleum Engineering)

prointro:
The most oil fields worldwide have reached a maturity level and entered into the post-plateau stage. Furthermore, the lack of large-field discovery in the last two decades has raised significant concern about the fossil fuels market demand, regardless of the price fluctuations. Hence, to meet this growing and continuing global crude oil demand, innovative enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques are required to emerge and currently implemented ones need to revisit and optimization to recover more residual oil trapped in the reservoirs. The current EOR methods are not able to serve as promising technique for additional oil recovery in high temperature (120 °C) and high salinity (100000 ppm) reservoirs. Surfactant flooding is considered as one of EOR methods. Surfactant-based nanofluids flooding can increase the additional oil recovery up to 10% of original oil in place (OOIP). But the commercial surfactants have high adsorption onto rock surface and instability under the high temperature and high salinity reservoir conditions. However, new EOR technique is required to overcome the problem of surfactant flooding for increasing additional oil recovery. The current status on the application of nanofluids in EOR is limited to surfactant-based nanofluids. Thus, it is necessary to develop the ionic liquids-based nanofluids for application in EOR method. Ionic liquids are effective to increase the additional oil recovery after water flooding. But nanoparticles can play a vital role to further improve the effectiveness of ionic liquids in the EOR method.

proobj:
The project will focus on the following objectives:
1.	Characterization of reservoir rock and fluid samples
2.	Characterization of the ionic liquids-based nanofluids under reservoir conditions
3.	Investigation of interfacial tension reduction between oil and ionic liquids in the presence and absence of nanoparticles
4.	Wettability alteration study of a rock surface by ionic liquids in presence and absence of nanoparticles
5.	Phase behaviour study of liquids-based nanofluids and crude oil system 
6.	Viscosity enhancement and stability study of the liquids-based nanofluids 
7.	Adsorption of ionic liquids onto rock surface in presence and absence of nanoparticles
8.	Core flooding to investigate the effectiveness of the ionic liquids in the presence and absence of nanoparticles
9.	Scale up the laboratory result for field application

prometho:
•	The reservoir rock samples will be characterized based on porosity and permeability measurements. The fluid samples will be characterized by analysis of SARA compositions, measurements of viscosity, density, and API gravity. The petrophysical properties of the rock samples will be investigated and mineralogical compositions of the rock samples will be studied by XRD. 
•	The surface activity of the ionic liquids and nanofluids will be determined by surface tension measurement by using Easy Dyne Tensiometer and interfacial tension between crude oil and the prepared fluids will be determined by spinning drop video tensiometer.
•	Wettability alteration of rock samples by ionic liquids in presence and absence of nanoparticles will be performed by specially designed equipment after capturing the image of each oil drop beneath the rock sample. The corresponding contact angle will be measured by drawing the angle of contact of crude oil drop to rock surface after capturing the images of oil drops.
•	The zeta potential will be measured for rock/nanofluids system and rock/oil/nanofluids system to analyse the change of surface charge for wettability alteration.
•	The viscosity of the nanofluids will be determined by Anton Parr viscometer.
•	Phase behavior of ionic liquids/nanofluids and crude oil will be conducted by test tube shaking method at different salinities and concentrations of ionic liquids and nanoparticles to determine the optimum concentrations.
•	Adsorption study will be conducted by the dynamic adsorption measurement procedure. 
•	The core flooding experiment will be performed for determination of additional oil recovery by using the prepared surfactant solution in the presence and absence of nanoparticles.

prosummary:
In this proposed project, detailed characterization of reservoir rock and fluid samples will be conducted to understand the chemical compositions of the fluid samples and petrophysical properties of the reservoir rock samples. The interaction between rock, fluids, and chemicals will be studied by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The nanoparticles and ionic liquids will be selected based on the interfacial properties and their compatibility matches to each other. The stability of the prepared nanofluids at high temperature high salinity will be studied for application purpose. IFT between crude oil and the prepared nanofluids will be measured to determine the reduction of IFT. Wettability alteration by ionic liquids and nanofluids will be determined by contact angle measurement methods. Phase behaviour study between ionic liquids/nanofluids and crude oil will be conducted to obtain the optimum formulation of microemulsion. Furthermore, as adsorption of chemical onto reservoir rock is an important issue of chemical loss, dynamic adsorption study will be conducted. Core flooding experiments will be conducted by using the prepared nanofluids to compare the effeteness of the ionic liquids-based nanofluids in EOR method. Finally, an attempt will be made to upscale the core flooding data to predict the production performance of nanofluids in field scale application.

proEoutcome:
The development of a proper technique for EOR based on nanotechnology has great practical importance in terms of feasibility of the novel method for E&P companies. For this purpose, the proposed project will focus on the suitable methodology for testing the effectiveness of nanoparticles for advanced EOR method in high temperature high salinity sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. However, lots of challenges and limitations such as high costs, low sweep efficiency, and possible formation damage hinder the improvement of the EOR techniques. In addition, nanoparticles have proven to be potential solutions or improvements to a number of challenges associated with traditional EOR techniques. Besides, this EOR method includes ionic liquids as base fluids for preparation on nanofluids. As ionic liquids are stable at high temperature and high salinity, they can be used for additional oil recovery from the reservoirs in harsh conditions.  
The project has the following deliverables;
•	Selection and deliver ionic liquids-based nanofluids for novel EOR method
•	Deliver the optimum concentration for EOR methods to prepare the injected slug
•	Propose the proper combination of ionic liquids and nanoparticles for maximum oil recovery 
•	Suitability of the proposed EOR method for the fields under the operation of Indian national oil companies
•	Predictive scale-up model for production performance estimation
•	Develop the fundamental knowledge on the new proposed EOR method and publish high impact journal papers


prointro:
The most oil fields worldwide have reached a maturity level and entered into the post-plateau stage. Furthermore, the lack of large-field discovery in the last two decades has raised a significant concern about the fossil fuels market demand, regardless of the price fluctuations. Hence, to meet this growing and continuing global crude oil demand, innovative enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques are required to emerge and currently implemented ones need to revisit and optimization to recover more residual oil trapped in the reservoirs. The current EOR methods are not able to serve as promising technique for additional oil recovery in high temperature (120 °C) and high salinity (100000 ppm) reservoirs. Surfactant flooding is considered as one of EOR methods. Surfactant-based nanofluids flooding can increase the additional oil recovery up to 10% of original oil in place (OOIP). But the commercial surfactants have high adsorption onto rock surface and instability under the high temperature and high salinity reservoir conditions. However, new EOR technique is required to overcome the problem of surfactant flooding for increasing additional oil recovery. The current status on application of nanofluids in EOR is limited to surfactant-based nanofluids. Thus, it is a necessary to develop the ionic liquids-based nanofluids for application in EOR method. Ionic liquids are effective to increase the additional oil recovery after water flooding. But nanoparticles can play a vital role to further improve the effectiveness of ionic liquids in EOR method.

proobj:
The project will focus on the following objectives:
1.	Characterization of reservoir rock and fluid samples
2.	Characterization of the ionic liquids-based nanofluids under reservoir conditions
3.	Investigation of interfacial tension reduction between oil and ionic liquids in presence and absence of nanoparticles
4.	Wettability alteration study of rock surface by ionic liquids in presence and absence of nanoparticles
5.	Core flooding to investigate the effectiveness of the ionic liquids in presence and absence of nanoparticles

prometho:
•	The reservoir rock samples will be characterized based on porosity and permeability measurements. The fluid samples will be characterized by analysis of SARA compositions, measurements of viscosity, density, and API gravity. The petrophysical properties of the rock samples will be investigated and mineralogical compositions of the rock samples will be studied by XRD. 
•	The surface activity of the ionic liquids and nanofluids will be determined by surface tension measurement by using Easy Dyne Tensiometer and interfacial tension between crude oil and the prepared fluids will be determined by spinning drop video tensiometer.
•	Wettability alteration of rock samples by ionic liquids in presence and absence of nanoparticles will be performed by specially designed equipment after capturing image of each oil drop beneath the rock sample. The corresponding contact angle will be measured by drawing the angle of contact of crude oil drop to rock surface after capturing the images of oil drops.
•	The zeta potential will be measured for rock/nanofluids system and rock/oil/nanofluids system to analyse the change of surface charge for wettability alteration.
•	Viscosity of the nanofluids will be determined by Anton Parr viscometer.
•	Phase behavior of ionic liquids/nanofluids and crude oil will be conducted by test tube shaking method at different salinities and concentrations of ionic liquids and nanoparticles to determine the optimum concentrations.
•	Adsorption study will be conducted by dynamic adsorption measurement procedure. 
•	The core flooding experiment will be performed for determination of additional oil recovery by using the prepared surfactant solution in presence and absence of nanoparticles.

proEoutcome:
The development of proper technique for EOR based on nanotechnology has a great practical importance in terms of feasibility of novel method for E&P companies. For this purpose, the proposed project will focus on the suitable methodology for testing the effectiveness of nanoparticles for advanced EOR method in high temperature high salinity sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. However, lots of challenges and limitations such as high costs, low sweep efficiency, and possible formation damage hinder the improvement of the EOR techniques. In addition, nanoparticles have proven to be potential solutions or improvements to a number of challenges associated with the traditional EOR techniques. Besides, this EOR method includes ionic liquids as base fluids for preparation on nanofluids. As ionic liquids are stable at high temperature and high salinity, they can be used for additional oil recovery from the reservoirs in harsh conditions.  
The project has the following deliverables;
•	Selection and deliver an ionic liquids-based nanofluids for novel EOR method
•	Deliver the optimum concentration for EOR methods to prepare the injected slug
•	Propose the proper combination of ionic liquids and nanoparticles for maximum oil recovery 
•	Suitability of the proposed EOR method for the fields under operation of Indian national oil companies
•	Predictive scale-up model for production performance estimation
•	Develop the fundamental knowledge on the new proposed EOR method and publish high impact journal papers


protitle:
Potential of Polymeric Surfactant derived from waste Biomass to Enhanced Residual Crude Oil Recovery

proarea:
Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery, Rheology, Adsorption, Colloid and Interface Science, Emulsification, etc

prointro:
Chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is a process of recovering more than two-third amount of residual crude oil which cannot be produced by primary and secondary water flooding methods. Chemical EOR has been successfully implemented in several parts of the world and will continue to dominate its role in coming decades. These water soluble chemicals (alkali/surfactant/polymer), when injected in the reservoirs residual the interfacial tension (IFT), emulsify the crude, improved sweep efficiency and changes wettability of the reservoir. Alkali reacts with the acid group of crude oil forming in-situ surfactant at the oil-water interface which reduces the IFT. Surfactants additionally reduce the IFT to ultra-low IFT by increasing surface active properties at the oil-water interface and emulsify the crude oil. Polymer develops the viscosity of the injected fluid (rheology properties) which ultimately increases the sweep efficiency. The role of the above mechanisms dominates the residual oil recovery factor and is dependent on the reservoir and rock characteristics.
			Chemical EOR is a complex process due to reservoir heterogeneity and thus the selection of chemicals is one of the important criteria to decide the feasibility of the process. The conditions which detrimental the chemicals activity are the salinity of the reservoir formation water, temperature of the reservoir, pH and charge nature of the reservoir rock. Also, crude oil properties (acid group, viscosity, API gravity – light/heavy crude) is another criteria to decide the optimum chemical slug for EOR.
			In surfactant-polymer flooding, surfactant slug is initially injected which reduces the IFT and emulsify the crude oil, followed by polymer slug which displaces the emulsified oil. The injection of such chemicals in slots increases the time as well as cost of the running process. Therefore, to observe the synergism activity in one chemical component, polymeric surfactant can be developed. The literature available indicates the potential of such polymeric surfactant. However, the economy of chemical EOR process depends on the price of the crude oil. The fall in the price of crude oil since last few years has restricted the application of conventional chemicals (surfactant and polymer) looking into its economy feasibility. This research proposal is designed to develop polymeric surfactant from waste and non-edible vegetables oil such that the process becomes economically viable. 
Nanoparticles in chemical EOR is an emerging technique which showed better recovery in residual oil. The current project will further plan to coat the synthetic polymeric surfactant (surfactant obtained from waste vegetable oil) with nanoparticles which have not been investigated by researchers till date as per our observation. The applicability of developed chemicals at harsh reservoir conditions (extreme salinity and temperature) will be investigated by observing the stability test (aging of chemicals at extreme temperature).

proobj:
•	Characterization of crude oil, formation water and reservoir rock (1-3 months).
•	Selection of surfactants and polymers based on reservoir characteristics (1 – 12 months).
o	Chemicals: Thermal stability, salinity and Temperature (harsh reservoir conditions, 1-6 months).
o	Surfactant Flooding: Interfacial tension, Emulsification, Phase behavior, Wettability alteration & Core Flooding (1-6 months)
o	Polymer Flooding: Viscosity, Mobility ratio, Rheology, Sweep efficiency & Core Flooding (6 – 12 months).
•	Conversion of waste biomass to surfactant by sulfonation process (12-18 months)
o	Surfactant from waste cooking oil and non-edible oil
o	Non-edible oil to methyl ester and then to surfactant by sulfonation process 
•	Development and implementation of low cost polymeric surfactant by grafting co-polymerization for higher oil recovery (12-18 months).
•	Optimize the process parameters of chemical flooding for chemical EOR applications (18 – 24 months).
•	Static and Dynamic Adsorption behavior of chemicals with reservoir rocks at different reservoir conditions. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics models will be analyzed to predict the most suitable model (18- 24 months).

prometho:
Crude oil characterization: Acid value, API gravity, Viscosity, etc as per ASTM Standards

Rock Morphology: XRD to estimate different rock mineralogy and their composition, BET and FESEM for rock surface properties.

Chemical stability: Thermal ageing by TGA (Thermo gravimetric analysis), Functional group degradation or detection by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and chemical shift analysis by NMR spectroscopy.

Interfacial tension: Spinning Drop Tensiometer will be used to determine the interfacial tension between crude oil and different chemicals applicable for chemical EOR.

Emulsification: Emulsification test of oil and water will be conducted and its droplet size distribution and average droplet size will be evaluated to predict stability.

Creaming index: The stability of emulsion at different temperature and salinity will be scrutinized by examining creaming rate.

Rheology: Rheometer will be used to evaluate the rheology behavior and detail studies such as frequency / oscillatory sweep will be observed. 

Contact angle: The contact angle measurement will be performed to check the wettability alteration of the system from oil wet to water wet or vice versa.

Core flooding: Core flooding experiments will be conducted to estimate the crude oil recovery. The apparatus is available in our campus and is in working conditions.

Adsorption characteristics: Static adsorption will be conducted in orbital shaker (rock and oil mixture shaking) and dynamic adsorption by core displacement experiments. The adsorption concentration will be estimated by analyzing the samples in Uv- Visible spectroscopy.

prosummary:
•	Characterization of crude oil, formation water and reservoir rock (1-3 months).
•	Selection of surfactants and polymers based on reservoir characteristics (1 – 12 months).
o	Chemicals: Thermal stability, salinity and Temperature (harsh reservoir conditions, 1-6 months).
o	Surfactant Flooding: Interfacial tension, Emulsification, Phase behavior, Wettability alteration & Core Flooding (1-6 months)
o	Polymer Flooding: Viscosity, Mobility ratio, Rheology, Sweep efficiency & Core Flooding (6 – 12 months).
•	Conversion of waste biomass to surfactant by sulfonation process (12-18 months)
o	Surfactant from waste cooking oil and non-edible oil
o	Non-edible oil to methyl ester and then to surfactant by sulfonation process 
•	Development and implementation of low cost polymeric surfactant by grafting co-polymerization for higher oil recovery (12-18 months).
•	Optimize the process parameters of chemical flooding for chemical EOR applications (18 – 24 months).
•	Static and Dynamic Adsorption behavior of chemicals with reservoir rocks at different reservoir conditions. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics models will be analyzed to predict the most suitable model (18- 24 months).

proEoutcome:
This project is specially designed to enhance the oil production from existing Indian reservoirs such that the rate of oil import can be reduced and the saved amount can be used for the development of our people. The economic feasibility of chemical EOR process depends on the market price of crude oil, as the chemicals that are injected in reservoirs are costly and toxic in nature. Therefore looking into the environment and market scenario, this project is proposed so that the chemical for EOR applications can be developing at low cost. The preparation of chemicals will be achieved from waste biomass such that the toxicity level will be reduces to ensure environment safety.


protitle:
Fluorogenic and Chromogenic Sensors for Detection of Toxic Metal Ions

prointro:
This project envisages with the design and synthesis of fluorogenic and chromogenic probes and their applications as a sensor for the detection of toxic ions. The main objective of this proposal is to find viable synthetic procedures for the assembly of these novel fluorophore. Moreover, a new smart sensory fluorophore probe will be employing (functional materials or thin film based) in order to achieve better performances through superior signal transduction and targeting towards the development of device if possible. This proposal will be emphasized on the mechanistic way, allow analyte recognition along with binding events, execute into luminescence-based responses and the electronic features permit to display excellent sensitivity and selectively. The proposed research basically accentuates for the detection of toxic metal ions like, mercury, cadmium and lead.

proobj:
The proposed research basically accentuates for the detection of toxic metal ions like, mercury, cadmium and lead.

prometho:
Thus, the main objectives of the current proposal are: 
The main objective of this proposal is to design and synthesize of functional fluorogenic and chromogenic sensors, with an eye towards envisioned for technological applications.
1. Synthesis of fluorogenic and chromogenic probes from basic organic compound with the concept of organic synthetic procedure
2. Characterization of the probe by Elemental analysis, IR, NMR ESI/MS, Single crystal-X ray diffraction
3. Exploration of the primarily synthesis fluorogenic and chromogenic probes towards the detection of the above mentioned metal ions (Lead, cadmium and mercury).
4. Now the probe will be use for making of functional materials/thin film by coupled with the traditional SAM (self assisted monolayer) or functionalize SAM in order to bring the more efficacy and target towards technological application
5. Characterization of the functional materials by SEM (Scanning electron microscope) and TEM (Transmission electron microscope), PXRD (powdered X-Ray diffraction). 
6. Investigation of functional materials for sensing purpose.

prosummary:
The following are the probe will be utilized to execute the current project.
I) Schiff base Fluorophore derivative having multi coordination site
II) Synthesis of ligands with high photophysical stability and quantum yield
III) Functional materials based sensing 
It has been found that fluorophore based on Schiff base are very effective in enabling the recognition of the metal ions. Although Schiff-base ligands have been well-studied, still these offer the ample prospects for sensing because of the ease of ligand modification and the consequent tuning of its sensing efficiency. The binging site can be suitable coupled with the fluorophore. In the normal state the probe is non fluorescent due to PET and ICT effect and can be chromogenic and fluorogenic when the it binds with the analyte.

proEoutcome:
The target of this proposed is expected to make a sensor which can show better efficiency for the detection of the above mentioned toxic metal ions and possible towards build up a device to controlling pollution the real time sample for the value of our society. A candid endeavor will be made to search for large area fabrication in the molecular structure to building up the device in the market. The candidate can able to present their research in International and National conference, as results the current research project will be highlighted in various terrace. As a part of Startup research grant this research project will help to increase the overlap between industries and public management or community.

FAScheme:
Start up research Grant
Science and Engineering Research Board


protitle:
Production of carbon nano-tubes from petrochemical
industrial waste

proarea:
Application of nanotechnology to convert waste to wealth

prointro:
In the future, waste management in petrochemical industries can be reduced drastically by employing this method in their existing plant. It can generate additional revenue as they can reuse their industrial waste to produce highly valuable products. It can also reduce the impact on the environment caused by these wastes. Additionally, it can create employment opportunities for skilled and unskilled workers, which in turn aids the nation’s economy.

proobj:
1) To produce carbon nano-tubes from petrochemical industry refuse 2) To optimise the parameters affecting the process 3) To characterise the nano-tubes to improve their quality and reproducibility of the reported result

prometho:
The petrochemical refuse contains aliphatic, aromatic, phenolic and acidic hydrocarbons which possess the ability to a better candidate for the study. It is collected from various industries and is characterized for SARA (Saturated Aromatics Resins and Aliphatic) and PONA (Paraﬃn, Oleﬁns, Naphthenic and Aromatics) composition. Further, it is subjected to TG (Thermal Gravimetry) and Spectroscopic analysis. The study combines low temperature catalyzed Chemical Vapor Deposition with Electro spinning to synthesize the desired carbon nanotubes. Post treatment techniques are applied to obtain the desired puriﬁcation, which includes leaching, acid treatment and partial oxidation etc. for incorporation of the desired properties. Post puriﬁcation, the produced material will be characterized for its morphological and structural properties, surface properties and its chemical composition. The material will be screened for its various applications like environmental, catalytic, energy storage and generation etc.

prosummary:
The enormous potential of that carbon nanotubes possess, motivates searching for new avenues for the production of these materials from low value feedstock employing economical pathways. This study investigates the hybrid synthetic methods and analytical techniques for production of carbon nano-tubes from petrochemical industrial waste.

proEoutcome:
Employing alternative technologies for converting prevailing challenges to viable solutions


protitle:
Nanostructured Electrolyte Materials for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (LT-SOFC)

prometho:
In the present proposal the main materials, which will be synthesized are ceria based fluorite oxides.  Several tri-valent dopants (such as Gd, Sm, Y etc.) will be incorporated in the ceria system with appropriate concentration in order to achieve the cubic structure.  The materials will be prepared by simple coprecipitation method by using easily available metal salt precursors, such as nitrate, chloride and sulphate.  During the synthesis, no additional water will be used from outside to minimize agglomeration due to hydrogen bonding. Simply, the experiment will be performed at water free environment.  The coprecipitated materials will then be heat-treated at different temperature to get the desired phase and the green body will be sintered at comparatively higher temperature to achieve the dense body.  To compare the performance of synthesized doped ceria materials, we will make a series of samples with trivalent metal to Ce ratio starting from 0 to 100 mole % on metal basis.  Preliminary results (Fig 1) suggest the formation of YSZ and SDC nanoparticles prepared through the proposed coprecipitation method.  Preliminary results (not shown here) also suggest that the materials are formed at very low temperature (200°C) and active towards cell operation with H2 fuel.
For proof of concept, a single cell SOFC will be prepared by using doped ceria as the electrolyte, Ni/doped ceria as anode and LaMnO¬3/doped ceria as cathode.  First, functional anode layer will be made by pressing (~ 2 cm diameter) the synthesized Ni/doped ceria mixed with carbon black and calcined at certain temperature to generate certain amount of pores.  Then the anode support layer will be made by tape casting the same material (with less amount of carbon black) in one side of the functional layer.  On the other side, doped ceria electrolyte will be tape / drop casted and sintered at higher temperature to ensure proper adhesion between anode and electrolyte.  The cathode material, LMN/doped ceria, will then be tape casted on the electrolyte and sintered at appropriate temperature.  Finally, interconnect will be connected on both cathode and anode side.

prosummary:
•	Literature survey on solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and its components
•	Procurement of chemicals, and instruments for synthesis and processing of electrolyte, anode and cathode materials
•	Preparation of proposed electrolyte materials and their processing in order to get the highest possible ionic activity
•	Characterization of the synthesized materials by TGA, BET, XRD, HRTEM, XPS, microprobe, EXAFS and FTIR
•	Electrochemical performance/activity study of electrolyte materials under realistic condition
•	Study on structure property relationship
•	Present the work in National and international conference and publish the paper
•	Try to apply for patent
•	Submission of the yearly reports and final report

proEoutcome:
Here, we propose an experimental study on the preparation, processing and characterization of nanostructured electrolyte materials for the fabrication of solid oxide fuel cell operated at low temperature.  The overall objective will be to achieve an improved understanding of the relevant physical and chemical phenomena occurring in the nanometer sized particles during synthesis, fabrication and cell operation at low temperature (400-600°C).  The results from this investigation can be applied to improve the methods for the preparation of new and existing electrolyte materials important for fuel cell industry.


protitle:
Conversion of waste plastic into fuel through catalytic pyrolysis
and process optimization

proarea:
Deals with effective plastic disposal, sustainable energy
recovery and environmental sector

prointro:
It is an eco-friendly technology for plastic waste disposal when compare to existing process. Secondary products generated are harmless and have many industrial applications. This technology will create value from plastic waste which will motivate people for source segregation of waste. This technology will reduce the air, water & land pollution caused by plastic waste. It will also help to make "INDIA-A Clean Country".

proobj:
Solution to major environmental problems due to plastic
waste.

prometho:
The purpose of this research is to make a working model for
conversion of waste plastic in to high quality fuel. In the ﬁrst
phase of the project, literature survey will be carried out for a)
Suitable catalyst for individual type plastic b) Model design c)
Existing problems in pyrolysis process In second phase, working model will be built on the basis of literature review. Necessary innovations will be incorporated in the model for easy and continuous feeding system, equal heat distribution, online sampling, catalyst injection, residue removal system, etc. Process parameters in the model can be varied as per feedstock requirement. In the third phase, real time plastic waste will be collected from municipal solid waste and industries. Number of experiments will be performed for different catalyst and for different types of plastic by changing the process parameters during the process. In the fourth phase, fuel produced from different experiments will be analyzed on the basis of physical and chemical properties. Fuel quality will decide the best suitable catalyst and process parameters for mix plastic waste. This project will develop a Eco-friendly, Economically viable and Sustainable Pyrolysis Technology.

prosummary:
Solving the major existing problems in pyrolysis technology like, 1) Emission of pollutant gases mainly dioxin and furans during the pyrolysis process 2) Handling carcinogenic and heavy metals contaminated residue 3) Optimization of process parameters i.e. temperature, pressure, reaction time, etc. 4) Improvement in existing commercial plant design. 5) Suitable catalyst for effective conversion of diversiﬁed plastic waste into fuel 6) Fuel quality testing 7) Developing an efﬁcient energy recovery system.

proEoutcome:
1) Solution to major environmental problems due to plastic
waste 2) Optimization of pyrolysis process of waste plastic 3) To ﬁnd the suitable catalyst for mix plastic to improve fuel quality 4) Characterization of pyrolysis fuel produced from waste plastic.


protitle:
Water Technology Research & Innovation Centre

prointro:
Water is a fundamental requirement for the existence of most of the living beings including humans. Environmental pollution especially toxic chemicals, heavy metal ions, organic pollutants created by industry and agricultural activities severally threatens ecological balance and human health, and have received extreme concerns worldwide. Water pollution is the contamination of water by direct or indirect discharge of pollutants such as dyes, organic pollutants, bacteria etc from leather, textile and paper mills along with domestic drains. Water bodies also get contamination by high level of toxic natural materials due to their high levels in the ground in particular areas. This is a matter of substantial concern of environmental remediation as most of the pigments are antagonistic to biodegradation and do not easily segregate in biological waste water treatment plants. It is a need of the time to develop a holistic approach to address these issues to be able to solve the problem of availability of clean potable and agro water. 
It is the need of the time that these energies are brought together through this research and innovation center for taking the research from lab/institute to the society. We invisage to cover all the aspect of water related issues to be handeled through this center. Our aim is to make this as a nodal center to address issues pertaining to water purification and desalination of Mumbai & nearby areas. This specific approach will not only help us in focusing/covering all the aspects of one ecological system but also in having better turn around (in time  and expertise) in solving minor hiccups while installing the prototypes. We also plan to involve local youth in this project at every stage. It will help the society to be aware of water related issues and ways of solving the same. This approach will allow us to take the technology directly to the society. One important link of taking the technology to people is industry. We are fortunate to have Prof Murali Sastry to be in our team who was instrumental in bringing Tata Swatch to the market. Taking any research to the commercial device stage is an uphill task which involves designing of replica of lab scale device, improve, iterate and finally design operable, user friendly device, a partner like Tata into our team will be a great asset and confirm  the success of this center.

proobj:
Following are the major objectives in setting up this center:
1.	Creating awareness about water contamination/purification
2.	Mapping of sensitive areas which are ecologically diverse
3.	Sensors for various chemical, physical and biological contaminants
4.	Understanding the microbial diversity and structure of the impacted waters, its use as a surrogate marker of pollution and their role in bioremediation
5.	Using microbial flora to develop insitu biosensors and bioremediation approaches for xenobiotic pollutants
6. 6.	Technology development for water purification and desalination

prometho:
Part I: Sensing and Remediation of Organic/Biocontaminants
(1) mapping the complete microbial and viral community structure of the water and their functional association with chemical constitution of the waters and (2) isolation and characterization of bacteria useful for rapid degradation of aromatic compounds, heavy metals useful for bioremediation and contaminant removal.
(1) Mapping and Analysis of contaminated areas across Mumbai using biosensors. We would first map the most contaminated areas across Mumbai in terms of industrial effluents, groundwater and drinking water contaminants. 
The protein based biosensor design once optimized for detection of contaminated and polluted water samples, the next step would be developing simple laboratory scale bioremediation techniques for degradation and removal of the aromatic pollutants from contaminated waters to its optimal limit. The setup design would be primarily based on immobilization of phenol, benzene and their derivatives utilizing bacteria like Pseudomonas sp., Acinetobacter sp. in some porous solid support material.

prosummary:
The present project proposes with a detailed investigation of preparation, characterization and performance evaluation of the RO membrane that is prepared using functionalized support membrane (e.g., nanoparticle-polysulfone composite, polyacrylonitrile-polysulfone composite) as well as the top polyamide layer (functionalized grapheme oxide, MOF’s & aquaporin).Thin film composite (TFC) polyamide membranes will be prepared over porousnanocompositepolysulfone support with nano-to-micron sized fillers comprising modified grapheme oxide, metal, metal oxide, modified silica and zeolite materials via interfacial polymerization.The size, chemistry, and structure of nanomaterials are new variables in RO membrane design, which enable dramatically different membranes to be formed. Both support and final TFC RO membranes would be thoroughly characterized using various instrumental techniques. Finally, the developed membranes would be demonstrated forbrackish and sea water desalination under standard test conditions using in 2512 spiral modules (2.5 inch dia& 12 inch long initially) configuration.

proEoutcome:
1.	Development and characterization of membrane materials suitable for groundwater and brackish water desalination, with particular emphasis on chlorine resistant membranes. [IIT Bombay, NCL, BARC, PDPU]
2.	Studies on the kinetics and structure/morphology (thickness, roughness, texture, hydrophilicity/phobicity, surface charge, degree of crosslinking, crystallinity) of the membranes; also the correlation between these parameters of the membrane and its function in terms of water permeability and salt permeability; Modelling the kinetics and developing correlations between kinetics and structural parameters identified above. [IIT Bombay]
3.	Development of suitable support membranes of the functional layers developed as above, development of thin-film composite and nanocomposite membrane-based modules (spiral wound, hollow fiber) for testing; performance evaluation in the laboratory [NCL, BARC; IIT Bombay, PDPU]


protitle:
Assessment of wind and wave energy along Indian coastal region using space-based microwave radars

prointro:
In recent years, taking advantage of various marine renewables at the same time through combined systems (wind and wave) has been regarded as a good solution to promote and accelerate the development of marine energy. Some of the recent studies have established the combined offshore wind and wave energy analysed spatial  and temporal  variability of both resources, and the correlation between them. Moreover, there are other synergies between both renewables that enhance the interest of this combination, such as the savings achieved by sharing common equipment and infrastructure [32], or the enlarged weather windows for operation & maintenance tasks that can be obtained from the shadow effect of co-located wave energy converters (WEC), which can also be useful in protecting wind turbines from heavy wave loading under storm conditions. Due to the current state of development of both technologies, the co-location of WECs into a conventional offshore wind farm is regarded as the best option, which combines an offshore wind farm and a WEC array with independent foundation systems but sharing the same marine area, grid connection, crafts and crews involved in operation and maintenance tasks, etc. From the literature review, it can be concluded that studies related to combined wind-wave energy potential evaluation in India EEZ has not been done so far. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop and accurately estimate the combined wind-wave energy potential and identify the suitable location for combined exploitation in near future. Techno-economic performance still requires considerable improvement for profitable economic application even if the expected cost reductions associated with the economics of scale and learning curves are taken into account.

proobj:
•	Application of satellite data for the development of spatial distribution of wind and wave energy resource maps over the Indian EEZ.
•	Estimation of offshore wind energy, wave energy and combined energy potential in Indian EEZ with uncertainty analysis.
•	Identification of favourable locations for individual offshore wind, wave energy exploitation and future scope for combined wave and wind energy exploitation.
•	Techno-economic analysis considering marine eco-system considerations

prometho:
•	Collection of the observational data from buoys or marine platforms.
•	Inter-comparison between hindcasted data and observations.
•	Estimation of the available wind and wave power potential of the Indian offshore areas.
•	Assessment of correlation between wind and wave power resource.
•	Identification of locations for combined exploitation of wind and wave power resources.
•	Estimation of the average power output and annual energy production based on wind turbine and wave energy converter characteristics.

prosummary:
Collection of data (wind and wave), Data analysis and simulation studies (offshore wind), Data analysis and simulation studies (wave), Data analysis and simulation studies (Hybrid wind-wave), Project report Writing, submission and Publication.

proEoutcome:
•	Spatial distribution maps of offshore wind resource maps (wind power density (W/m2), inter annual variability, capacity factor and annual energy production).
•	Spatial distribution maps of wave resource maps (wave power potential (kW/m), inter annual variability, capacity factor, annual energy production). 
•	Quantification of offshore wind energy potential, wave energy potential and combined offshore wind-wave energy potential considering state of art offshore wind turbines and wave energy converters with uncertainty analysis.
•	Identify the most suitable areas for offshore wind, wave, and combined offshore wind-wave exploitation based on techno-economic analysis and marine eco-system considerations.
•	Technology development progress measured in terms of Technology Readiness levels (TRL) and Technology Performance Levels (TPL) using system-engineering approach. 
•	From this research topic, one or two students can obtain Ph. D degree.


protitle:
Strategy to improve stability and efficiency of Perovskite solar cells with targeted efficiency over 18%

prointro:
The Hybrid metal halide perovskites have become one of the hottest topics in optoelectronic materials research in recent years. Not only have they surpassed everyone’s expectations and achieved similar performance as tried and true polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic devices, but they are also finding applications in a variety of different fields, including lighting. The main advantages of hybrid metal halide perovskites are simple processability, compatible with large-scale solution processing such as roll-to-roll printing, and abundance of ingredients, all coupled to materials properties reminiscent of GaAs. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have made impressive progress in just a few years with maximum power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) from 3.8% in 2009 to a certified 22.1% in 2016 1. In the past year, huge progress has been shown for different device configurations, including the classic mesoporous-infiltrated n–i–p junction and mesoporous-free ‘‘planar’’ configurations. The work on mesoporous scaffold configurations, mostly composed of TiO2, yielded record efficiencies up to 22.1%.

proobj:
Low Cost and high effeciency solar cells

prometho:
The one of significant parameter restrict the high efficiency fabrication of PSCs is high humid environment condition in India. Under such circumstance fabrication of solar cell which can sustain under high humidity will be required to investigate or fabricate. Looking at the development of HTM free perovskite solar cells, which is found to be more stable, a initiative is still lack in India. Our strategy to make the HTM free high efficiency perovskite solar cells will be advantageous over following commercial hurdles.  
1)	No use of HTM and gold, a low cost alternative for existing technology.
2)	Easy to fabricate as employ screen printing or spin coating as compared to vaccum methods
3)	High stability, as discussed in literature the perovskite solar cells will suffer form HTM stability and gold migration.

prosummary:
The present approach opens up a new avenue for making low cost and stable PSCs and will be extended in this research project to the preparation of a large area PSCs. To the best of our knowledge, the combination of oriented ZnO nanostructures (nanotubes/nanorods/nanowires) and graphene composite based PSCs is hitherto unreported. The present work focuses on the method to develop a HTM free, solution processable PSCs by directly sandwiching the hole extraction electrode and perovskite electrode. The work also emphasizes on the morphological, structural and optical properties of the absorbing material, the working mechanism of the cell, and the net terminal impedance of the solar cell

proEoutcome:
The increasing energy demand and upcoming challenges from global warming is driving cutting edge R&D worldwide in the solar energy sector. Not only the advancement of existing solar photovoltaic technologies based on silicon and other thin-film materials is important, but there is an immediate need to explore a low cost alternative material, which can help in achieving a greater aim of electrifying rural India and non-electrified world. It is expected that the projected research work will produce the high performing, stable and reliable graphene-ZnO composite based perovskite solar cell. An honest attempt will be made to look for a possible large scale production and fabrication of device and trouble shooting of scale up issues associated. The combination of computational and experimental work is expected to provide us better understanding of structure property relationship and hence providing a guiding principle for fine tuning of properties.


protitle:
Development of next generation biodegradable iron implants for orthopaedic and cardiovascular applications

prointro:
In India, every year approximately 214 million people suffers from orthopaedic problems and 45 million people suffers from cardiovascular problems [49]. The demand of orthopaedic and cardiovascular medical devices is high in India and is growing at a rapid rate of 20-30% every year. To date, the vast majority of the bio-implants have been made from bio-inert materials such as titanium and its alloys, stainless steel, tantalum, nitinol, and cobalt-chromium. The major limitation of these bioinert materials is that they stay permanently in the body as foreign objects, which may lead to permanent physical irritation and chronic local inflammatory reactions. Therefore, there may be a need for a second surgery. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the currently available bio-implants are much higher as compared to human bone which may lead to the problem of stress shielding. Therefore, in the current scenario there exists a need to develop a new generation of bio-implants which can cope the aforesaid mentioned problems in the field of biomedical engineering. One of the solutions to these problems is the development of biodegradable metal-based bio-implants. 
Iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) are the most studied biodegradable metallic materials. Higher mechanical strength, good hemocompatibility and easy accessibility of Fe as compared to Mg and Zn supports its biodegradable application. However, the major drawback of Fe is its slow degradation rate, limited cytocompatibility and poor Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) compatibility. Hence, for successful biodegradable application of Fe, there exist a need to develop Fe based implant possessing a unique combination of appropriate mechanical strength, ideal degradation rate, good cytocompatibility and improved MRI compatibility.

proobj:
Objective 1: Design and development of porous biodegradable Fe-Mn scaffolds 
a)	Development of the fabrication route for the preparation of porous Fe-Mn alloy scaffold
b)	Experimental investigation to evaluate optimum processing parameters for the preparation of Fe-Mn scaffold.
Objective 2: Topological optimization and development of topologically ordered open cell porous Fe-Mn scaffold. 
a)	Topological optimization for determining appropriate implant design.
b)	Fabrication and morphological characterization of prepared porous Fe-Mn implant.
c)	Mechanical characterization and in vitro degradation rate study of the developed porous Fe-Mn implants.
Objective 3: In vitro characterization, biocompatibility assessment and surface coating of prepared porous Fe-Mn implant.
Objective 4: Development of the mathematical/finite element model to study the degradation rate and mechanical behaviour of the developed porous Fe-Mn implant.

prometho:
Objective 1: Design and development of porous biodegradable Fe-Mn scaffolds 
a)	Development of the fabrication route for the preparation of porous Fe-Mn alloy scaffold
In order to develop porous Fe-Mn scaffold, CAD models of porous scaffold shape will be designed using commercially available solid modeling software. Using the developed CAD model, three dimensional (3D) templates of porous implant will be fabricated using polymer-based 3D printing machine. Phosphate based investment material will be used for the fabrication of mould. Mixing of carbonyl iron powder (99.5% pure) of size 5-10 µm and Mn particle of comparable size and in appropriate ratio will be performed using a planetary ball mill. Subsequently, the powder mixture will be used to fill the mould cavity. Porous Fe-Mn samples will then be fabricated using pressure less sintering of the powder in the sintering furnace. 
b)	Experimental investigation to evaluate optimum processing parameters for the preparation of Fe-Mn scaffold.
Experiments will be done to evaluate optimum processing parameters (such as wt % of Mn, heating rate, sintering temperature, soaking time and cooling rate) for maximum density, maximum mechanical strength and minimum shrinkage. Design of experiment technique will be used to plan the experimentation and optimization will be performed using Genetic Algorithm technique. Optimum sintering parameters will be used for fabrication of porous Fe-Mn scaffolds with varying porosity, pore shape and size.
Objective 2: Topological optimization and development of topologically ordered open cell porous Fe-Mn scaffold. 
a)	Topological optimization for determining appropriate implant design.
Topological optimization will be performed to identify the appropriate interconnected porous design in order to maximize the overall performance of the porous Fe-Mn implant. The selection of optimum topological design will be performed to achieve improved mechanical, morphological, degradation and biological properties. Topological optimization will be performed using commercially available finite element software package such as Ansys workbench.
b)	Fabrication and morphological characterization of prepared porous Fe-Mn implant.
Porous Fe-Mn implants based on the optimum topological design will be fabricated using the developed methodology. Morphological characterization of the fabricated porous Fe-Mn implant will be performed to evaluate the variation in dimensions, accuracy in design and processing defects such as filled pores. The morphology of the fabricated porous Fe-Mn implants will be analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and imaging techniques. Reverse engineering tools like 3D light scanner and 3D reconstruction modelling using micro CT (µCT) scan data will be used to evaluate the design properties. Dimensional properties will be evaluated using Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM).
c)	Mechanical characterization and in vitro degradation rate study of the developed porous Fe-Mn implants.
Mechanical Characterization 
The mechanical characterization of the developed porous implants will be done to evaluate compressive strength, Young’s modulus, flexural strength and fatigue strength. The testing and sample preparation will be done according to the ASTM B925 – 15. The properties of the fabricated porous implants will be compared to the properties of human bone (both cancellous and cortical bone). The optimum implant design and alloy system having mechanical properties close to that of bone will be determined using the obtained results.
In vitro degradation rate study
In order to perform the in–vitro study of developed biodegradable implant, ASTM standard G31–72 for immersion and ASTM standard G5–94 for electrochemical testing will be followed to find the corrosion potential and corrosion rate. The simulated body fluid (SBF) having pH value 7.4 will be prepared as per standard with laboratory graded reagents. 
Objective 3: In vitro characterization, biocompatibility assessment and surface coating of prepared porous Fe-Mn implant.
The characterized porous Fe-Mn implants will be evaluated for cell-matrix interaction, cell viability and proliferation based on standard in vitro assays for metabolic activity (MTT assay), live/dead staining (cell number and distribution), morphology and alignment (SEM). Furthermore, hemocompatibility study of the prepared porous Fe-Mn implants will be performed as per the standard procedure. The surface of developed porous Fe-Mn implants will be coated using a bioactive material such as hydroxyapatite. Coating will be performed using dip coating method. Thereafter, the mechanical characterization will be performed as per the standards to evaluate the strength of the obtained coating. Furthermore, in vitro biocompatibility study to evaluate the cellular activity of the hydroxyapatite coated Fe-Mn porous implant will be performed. The biocompatibility study will be performed using the similar procedure as discussed above.
Objective 4: Development of the mathematical/finite element model to study the degradation rate and mechanical behaviour of the developed porous Fe-Mn implant.
Mathematical/Finite element based modeling will be done to predict mechanical behavior and degradation rate of developed porous Fe-Mn implant. Continuum damage mechanics model based on the assumption of galvanic corrosion will be used as a basis for the study. The findings from the developed model will be compared with the actual results obtained from experimental data. The so developed model will be used to simulate the corrosion rate and strength of the developed biodegradable implant.

prosummary:
1) Literature reveiew-1 to 30 Months
2) Design and development of porous biodegradable Fe-Mn scaffolds- From 7 to 18 Months
3) Topological optimization and development of topologically ordered open cell porous Fe-Mn scaffold - From 13 to 24 Months
4) In vitro characterization, biocompatibility assessment and surface coating of prepared porous Fe-Mn implant- From 13 to 30 Month
5) Development of the mathematical/finite element model to study the degradation rate and mechanical behaviour of the developed porous Fe-Mn implant- 19 to 30 Months
6) Report Writing- 31 to 36 Months

proEoutcome:
1) A novel MRI compatible topologically ordered porous Fe-Mn alloy-based scaffold with improved mechanical and degradation properties. (To be achieved in first year)
2) A novel hydroxyapatite coated Fe-Mn scaffold with improved cytocompatibility properties. (To be achieved in second year)
3) A finite element model to evaluate the degradation behavior of iron based biodegradable metal system. (To be achieved in third year)


protitle:
Dynamical analysis and numerical simulation of non-local
mathematical models of tumor growth.

prointro:
Bio-mathematical modeling is an interdisciplinary research area that acknowledges modernistic approaches to explain the behavioral dynamics of complex biological systems. It offers a broad analytical and quantitative understanding to both biologists and mathematicians. One of the extensively analyzed problems in this direction is a cancerous tumor exhibiting uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells, causing a high mortality rate worldwide. In the literature, one may find noticeable advancements in numerical and experimental methods to interpret the dynamics of tumor-immune interactions effectively. In a tumor growth model, interactions of tumor cells with the immune system are a system of integer-order differential equations that help us in performing computational experiments. One may note that the bio-mathematical systems depend upon historical data, which motivates researchers to employ fractional-order derivatives. Fractional-order derivatives display non-local behavior benefitting the modeling of systems with long-time memory. A wide range of research work on various tumor-growth models exists for integer-order derivatives, but only a few explored the possibility of implementing fractional-order models. This work intends to analyze and enhance the existing tumor-growth models with the presence of fractional calculus. Due to the highly complex dynamics of tumor cells, it is always important to extract the solutions to interpret the profiles of tumor growth. To derive a detailed understanding, we express the resulting model in terms of fractional differential equations delivering analytical and approximate solutions. We plan on performing numerical simulations that shall also be useful in providing information about the effect of medical care.

proobj:
To propose fractional-order mathematical models of tumor growth, characterize the interactions of tumor cells and effector-immune cells in the presence of chemo-immunotherapy.

prometho:
• To deduce the necessary optimality conditions for the proposed fractional optimal control problem that shall facilitate us in formulating efficient numerical techniques to
obtain the approximate solutions.
• To formulate direct and indirect solution schemes determining the optimal usability of drugs, as the anti-cancer treatments possess adverse side-effects. Such numerical
simulations shall assist us in explaining the optimally controlled model of tumor growth quantitatively.

prosummary:
• To analyze the numerical solutions thus obtained estimating the growth of tumor cells as a function of time. And, studying the effect of anti-cancer treatment like chemotherapy
in a given interval of time.
• To compare already existing integer-order models with fractional-order tumor growth models emphasizing the benefit of employing non-local arbitrary-order derivatives.

proEoutcome:
• The proposed research work represents a novel approach to modernize the existing models of tumor-growth with fractional calculus. In the direction of interdisciplinary
work, this project will benefit both biologists and mathematicians.
• Additionally, numerical analysis enables us to identify the best approaches giving insights to infectious disease specialists.
• Ability to implement various numerical techniques such as Adomian decomposition method, Laplace transform techniques on the suggested models to perform comparison
and error analysis.
• Throughout the research work, we shall focus on rigorous research to publish papers in reputed international journals.


protitle:
Development of lead-free and flexible perovskite light emitting diodes

prointro:
The continuous demand and increasing need for cheap, flexible, eco-friendly and sustainable lighting system has attracted the researchers in the domain of optoelectronic devices. Application of perovskite materials in technologies such as perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLEDs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is based on optoelectronic properties of these materials. These materials offer good optoelectronic properties like high electron mobility, high absorption coefficient, low driving voltage, fast response time, and simple processing flexibility compared with conventional silicon and inorganic materials. Further, these optoelectronic properties can be tailored by advanced synthetic methods. During last decade, many studies have been carried out to improve the performance and the stability of opto-electronic devices, but the understanding of the nature of optical transitions at room temperature to change from excitonic to free carrier like transition in multi-quantum well (MQW) structure based Ruddlesden-Popper or layered perovskites (RPPs) is a fundamental open problem. More studies are required towards the design of new 2D perovskite-based semiconductor materials with a thickness of few nanometres for next-generation optoelectronic and photonic technologies.

proobj:
1. Computational studies studying properties of 2D perovskite
2. Development of lead-free and flexible perovskite light emitting diodes

prometho:
This project aims at understanding the physical mechanisms of layered perovskite-based PeLED device for different applications. Based on this, optimized stable PeLED will be developed on flexible substrates at the lower fabrication cost.

prosummary:
The outcomes of the proposed project proposal will be the development of a low-cost fabrication process for flexible and stable PeLED devices and an improved understanding of mechanical versus electronic properties. These will provide the basis to formulate a roadmap to achieve high device density modules and the new paradigm in the next phase of the project. Much effort is necessary to realize the commercialization of module and hence the plan of action will be as follows:
(a) Develop a process to fabricate flexible devices that can implement displays for various applications such as mobile, TV, screen, etc., where power consumption and flexibility low are the prime requirements. 
(b) Development of the high efficient quantum dot PeLEDs.
(c) This project will develop the in-depth understanding on the relationships between ultrafast charge carrier dynamics, electrical properties, interface engineering, ion migration versus mechanical strength of perovskite and adjacent layer.
(d) It will also pave the way to develop other flexible devices such as solar cells, memristors, detectors, sensors, and other electronic devices.

proEoutcome:
1.	A clear understanding of the physiochemical principles and the structure-property relations to control the dielectric and optical properties of RPP systems.
2.	Design rules for tuning the structural and energy landscape for stable and bright layered PeLEDs.
3.	Fabrication protocols for stable high efficiency Pb-free layered perovskites PeLEDs perovskites.


protitle:
Study the feasibility of spinel ferrites for sensing BTEX vapors towards achieving high degree of sensitivity and selectivity

prointro:
Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene are collectively known as BTEX vapors which are volatile organics used extensively in many industrial applications. The BTEX vapors are toxic for environment as well as human health. Detection and monitoring of BTEX using cost effective and sensitive devices is thus important. Absence of chemically active functional groups in BTEX vapors often makes them passive to many chemosensors. However, the oxidation of BTEX over semiconducting metal oxide (SMO) surface changes their electrical conductivity leading to the chemiresistive sensing signal. 
In line to the aforementioned research gap and opportunities, the objectives of the present proposal is to study the feasibility of employing complex oxides like spinel ferrites for sensing BTEX vapours with high degree of sensitivity and selectivity. 

As proposed, the BTEX sensing characteristics (response %, response time, recovery time, optimum operating temperature, minimum detection limit) over complex SMO (e.g. Co1-xNixFe2O4 (0.0≤x≤1.0) based chemiresistive sensors will be estimated. Computational analysis (First principles calculations) will be carried out on the interaction of BTEX molecules on Co1-xNixFe2-O4 (0.0≤x≤1.0) towards understanding the molecular dynamics of interaction and correlating the experimentally obtained sensing results. The optimized ((e.g. Co1-xNixFe2-O4 (0.0≤x≤1.0)) materials candidate will be modified further chemically (using noble metals (e.g. Pt, Au nanoparticles) to improve the sensing performance. The target will be to achieve lower detection limit ~ 20 ppm of most responsive BTEX vapor. Kinetic and statistical analysis on the transient resistance of sensing materials towards addressing the selectivity of the sensors under the exposure of discrete/ mix gas environment.

proobj:
Study the feasibility of spinel ferrites for sensing BTEX vapors towards achieving high degree of sensitivity and selectivity

prometho:
Development of complex SMO based sensing elements:

prosummary:
Development of complex SMO based sensing elements:

proEoutcome:
The successful completion of the proposed activities will produce following major outcomes

1.	Database on the BTEX sensing characteristics ((response %, response time, recovery time, selectivity, operating temperature) of complex semiconducting metal oxide (e.g. Co1-xNixFe2-O4 (0.0≤x≤1.0)).
2.	Knowledge on the energetics and dynamics for the interaction of BTEX gases on complex metal oxide surfaces.
3.	Optimized materials (chemically modified Co1-xNixFe2-O4 (0.0≤x≤1.0) for detection of BTEX gases.
 
Depending on the scientific potential and intellectual merit of the actual outcomes, the PI and his team will target filing patents and publishing good research articles. 5-7 research publication and 1 patent can be expected from the proposed work.


protitle:
Synthesis and Applications of Metals Doped 2-D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Thermal and Photochemical Reactions

proarea:
Catalysis, materials chemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, nanotechnology, surface chemistry

prointro:
2D- transition metal chalcogens (TMDCs) due to their optoelectronic properties have been used as the efficient catalytic materials for the thermal and photochemical organic transformation of organic compounds. The sunlight as well as the visible light is regarded as the clean, surplus and benign energy resource, therefore, have received considerable attention of the synthetic chemists. The aforementioned TMDCs can effectively used for the thermal and photochemical oxidation esterification and amidation reactions are of paramount important to perfumery and the pharmaceutical industry. Esters are fruity-smelling compounds quiet prevalent in the perfumery, cosmetics and synthetic flavoring chemicals. On the other hand,    amide functionality present in the multifarious organic compounds is useful ingredients in agrochemicals, insecticides, and drugs. The aforementioned transition metal nanocatalysts will be used for the thermal or photochemical techniques for the synthesis of amides and esters from the readily available organic substrate. To the best of our knowledge there are no reports in the literature for the thermal or photochemical techniques used for the esterfication or amidation reactions using the MoS2 based TMDCs materials.

proobj:
The prime objective of the propsal are the synthesis of transition metal doped 2D-nanomaterials and their applications for the chemocatalytic and photocatalytic orgnic synthesis.

prometho:
Transition  metal  dichalcogenides  (TMDs)  like  MoS2, WS2  or  VS2,  having lamellar structure have  received  considerable interest of the scientific community for the fabrication of two-dimensional  (2D)  materials beyond graphene. These TMDs exhibit excellent  physical  properties  as compared to their bulk counterpart are responsible for the application of the 2D materials  in,  e.g.,  electronics,  photonics,  sensing,  biomedicine  or  photocatalysisMolybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been extensively investigated exhibit stability and molybdenum is quiet prevalent in nature. Both the experimental as well as theoretical investigations clearly show that the band gap for MoS2 can be easily tuned by multilayered MoS2 (band gap 1.2 eV) material has shows smaller bandgap as compared to the monolayer MoS2 has band gap of 1.8 eV. The MoS2 layers are associated with another by van der Waals (vdW) forces, where each layer is separated by nanoscale distance between the adjacent layers. 7 
Recently, the catalytic applications of the 2D- nanomaterials can be enhanced by surface modification techniques or doping with other transition metal ions has been investigated for the catalytic and the photocatalytic organic transformation reactions. 8 These are several reports for the application of the MoS2 based 2D nanomaterials for hydrodesulphurization reactions,9 deoxygenation reactions10 and sulfide oxidation reactions. 2 The photochemical performance of these 2D materials can be modulated by inducing the surface defects like vacancy, functionalizing the surface properties of the material, fabricating hybrid morphologies, and distorting the structure to enhance the conversion efficiency and selectivity of relevant chemocatalytic and photocatalytic reactions.8 Charge transfer interactions from intercalated atoms can modify electronic order such as charge density waves and superconductivity. The intercalation of redox active or catalytic species can also enhance the catalytic performance of 2D materials.

prosummary:
Different work packages proposal has been designed in such a way to achieve the desired impact and are discussed below:
WP 1: Management (month 1-24): The investigators have a complementary range of skills which will be required to manage the project and the co-workers: Our group at PDPU Gandhi Nagar has a strong track record in heterogeneous catalysis, organic chemistry, which will help design new 2D-transition metal based selective catalytic organic transformation reactions. The expertise of the PI will also assist in the development of the new protocol for catalyst design. 
Work plan: Work plan for the research project is discussed in the present section
1 – 8 months- Design and synthesis of various 2D-TMDCs composite materials. Furthermore, the aforementioned transition metal-based nanocatalyst will be further characterized using several other physicochemical characterization techniques.
 4 – 12 months- By employing the aforementioned transition metal-based nanocatalysts will be design. Furthermore, these nanocatalysts will be fully characterized using various physicochemical techniques to further investigate the structure-activity correlations.
12- 24 months- Fully characterized catalytic materials from will use to evaluate the photochemical organic transformations like estrification reactions to produce perfumery chemicals catalytic organic. 
Communication and dissemination (from month 1 to 24): Assessment of important data and their impact on the outcome of the project. Finally, these results will be communicated to high impact factor journals like JACS, ACS catalysis, Applied catalysis B: Environmental, etc. and will be presented at international conferences and workshops.

proEoutcome:
Communication and dissemination (from month 1 to 24): Assessment of important data and their impact on the outcome of the project. Finally, these results will be communicated to high impact factor journals like JACS, ACS catalysis, Applied catalysis B: Environmental, etc. and will be presented at international conferences and workshops.


protitle:
Fabrication and Integration of Bimetallic Nanoparticles and MoS2 quantum dots synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquid for Plasmon-enhanced light matter interaction....

prointro:
Poly-metallic plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) of metals like silver (Ag), copper (Cu), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), etc. have emerged as an extremely useful class of material finding wide applications in catalysis, optoelectronics, energy, sensing, antimicrobial studies, etc. However, the fabrication of such NPs is difficult by conventional methods and keeping in view the enormous potential and demand associated with these NPs, a new approach based on the very efficient and simple technique of pulsed laser ablation of the respective metal targets in various liquids for the synthesis of bimetallic plasmonic NPs is proposed as the first part of the present project proposal. Another very important class of material is the transition metal di-chalcogenide (TMDC), especially Molybdenum Disulphide, MoS2 which has emerged as an alternative to graphene. 2-dimensional layered MoS2 has enormous potential for applications in optoelectronic devices like photovoltaic cells, sensors, transistors, etc.
Hence, in the second part of the proposal, PLAL due to its excellent efficiency will be applied for the synthesis of tunable MoS2 QDs.  Hence, in the third stage, bimetallic plasmonic NPs, for example Ag-Cu, Ag-Au, Cu-Au, etc. synthesized in the first part of the project will be integrated onto thin layers of MoS2 QDs for application in optoelectronic devices.

proobj:
Integration of Bimetallic Nanoparticles and MoS2 quantum dots.
Investigation of process dynamics by optical beam deflection.

prometho:
In the first stage, synthesis of bimetallic NPs via pulsed laser ablation in liquid and its characterization will be carried out. In the second stage, synthesis of MoS2 QDs via pulsed laser ablation in liquid and its characterization will be performed. In the third stage, integration of bimetallic NPs onto layers of MoS2 QDs will be done. In the final stage, designing of an optical laser beam deflection technique and its application to study the cavitation bubble and shock wave dynamics will be performed.

prosummary:
The present project aims towards the development of a low-cost hybrid system consisting of bimetallic plasmonic NPs and MoS2 quantum dots for plasmon enhanced light-matter interaction in optoelectronic devices. The proposed approach for the synthesis of bimetallic NPs and the optimized parameters can be extended to various other systems and can also be integrated with other materials. The investigation of the process dynamics of PLAL via optical beam deflection technique in addition to providing an insight into the formation of bimetallic NPs and MoS2 quantum dots will provide an excellent opportunity to understand the fundamentals of interaction of laser with matter. The project execution strategy is summarized in fig. XX and the detailed methodology to be followed is summarized as follows: 
Synthesis of bimetallic NPs via pulsed laser ablation in liquid and its characterization. Synthesis of MoS2 QDs via pulsed laser ablation in liquid and its characterization. Integration of bimetallic NPs onto layers of MoS2 QDs. Designing of an optical laser beam deflection technique and its application to study the cavitation bubble and shock wave dynamics.

proEoutcome:
This project will establish protocols for the effective synthesis of bimetallic NPs using the novel approach of simultaneous pulsed laser ablation of multiple targets in a liquid ambient. The integration of these bimetallic NPs with layers of MoS2 QDs synthesized by chemical free and environmental friendly laser ablation of MoS2 pellets will pave the way for an advanced class of device which can be a boon for many optoelectronic devices. The knowledge gained will pave the way for the development of other low cost, efficient and stable devices that can effectively curtail the losses due to poor visible range absorption in devices such as photodetectors, photovoltaic cells, photo transistors, etc. Apart from these, the information derived from the investigative studies on the process dynamics in addition to providing insights into the fundamental aspect of PLAL will also help in the optimization of the conditions for efficient synthesis of NPs with desirable properties. Moreover, to the best of knowledge, there has been no report on the investigation of the process dynamics for alloy NPs via any optical technique. In fact, the lack of effort in this direction is one of the main reasons for the limited use of PLAL for NP synthesis at the commercial level despite its extreme potential.


protitle:
Railway Tracks Crack Detection Using Drone

proarea:
Image processing, Unmanned aerial vehicle, Machine learning

prointro:
In the current scenario, vision based monitoring/surveillance of railway tracks through “Hi- railer vehicles”/”full sized rail inspection cars” are widely used for simplicity of its operation. The disadvantage of operating such vision based Hi-railer vehicles is that, it needs extensive human intervention and the cost. In addition to that the inspection of tracks may not be possible if the climate conditions are extreme, since humans cannot work in extreme climatic conditions and inaccessible places. Numerous investigators have proposed several prototype models of computer-vision based monitoring systems for taking inspection data for investigation. An alternative way that needs least human intervention is the surveillance through an unmanned aerial vehicle such as drone/quadcopter equipped with vision based camera. The railway track monitoring encompasses investigation of several rail components such as crack in web and flange, missing fasteners, broken clips etc. The noticeable defects are head surface defects, horizontal defects, vertical longitudinal split defects, star cracks at colt holes and diagonal crack in web and flanges, which can be scrutinized via computer based vision. The inherent cause of these faults is due to fatigue stress from the cyclic loading of train bogie, thermal stress due to extreme climate circumstances and also due the aging of the material. To avoid the cumbersome, time consuming and tedious effort of existing Hi-railer vehicle inspection, we propose an efficient way of monitoring through an unmanned aerial vehicle such as drone/quadcopter equipped with vision based camera, that needs least human intervention.

proobj:
To detect railway track cracks using drones.

prometho:
We at Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, in collaboration with IIT Gandhinagar have already acquired a project (Project Title - Pilot project regarding 11KV electrical line aerial survey through drone and detect maintenance needs) (Invoice number – GUVNL/GPRD/DRONE/141 dated – 11.09.2019, please see the attached) from Gujarat Power Research & Development Cell, GUVNL (R&D), GPRD Cell, Gandhinagar. This project demands similar monitoring of 11KV electrical transmission lines for their maintenance needs. We have already developed a vision-based drone which can parallel hover above the high voltage electrical transmission lines to inspect for cracks, short-circuits and missing parts of the electrical transmission lines. We just have to extend our algorithms for pattern recognition cum image processing and few component modifications to meet the needs of this proposed railway track crack detection. The project is divided into two phases. The first phase will constitute the data collection from the pattern recognition for several KMs of rail track. In the next phase we do image processing of the acquired raw data to effectively find the cracks by suppressing the unnecessary noise in the data.
we propose a state-of-the-art tactic for detection of cracks in the web and flanges of rail through pattern recognition cum image processing technique (which is closely related to artificial intelligence and machine learning). The drone equipped with hi-resolution camera is hovered every 5 km of railway track which will aerially detect cracks developed on railway tracks and process the data to a central monitoring system. The coordinates for these locations will be detected and each drone will be programmed to aerially survey in the routes specified for that drone with the help of coordinates determined. With the help of thermal imaging and image processing the monitoring and detection over such a wide range of tracks can be effectively achieved. we will be using a wide-angle camera to get a sufficient view of the rail tracks. The prior detection of faults may lead to minimization of manual maintenance needs beforehand. 
There are several characteristics steps to get data via image processing. We make use of the pattern recognition to characterize the defects such as crack in the rail track. This helps us for automatic recognition of defects, patterns and irregularities in data. The input images are likely to have several noises (environmental noises and noise due to vibration of hovering drone). In the image processing step, the vision-based system converts image to grayscale image first. In the next step filtering is done to eliminate noises from the obtained image. This aids to detect crack more precisely and effectively. The image is then transformed to the binary image. This step ensures the drone to detect cracks exclusively and leaving behind the unnecessary noises. The drone will be centrally controlled by a central control unit and this unit will be communicating centrally.

prosummary:
we propose a state-of-the-art tactic for detection of cracks in the web and flanges of rail through pattern recognition cum image processing technique (which is closely related to artificial intelligence and machine learning). The drone equipped with hi-resolution camera is hovered every 5 km of railway track which will aerially detect cracks developed on railway tracks and process the data to a central monitoring system. The coordinates for these locations will be detected and each drone will be programmed to aerially survey in the routes specified for that drone with the help of coordinates determined. With the help of thermal imaging and image processing the monitoring and detection over such a wide range of tracks can be effectively achieved. we will be using a wide-angle camera to get a sufficient view of the rail tracks. The prior detection of faults may lead to minimization of manual maintenance needs beforehand. 
There are several characteristics steps to get data via image processing. We make use of the pattern recognition to characterize the defects such as crack in the rail track. This helps us for automatic recognition of defects, patterns and irregularities in data. The input images are likely to have several noises (environmental noises and noise due to vibration of hovering drone). In the image processing step, the vision-based system converts image to grayscale image first. In the next step filtering is done to eliminate noises from the obtained image. This aids to detect crack more precisely and effectively. The image is then transformed to the binary image. This step ensures the drone to detect cracks exclusively and leaving behind the unnecessary noises. The drone will be centrally controlled by a central control unit and this unit will be communicating centrally.

proEoutcome:
At the end of the project, we will be able to investigate several rail components such as crack in web and flange, missing fasteners, broken clips with least human intervention. In addition to that, we will be able to analyse the noticeable defects as well such as head surface defects, horizontal defects, vertical longitudinal split defects, star cracks at colt holes and diagonal crack in web and flanges, which can be scrutinized via computer based vision.


protitle:
Implementation and optimization of bionic inspired textured surfaces on rolling element bearings for better frictional, wear and vibrational response.

prointro:
The aim of the project is to implement and optimize the bionic-inspired texture features on rolling elements and races to reduce friction, wear, and vibration level in rolling element bearings operating at high speed. A mathematical model will be developed to numerically simulate textured surface rolling element bearings. An experiment will be conducted to capture vibration pattern and wear for smooth and textured surface bearings. A wear prediction model will be developed from the experimental data thus generated using algorithm based on machine learning. The numerical and experimental outcomes from present work will be quite useful in the implementation of micro-texture in rolling element bearing manufactured and used in applications such as automobiles, hydraulic pump, medical equipment’s, aerospace application etc.

proobj:
III.	Experiment on a test rig to investigate the effect of bionic-inspired surface texture on friction, wear, and dynamic performance of rolling element bearings. Optimize the surface texture attributes to reduce the coefficient of friction wear and vibration level in rolling element bearings.

prometho:
1.	Experiment on Ball-on disc: The pin on disc tribo-tester apparatus available with parent institute will be used to perform carry out numerical simulation of rolling element bearings. The steel flat disc (Runner) will act as a races and balls (stationary) of different materials which will be used as rolling elements. Texture of different shapes (hemi-spherical, rectangular, ellipse etc.) and dimension will be provided along annular track on the flat disc. The experiments will be carried out under wide range of operating conditions i.e. load and speeds. Further, friction and wear behaviour of sliding contact will be observed under lubricated and wet condition. The experiments will be performed at ambient temperature and elevated temperature conditions to discuss the effect of operating temperature on friction and wear behaviour of rolling/sliding contacts. The worn-out surfaces and wear debris from balls and flat disc will be subjected to metallurgy microscope to perform quantitative analysis of wear patterns and understand wear mechanism. The outcome of the process is optimization of texture on races so as to have minimum friction and wear. 
2.	Developing a mathematical model to simulate concentrated textured surfaces tribo-contact for performance indices:  A mathematical model will be developed to simulate the point contact between rolling element and race. This stage will be carried out in conjunction with the first stage.  The governing equation will be solved to obtain pressure distribution, coefficient of friction and minimum film thickness in the concentrated contact region . Influence of texture shape and attributes will be investigated on the above mentioned performance indices of Elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication of contact region. 
3. Experiemenst on a  test rig to simulate a full scale textured rolling element bearing: In this stage, a test rig will be used to perform experiment on textured surface rolling element bearing. Texture of different shape (with optimum dimension as identified in first and second stage) will be provided on the different component of rolling element bearings i.e. rolling elements (balls), inner race and outer race. Experiments will be performed to generate design data in terms of coefficient of friction, vibration signal (Figure 6). Herein, the smooth and textured surface bearings will be compared on the bases of abovementioned performance indices/response from the system. Additional experiments will be performed to check the vibration signature in textured surface bearings because of misalignment intently induced in the system. 
4.	Investigation of worn-out surfaces: Finally, after completion of third stage, the bearing will be disassembled to investigate the worn-out surfaces from the experiments using metallurgy microscope . The rolling elements, races and wear debris will be investigated to understand the morphology of surfaces and understand the mechanism of wear. Thereafter, a wear prediction model utilizing the experimental data from the first and third stage will be developed. The developed wear prediction model will be trained using machine learning algorithm.

prosummary:
Activity	Start Date	End Date
Literature Review	Jan-22  Jan-24
Stage 1: Procurement of Ball of different materials, Texturing of Ball and Disc	Jan-22	Mar-22
Stage 1: Experimentation on Ball on disc for friction and wear under wide range of operating conditions	Apr-22	Sep-22
Stage 2: Mathematical Modelling of Ball on disc for friction, film pressure and film thickness	Jan-22	Apr-22
Stage 3: Procurement of rolling element bearings and Performing surface texturing of balls and races	May-22	Aug-23
Stage 3: Experiments on Multi-fault simulator test rig 	Sep-22	Mar-23
Stage 4: Wear Analysis of worn-out bearing surface using metallurgy microscope	Apr-23	Jun-23
Stage 4: Wear prediction model using regression analysis and machine learning approach	Jul-23	Oct-23
Report Compilation	Sep-22	Dec-23

proEoutcome:
Experimental studies and numerical simulation from the present project propose an energy-efficient design for rolling element bearings. The outcome of this project will lead to the generation of an accurate design database for the implementation of artificially induced bio inspired micro-texture on the rolling element bearings. The new design produces a significant reduction in coefficient of friction, wear and provide dynamic stability to rolling element bearings. The texture will be optimized to enhance the dynamic performance of the rotor-bearing system as well. The numerical and experimental performance indices will be quite useful in the implementation of micro-texture in rolling element bearings manufactured by industries such SKF, FAG, NTN etc. and used in industries such as automobiles, medical equipment’s, heavy equipment’s, engines, aerospace applications etc.


protitle:
A hybrid structure-based modelling technique in exploring the effectiveness of natural compounds against the potential anticancer druggable target cyclin-dependent kinase protein.

prointro:
According to the WHO report, in 2018, 18.1 million cancer cases with 9.6 million deaths were reported. As per WHO, cancer statistics was considered to be escalated to 29.4 million cases by 2040. These figures represent the substantial burden of cancer globally. In this respect, various pharmaceuticals and medicinal chemists are involved in designing new inhibitors to target cancer proteins. Unfortunately, most of the developed inhibitors targeting cancer show hampering in their activity due to poor selectivity and target specificity, like, in the case of cyclin-dependent-kinase (CDK) enzymes. Traditional drug design is a time-consuming and costly process; therefore, it will be more appropriate to develop the inhibitors by using a computational approach. To target cancer, we are focusing on the CDK enzymes as they are associated with the proper regulation of the cell cycle, which makes it a promising drug target. There are several crystallized structures reported, therefore, we propose a hybrid structure-based drug discovery approach, where we will study the structural proteome of the CDK enzymes. Our work presents the sheer use of various computational techniques to identify and validate the molecules as anti-cancer. One of the newly developed technique, i.e., multicomplex-based pharmacophore modelling is employed to study the nature of the active site and essential amino-acids involved. This technique will decipher the important chemical entities present in the binding pocket to screen the candidates possessing the same chemical features, thus, enhancing the possibility of retrieving the cancer-inhibiting candidates.

proobj:
This work aims to decipher the pharmacophoric pattern obtained from the structural proteome of the CDK proteins and provide the solutions for the generation of the stringent models to overcome the problem of the specificity which is being faced by the current CDK inhibitors.

prometho:
A complete proteome of the CDK enzyme will be collected. These enzymes will be separated based on the CDK proteins subgroup (cell-cycle CDKs and transcriptional CDKs). After that, a thorough analysis is required to separate the collected protein-ligand complexes into two groups based on their inhibitory activity, one having the CDK protein-ligand complex with inhibitory activity, second, having the complexes without inhibitory activity. On the segregation of these enzymes, we will select the group with the reported inhibitory activity. Then we will perform the superimposition of the complexes to study the active site of the protein. Once the active site is deciphered, we will study the important amino-acids responsible for showing the superimposed inhibitors interactions. These residues were then utilized to construct the pharmacophore models. These constructed models represent the important chemical groups present in the enzyme and show the ligands' interaction.  
A complete study on the reported inhibitors of the CDK enzymes is a prerequisite to perform this study. On collecting the dataset, we must divide them into sub-groups depending on the type of the enzyme they inhibit (cell-cycle CDKs and transcriptional CDKs). After segregating them, the prepared datasets were made to be screened on their constructed pharmacophore models, respectively. After screening, we will retrieve various statistical parameters like specificity, sensitivity, area-under-curve, Güner Henry, Enrichment factor studies which will define the pharmacophore models efficiency.    
The selection of the dataset is a crucial step in the drug designing process. Therefore, in the current work, we selected a natural product database to perform the validated models' screening. Once we have collected the dataset, we will proceed to their preparation according to the drug-likeness properties. Intending to discard the candidates with unacceptable pharmacokinetic properties, we perform this step. This procedure ensures the selection of candidates that can pass the preliminary stages of the drug design process. We implement Lipinski's rule of five and the Veber rule, and the ADMET properties to calculate the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity of the candidates. Moreover, we also implement the similarity index to discard the compounds with a similarity of more than 90%. 
Once we have conducted the work mentioned, we can conduct the multicomplex-based virtual screening. We will screen the prepared drug-like natural product database against the representative pharmacophores to obtain the molecules with the desired chemical groups present in the stringent pharmacophores. Based on the fitness value criteria (decided based on the number of features present in the pharmacophore), we screen out the best-fitted candidates from the respective pharmacophore models. Once we have completed the screening by employing different models, we will collect them and will look for the structural similarity within the compounds retrieved. Again similar compounds will be discarded.  
Some of the targets belonging to the two sub-groups of the CDK proteins will be selected to conduct further secondary procedures like molecular docking for binding energy calculations and molecular dynamics simulations for the docked stability analysis protein-ligand complexes.

prosummary:
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report of 2020, in 2018, 18.1 million cancer cases were recorded worldwide. Along with 18.1 million, 9.6 million deaths were also reported. As per WHO, cancer statistics was considered to be escalated to 29.4 million cases by 2040. These figures represent the substantial burden of cancer globally. In absolute terms, it becomes important to work in this area. In this respect, various pharmaceuticals and medicinal chemists are involved in designing new inhibitors to target cancer proteins. Unfortunately, most of the developed inhibitors targeting cancer show hampering in their activity due to poor selectivity and target specificity, like, in the case of cyclin-dependent-kinase (CDK) enzymes (McGovern et al., 2003). Traditional drug design is a time-consuming and costly process; therefore, it will be more appropriate to develop the inhibitors by using a computational approach, i.e., computer-aided drug design (CADD). To target cancer, in the current work, we are focusing on the CDK enzymes as they are associated with the proper regulation of the cell cycle, which makes it a promising drug target.
Moreover, the dysregulation in these enzymes leads to the triggering of cancer (instigation and evolution). CDKs are distributed into two sub-groups based on the function, i.e., cell-cycle CDKs and transcriptional CDKs. Each sub-group perform a specific function and is considered crucial for cell cycle regulation. There are several crystallized structures reported, therefore taking advantage, we propose a hybrid structure-based drug discovery approach, where we will study the structural proteome of the CDK enzymes. Our work presents the sheer use of various computational techniques to identify and validate the hit molecules as anti-cancer. One of the newly developed technique, i.e., multicomplex-based pharmacophore modelling is employed to study the nature of the active site and essential amino-acids involved in it. This technique will decipher the important chemical entities present in the binding pocket to screen the candidates possessing the same chemical features, thus, enhancing the possibility of retrieving the cancer-inhibiting candidates. We have used a natural product database owing to their unique scaffolds and bioavailability.

proEoutcome:
From the current proposed work, it is predicted that the Outcome will be the ambitious efforts in deciphering the scaffold of the chemical structure that will display better activity against cancer. 
From the pharmacophore studies, it can be assumed that these chemical features may represent important interactions. After screening, the candidates were studied under molecular docking studies. We can obtain the new interactions formed in-between the selected protein and the screened candidates from the docking studies. By studying these interactions, we can develop a set of interactions that can enhance the specificity of the CDK inhibitors. 
Finally, on conducing the molecular dynamics simulations, we can confirm the stability of the docked interactions. Moreover, we can study the stability of the newly prepared docked complexes. From the simulation studies, we can suggest the role of the highly contributing amino-acids in the bonding. We can find out the chemistry involved in the formation of the bonding in the enzyme and ligands.  
Thus from the study's overall outcome, we can develop the crucial pharmacophoric features present in an inhibitor to show activity against cancer. Moreover, this study will benefit the synthetic chemists and the researchers working on natural products to design the molecules with the chemical moieties enhancing the rate of synthesizing the active compounds against cancer.


protitle:
Implementation of Ambient Assisted Living Architecture for Elderly Persons using Intelligent Cyber Physical System

proarea:
Broad Area: Engineering Science
Sub Area: Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engg.

prointro:
Despite the availability of several existing AAL frameworks, there is a need to develop and demonstrate the followings. 
•	A concrete framework to assist older adults with the ability to detect human activity and prediction of human behaviour. 
•	A hybrid sensing system to monitor health conditions and ambience simultaneously. 
•	A complete ecosystem which has actuation capability of taking preventive actions based on the inputs received from the hybrid sensing system.

proobj:
•	Continuous health monitoring of elderly people in AAL system
•	Continuous activity recognition of elderly people
•	Real time actuation for taking corrective measures based on health monitoring and activity recognition
•	Implementation of complete AAL system architecture using cyber physical components 
•	Developing intelligent ecosystem for better living of elderly people

prometho:
In this proposal, a framework for Smart Activity Recognition is proposed to develop an AAL prototype. This prototype will demonstrate a complete ecosystem. The heart of the prototype will be a low-cost development board like Raspberry Pi. The cameras will be used as environmental sensors to monitor the activity of the elderly person in home. Wearable sensors viz. ECG sensor, blood pressure sensor and other sensors will be used to monitor the health condition of the elderly person at discrete instants of time. To recognize the activity, various machine learning/deep learning algorithms will be applied on the available data. Open-source libraries such as Keras, Sci-kit learn, Tensorflow, Theano and more will be used to develop the intelligent human activity recognition system. To test, validate and train the machine learning algorithms, standard UCI machine learning dataset will be used. The hardware platform will consist of high-end CPU and dedicated GPU boards. The whole monitoring system will run in real-time. The outcome of the framework will decide the actuation. The intelligent control strategies will be used to achieve high accuracy. Experimental results will be compared using the following metrics for the validation of the proposed framework: (i) Classification accuracy, (ii) Confusion Matrix and, (iii) F1 Score.

prosummary:
Month 1-6: Literature survey of AAL systems,
technologies used, available solutions, research
gap
Month 7-12:Sensor interfacing, experiments using ML
algorithms, find limitations and suitability for
proposed framework
Month 13-18: Activity and behavior recognition, Feature
Extraction, Publication(s)
Month 19-24: Actuation algorithm and testing
Month 25:30: Proposed algorithm, implementation and
experimental evaluation, Validation,
Publication(s)
Month 31-36: Results and analysis, Final report generation

proEoutcome:
•	Overall output:
o	A prototype AAL system implemented using cyber physical components
•	Products:
o	Wearable health monitoring system and activity recognition system
o	Software which has complete implementation of health monitoring,  activity recognition and actuation for taking corrective measures using intelligent algorithms


prointro:
According to the WHO report, in 2018, 18.1 million cancer cases were reported, with 9.6 million deaths. As per WHO, cancer statistics was considered to be escalated to 29.4 million cases by 2040. These figures represent the substantial burden of cancer globally. In this respect, various pharmaceuticals and medicinal chemists are involved in designing new inhibitors to target cancer proteins. Unfortunately, most of the developed inhibitors targeting cancer show hampering in their activity due to poor selectivity and target specificity, like, in the case of cyclin-dependent-kinase (CDK) enzymes. Traditional drug design is a time-consuming and costly process; therefore, it will be more appropriate to develop the inhibitors by using a computational approach. To target cancer, we are focusing on the CDK enzymes as they are associated with the cell cycle's proper regulation, which makes it a promising drug target. There are several crystallized structures reported; therefore, we propose a hybrid structure-based drug discovery approach, where we will study the structural proteome of the CDK enzymes. Our work presents the sheer use of various computational techniques to identify and validate the molecules as anti-cancer. One of the newly developed techniques, i.e., multicomplex-based pharmacophore modelling, is employed to study the nature of the active site and essential amino-acids involved. This technique will decipher the important chemical entities present in the binding pocket to screen the candidates possessing the same chemical features, thus, enhancing the possibility of retrieving the cancer-inhibiting candidates.

prometho:
A complete proteome of the CDK enzyme will be collected. These enzymes will be separated based on the CDK proteins subgroup (cell-cycle CDKs and transcriptional CDKs). After that, a thorough analysis is required to separate the collected protein-ligand complexes into two groups based on their inhibitory activity, one having the CDK protein-ligand complex with inhibitory activity, second, having the complexes without inhibitory activity. On the segregation of these enzymes, we will select the group with the reported inhibitory activity. Then we will perform the superimposition of the complexes to study the active site of the protein. Once the active site is deciphered, we will study the important amino-acids responsible for showing the superimposed inhibitors interactions. These residues were then utilized to construct the pharmacophore models. These constructed models represent the important chemical groups present in the enzyme and show the ligands' interaction.  
A complete study on the reported inhibitors of the CDK enzymes is a prerequisite to perform this study. On collecting the dataset, we must divide them into sub-groups depending on the type of enzyme they inhibit (cell-cycle CDKs and transcriptional CDKs). After segregating them, the prepared datasets were made to be screened on their constructed pharmacophore models, respectively. After screening, we will retrieve various statistical parameters like specificity, sensitivity, area-under-curve, Güner Henry, Enrichment factor studies which will define the pharmacophore models efficiency.    
The selection of the dataset is a crucial step in the drug designing process. Therefore, we selected a natural product database to perform the validated models' screening in the current work. Once we have collected the dataset, we will proceed to their preparation according to the drug-likeness properties. Intending to discard the candidates with unacceptable pharmacokinetic properties, we perform this step. This procedure ensures the selection of candidates that can pass the preliminary stages of the drug design process. We implement Lipinski's rule of five and the Veber rule, and the ADMET properties to calculate the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity of the candidates. Moreover, we also implement the similarity index to discard the compounds with a similarity of more than 90%. 
Once we have conducted the work mentioned, we can conduct the multicomplex-based virtual screening. We will screen the prepared drug-like natural product database against the representative pharmacophores to obtain the molecules with the desired chemical groups present in the stringent pharmacophores. Based on the fitness value criteria (decided based on the number of features present in the pharmacophore), we screen out the best-fitted candidates from the respective pharmacophore models. Once we have completed the screening by employing different models, we will collect them and will look for the structural similarity within the compounds retrieved. Again similar compounds will be discarded.  
Some of the targets belonging to the two sub-groups of the CDK proteins will be selected to conduct further secondary procedures like molecular docking for binding energy calculations and molecular dynamics simulations for the docked stability analysis protein-ligand complexes.

prosummary:
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report of 2020, in 2018, 18.1 million cancer cases were recorded worldwide. Along with 18.1 million, 9.6 million deaths were also reported. As per WHO, cancer statistics was considered to be escalated to 29.4 million cases by 2040. These figures represent the substantial burden of cancer globally. In absolute terms, it becomes important to work in this area. In this respect, various pharmaceuticals and medicinal chemists are involved in designing new inhibitors to target cancer proteins. Unfortunately, most of the developed inhibitors targeting cancer show hampering in their activity due to poor selectivity and target specificity, like, in the case of cyclin-dependent-kinase (CDK) enzymes (McGovern et al., 2003). Traditional drug design is a time-consuming and costly process; therefore, it will be more appropriate to develop the inhibitors using a computational approach, i.e., computer-aided drug design (CADD). To target cancer, in the current work, we are focusing on the CDK enzymes as they are associated with the proper regulation of the cell cycle, which makes it a promising drug target.
Moreover, the dysregulation in these enzymes leads to the triggering of cancer (instigation and evolution). CDKs are distributed into two sub-groups based on the function, i.e., cell-cycle CDKs and transcriptional CDKs. Each sub-group perform a specific function and is considered crucial for cell cycle regulation. There are several crystallized structures reported, therefore taking advantage, we propose a hybrid structure-based drug discovery approach, where we will study the structural proteome of the CDK enzymes. Our work presents the sheer use of various computational techniques to identify and validate the hit molecules as anti-cancer. One of the newly developed technique, i.e., multicomplex-based pharmacophore modelling, is employed to study the nature of the active site and essential amino-acids involved in it. This technique will decipher the important chemical entities present in the binding pocket to screen the candidates possessing the same chemical features, thus, enhancing the possibility of retrieving the cancer-inhibiting candidates. We have used a natural product database owing to their unique scaffolds and bioavailability.

proEoutcome:
From the current proposed work, it is predicted that the outcome will be the ambitious efforts in deciphering the scaffold of the chemical structure that will display better activity against cancer. 
From the pharmacophore studies, it can be assumed that these chemical features may represent important interactions. After screening, the candidates were studied under molecular docking studies. We can obtain the new interactions formed in-between the selected protein and the screened candidates from the docking studies. By studying these interactions, we can develop a set of interactions that can enhance the CDK inhibitors' specificity. 
Finally, by conducting the molecular dynamics simulations, we can confirm the stability of the docked interactions. Moreover, we can study the stability of the newly prepared docked complexes. From the simulation studies, we can suggest the role of the highly contributing amino-acids in the bonding. We can find out the chemistry involved in the formation of the bonding in the enzyme and ligands.  
Thus from the study's overall outcome, we can develop the crucial pharmacophoric features present in an inhibitor to show activity against cancer. Moreover, this study will benefit the synthetic chemists and the researchers working on natural products to design the molecules with the chemical moieties enhancing the rate of synthesizing the active compounds against cancer.

FAScheme:
Teachers Associateship For Research Excellence


protitle:
Identification, Development and Implementation of Chemically Induced Nanofluid Solutions for EOR Applications

proarea:
Chemical EOR, Nanoparticles, Rheology, Adsorption, Interfacial tension, Emulsification.

prointro:
A large amount of crude oil is retained in the pores of the reservoir rock after successful primary and secondary water flooding [1-3]. Primary oil recovery is the processing of recovering crude oil by natural pressure difference that exists underground. As the oil production continues, the pressure level declines which reduces the oil recovery factor and hence to maintain the pressure difference, water is flooded. However, water flooding is not much effective to recovery crude oil as it results in viscous fingering. Therefore to reduce this residual oil saturation, various tertiary oil recovery schemes are available whose selection criteria are based on the reservoir characteristics (crude oil properties, reservoir rock charge, geological condition, salinity, temperature, reservoir area, etc) [4-6]. Nanofluid (a combination of chemical and nanoparticles) on the other hand is evolving as a latest technology which is focused, aimed and design to reduce the residual oil saturation to a greater extent compared to tertiary oil recovery schemes.
Nanofluid flooding is an emerging technology with limited work conducted in laboratory scale for enhanced oil recovery schemes. The literature available does not provide much detail about the chemistry involve for heterogeneous reservoirs system. Also till date, there are no real filed investigations which have been performed due to lack of literature findings. Therefore, this project is aimed and oriented to solve the complexities or overcome the barrier to convert laboratory data to pilot or field applications.

proobj:
Reservoir Characterization (ASTM standards), Screening of Chemicals for Reservoirs, nanocoating towards enhanced oil recovery.

prometho:
The properties of fluid and rock will be examined by standard ASTM methods. The interaction of chemicals for IFT, emulsification, stability, rheology, sweep efficiency and wettability alteration will be scrutinized. Finally, core flooding experiments will be conducted to estimate the final residual oil recovery. In similar fashion, nano particles will be embedded in the system and the improvement in residual oil recovery will be estimated.

prosummary:
Initially, the characterization of crude oil and reservoirs properties will be evaluated. Based on which the chemical screening will be performed to achieve suitable combinations. After achieving suitable condition and combination, nanocoating will be implemented to observe the difference in oil recovery by nanofluid solutions. Finally, the impact of nanofluid on adsorption characteristics will be examined.

proEoutcome:
The output data’s from the project will be compared with the supplied data’s by ONGC-IRS. The data comparison can be executed to develop several models such that the obtained data can be scaled up for pilot plant implementation.


