# TblphotoG

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Sample preparation for UV visible spectroscopy.


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Core plug samples Cutout from core cutting instruments


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DFC lab, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum Univesity


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Petroleum Engineering Lab-2, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum Univesity

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Particle Size Analysis of oil water and surfactant emulsions


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Photographs of research project "Investigations of tool design on dissimilar copper-aluminium materials by energy efficient FSW technology" 2015-2016


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Pyranometer for measuring direct component of incident solar radiation


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Dr. Brijesh Tripathi and Ms. Bhakti Desai with D.C. sputtering system


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Dr. Manoj Kumar with D.C. sputtering system consisting of sputter gun


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Signing Policy Advocacy Initiative with Chief Secretary of Govt of Gujarat


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With Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, President of India


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Receiving the Best ISTE Students' Chapter Award 2003


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Dr. Debasis Sarkar presenting research paper in 17th International Conf on Env and Civil Engineering (ICECE 2015)


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Dr. Debasis Sarkar presenting research paper in 17th Int Conference on Env and Civil Engineering


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International conference on friction based processes, IISc Banglore


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International conference on friction based processes


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National Workshop on Creation of IR using Open Source Software


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National Workshop on Content Management System Using Drupal


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Technical Conference cum Workshop on Digital Library Using DSpace


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International Conference on Entrepreneurial Approaches to Librarianship


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Annual Conference on Coal-Based Power Generation


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During Chair the Session in International Conference


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Team Kaizen with VIDYUT and Mr. Krunal Mehta sir


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Silver Medal for Best Academic Performance in PG


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Presented paper titled "Networking Score: Quantifying Benefits of Professional Networking Websites” at International Conference on Research and Sustainable Business held on March 8-9, 2014 at I.I.T. Roorkee


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Recieving Silver Medal for Best Academic Performance


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1 liter stainless steel stirred autoclave for catalyst synthesis


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During Paper Presentation in International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Technology (ICBET 2016)


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Photo of Presentation on 'Decent work: Measurement and Status in India' as a part of Brown Bag Discussion Series at ILO


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With The Honorable Raymond E. Vickery, Jr
Leading author and Advisor on US-India relations and a former U.S. Assistant Secretary of Commerce, Trade Development, U.S.A
@ the 'ICEIM-2016' International Conference on Energy and Infrastructure
Management.


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Paper presentation and certificate distribution


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demonstration of Yamzen flash chrmoatography


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Shri P.T.Patel (Visanagar) Gold medal winner standing first in B.L.I.Sc Degree delivered by Governor of Gujarat Kamla Beniwal in H.N.G.U.Patan at 27th Febuary, 2012


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National workshop on Creation and Management of Digital Collection at INFIBNET centre, Gandhinagar


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Space Heating Cooling Plant Inaugaration-Geothermal Project


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Shale Gas Workshop in collaboration with DGH


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Cambay Production Enhancement Workshop-21st September-2016


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Making presentation in week Long Metro Lab workshop conducted under the aegis of European Union , Government of India and Government of Gujarat.


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1.	Resource Person for conducting Project Workshop on “Issues and Relevance of Theory of Factor Pricing” at NR BBA Institute of Business Administration, GLS University, Ahmedabad on Aug. 31, 2017


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An Interaction Session with Tribal Research Centre, Ooty


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Visit to Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC) Bengaluru on an Educational Trip with students


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Inaugural function of ICCI-2017, releasing of conference proceedings


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HR- Round Table during ICCI-2107, 30-31st August, 2017.


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Paper entitled 'Changing work organizations and their Implications on decent work: A Case study of India' presented at ILO Headquarters, Geneva


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Paper entitled 'Impact of Automation on India's Information Technology industry' presented at 5th Regulating for Decent Work Conference at ILO Headquarters, Geneva


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Invited as Resource Person to speak on 'Towards a Decent Work Paradigm' at Mahatma Gandhi Labour Institute, Ahmedabad


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Attended The Seminar on Re-imagining today’s Librarianship & LIBRARIANS’ DAY - 2017 and also paper Presented on “Design Thinking For Libraries: A Deep Knowledge of User and Their Problems”


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Two days seminar on Recent Advances in Solar Energy and Potential Applications


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1.	Innovative Technological Research & Dedicated Teaching Professional Award, Society of Engineers and Technicians, KL, Malaysia


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Seminar on Climate Change in Indian Perspective


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Board of Studies for General Studies meeting


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At Gas liquid and Gas liquid solid Reactor Engineering congress (GLS-10)


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Chaired a Panel Discussion on "Challenges for Indian CGD Sector" in Energy Conclave organized by GAIL (India) Limited at Ahmedabad-Gujarat, India.


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Expert Speaker and Panelist in CHARGE Energy Branding Conference


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Assistant Professor, Computer Engineering Department, School of Technology, PDPU, Gandhinagar


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Attended the first International Faculty Development Workshop organized by AIM-NASMEI-JGBS


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Geotechnical Laboratory,  School of Technology, PDPU, gandhinagar

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The diagram shows the new inclined plane direct shear test set up.


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R workshop under Business Analytics Lab at SPM


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Inauguration of Business Analytics Lab at SPM


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Conducted a 3 Day Capsule Course for B.Tech Students


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International conference Silver oak college


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Interactive workshop with students: Thermodynamics property analysis using Aspen Platform


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Centre of Excellence of Geothermal Energy: geared to generate 20 KW of Electricity from Geothermal Energy: First Time in Gujarat


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GTI-PDPU workshop on Challenges and Opportunity in Natural Gas Industry in India


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With Prof. Meihong Wang
Professor of Energy system, Department of Chemical and Biological engineering, The University of Sheffield, UK


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At the International Conference of Computer Aided  process Engineering


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Invited by DoorDarshan Ahmedabad for a Live Phone - in  Program "Hello Karkirdi" Telecasted Live on Door Darshan at 6.00 pm


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Expert lecture on Heat Exchanger Network, Pinch point analysis using Aspen Energy Analyser


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Computer workshop for undergraduate students


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Certificate of Reviewing Elsevier Journal: Journal of Hydrogen Energy


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Certificating of reviewing:Elsevier Journal Fuel


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Dept. of Industry, Australian Government


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Certificate of Appreciation: Guest Speaker


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Completion certificate of Business Analytics "Rail Logistics End to End" (RLEE) project at SPM with IWare Adani Wilmar under the umbrella of Business Analytics Teaching Lab @ SPM


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During International Workshop on small wind turbine


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Invited as Visiting Professor at University of La Sabana, Colombia as part of their International Summer School. I taught the course of 'Philosophical Economics using Mixed-Methods Research'


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Organized 2-Day Workshop on 'SPSS Software' at SLS, PDPU


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Organized a Talk on 'Emerging Markets Currency Turmoil'. Speaker was Prof. Indradeep Ghosh, Meghnad Desai Academy of Economics


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Organized a talk on 'Research and Career Prospects in Economics' by Dr Tulika Tripathi, Central University of Gujarat


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6th International Conference  UIMC-RIEFHMCG-2019 at Uniglobe College, Kathamandu, Nepal


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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chegdu, P.R. China November 30-2 December, 2018.

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13th International Conference on Public Administration


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American University, Cairo 26-28 November, 2018

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7th Global (International) Conference on Public Policy and Administration in the Middle East


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Chair Person at International Conference


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Annual Conference on “Green Catalysis and Sustainable Energy” November 15-16, 2018.


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Invited as Session Chair in Annual Conference on “Green Catalysis and Sustainable Energy”
November 15-16, 2018.


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Invited to Dr. Rashmi Walvekar, Associate Professor, Chemical Engineering, Taylors University, Malaysia for Faculty Interaction at PDPU, Gandhinagar.


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Organising Chair, 7th International Conference on Big Data Analytics


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GUJCOST Seminar on Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Image Processing


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Kick off meeting of INDIA-H2O at PDPU. Consortium partners include 11 from Europe and 11 from India.


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Neelvarni school, Lodhva village, Somnath

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INDIA-H2O delegation at field visit to village Lodhva


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INDIA-H2O delegation during field visit to village Keshod-Lushada, Porbander


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INDIA-H2O partners visiting Madhur Milk Dairy at Gandhinagar


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INDIA-H2O partners interacting with villagers of Keshod-Lushada


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Collection of water sample near Khambhat


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INDIA-H2O partners visiting GIDC Naroda Water treatment facility


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Gauri Dutta award from CHEMCON to my SRP student


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Attended a lecture given by Dr. Srikanta Mishra ‘Big Data Analytics: What Can it Do for Petroleum Engineers and Geoscientists’ at IRS Auditorium, Chandkheda, Ahmedabad. The lecture is useful for predictive maintenance; digital oil & field management


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During PDPU summer vaction, I stayed in Kachchh from June 13 to June 26, 2018. I visited various parts of Kachchh for monitoring rural internship of B. Tech (P.E) students.
There were 117 students of B. Tech (Petroleum Engineering) in Kachchh from 4th June to 25th June 2018.


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Devasya International Public School, Nikol, Ahmedabad, Gujarat

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A one day visit with Dr. Anil Marakana was made possible to enter into a public school at Ahmedabad. I was introduced to all the class teachers of Devasya International Public School. I have given my speech on academic career as a profession to them.


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At a rainy day with Dr. Anil Marakana, we checked a classroom teaching in a primary school at Sourashtra. We interacted with the children of the primary school by the Computer Aided Learning Program.


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In front of B-Block, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University.

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The Faculty of Engineering & Technology, PDPU is organized a reunion for the Alumni of all the previous batches that have graduated from SPT & SOT. In picture, myself with Shreya Shukla and Sushant Srivastava at Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University.


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Cricket Ground, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University

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Flag Hosting Ceremony on 72nd Independence Day, myself along with Lieutenant Anil Markana


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In picture, myself and Dr. Anil Markana tasting goat milk tea along with a goat shepherd during PDPU summer vaction, I stayed in Kachchh from June 13 to June 26, 2018. I visited various parts of Kachchh for monitoring rural internship of B. Tech (P.E) students. There were 117 students of B. Tech (Petroleum Engineering) in Kachchh from 4th June to 25th June 2018.


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A training workshop on the usage of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software was organized on 22nd-23rd October 2018 by the Library and Information Centre and Economics Area faculty of Department of Social Sciences, School of Liberal Studies (SLS) at Block D, PDPU campus. Prof. Gaurang Rami, Professor (Economics), Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat was the Resource person for the two-day workshop. The objective of the workshop was to provide intensive training on the everyday use of SPSS software for data analysis


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A training workshop on CMIE Prowess IQ database was organized on 30th January 2019 at Computer Lab I, Block C, PDPU Campus. The workshop was organized by Library and Information Centre in joint collaboration with the Department of Social Sciences. The objective of the workshop was to train students on ‘Usefulness of CMIE Database in Research’ and hands-on experience on the usage of database was given to the participants during the three-hour session. Mr Prashant Joshi, Business Development Manager at the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy Limited based at Ahmedabad was invited as the technical expert for guiding the participants on the types of data available in the Prowess IQ database and to guide on data extraction from the database.


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Two day training workshop on Microsoft Excel was organized 11& 12 February, 2019 at DLH-7 Block- D, PDPU Campus. The workshop was organized by Library and Information Centre in joint collaboration with the Department of Business administration and Department of Social Sciences. The objective of the workshop was to train students on usage of MS Excel and hands-on practice for data analysis. For this two day workshop we invited Dr. Vijay Jariwala Assistant professor, faculty of Economics at Sardar Patel University, Anand.


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I am faculty mentor for FIPI student chapter. 'TechnoAltar: Researchers' Quest 3.0' was held from 29th – 31st  March, 2019 expanding horizons from petroleum to energy with the theme of "Energizing the future towards sustainability" with emphasis on  Creating the synergy between growing renewable energy and conventional energy resources to strive for the growing energy demand for a sustainable future.


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A special lecture on Gas Hydrate was arranged for final year Petroleum Engineering (2015 BPE) students. It was delivered by Dr. S. Ramesh SCIENTIST – F,  Deep Sea Technologies Group, National Institute of Ocean Technology, An autonomous institute under Ministry of Earth Sciences, Chennai.


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In connection with the Earth Science and Hydrocarbon exploration field work course of B. tech Petroleum Engineering, batch 17BPE, a field visit was made from 11th January 2019 to 22th January 2019.


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Department of Earth and Environmental Science, KSKV Kachchh University, Bhuj

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I have given a paper presentation at the Second National Conference and Field Workshop on "Recent Studies on Geology of Kachchh Basin”. It was held in the Department of Earth and Environmental Science, KSKV Kachchh University, Bhuj from 30 December 2018 to 1 January 2019


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As a faculty members, Dr. Anil Markana, Dr. N. Madhavan (SPT), Dr. Vivek Patel were informed to visit Bhavnagar and Junagadh city for FOET Admission Road Show on April 28 & April 29, 2018.


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On a public holiday September 13, 2018, Ganesh Chaturthi, I took 86 students to Limbodra ONGC for an industrial visit.


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The Exhibition Centre, Gandhinagar, Gujarat

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I visited Vibrant Gujarat Start Up and Technology Summit 2018 and which was held at The Exhibition Centre, Gandhinagar, Gujarat on 12/10/2018.


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Inauguration of Water Innovation Lab. Participating institutes: PDPU, IITB, IITH, NCL, TATA and ONGC


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Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur

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Attended Two Week GIAN Programme on “Advanced Course on Sustainability in Materials and Design" at Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur Sponsored by MHRD, Govt. of India (21st May to 1st June 2018) International Resource Person: Prof. P N Rao.


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International VIFA Award: Distinguished Faculty Award in Engineering


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Torrent Campus to Corporate -5 Days City Gas Distribution EDP


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Book Release- Harnessing geothermal Energy: Applications in India


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Electricity Generation in Dholera Geothermal Plant


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Best Researcher Award by director of Nano Bio Photonics Lab, Prof Sungkyu Seo.


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Best paper award by Korean biochip society


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Media coverage in Korean news for our invention of portable telemedicine device for pathological diagnosis.


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Korea University Innovation Award for inventing alcohol adulteration detection technique.


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Assamese media coverage for the invention of the lens-free microscope


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Achievement Award by Korea University for outstanding performance in research and potential next-gen leader in research.


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I have attended 8th International Conference on Computational Methods, which was held at Guilin China during 25th-29th July 2017


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With Prof. (Dr.) Lihua Wang Associate Director of Institute of Computational Mechanics and Simulation

School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University


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Given a talk on Introduction and sensitization session on Climate change, Energy Access &
Importance of solar technology 

Under GGSY IITB


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Best Paper Award at NorthCap University, Gurugram


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Participated in STUDENT SOLAR AMBASSADOR WORKSHOP


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International Conference on Advances in Renowned
Renewable Energy Technologies (Invited Speaker and Guest of Honour)


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International Conference on Advances in Renowned
Renewable Energy Technologies


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Gujarat Power Research & Development Cell, GUVNL, Gujarat

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Design of surveillance drone. 
Project Title - Pilot project regarding 11KV electrical line aerial survey through drone and detect maintenance needs.
Industry Name - Gujarat Power Research & Development Cell, GUVNL, Gujarat


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Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management-Kerala (IIITM-K), Trivandrum

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Session Chair for the Symposium on VLSI Design and Embedded Computing (VDEC’19), which was part of the "Third International Conference on Computing and Network Communications (CoCoNet’19)


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Student Poster Presentation Competition

Soham and Yugal was awarded first prize


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Organized a Two Day Capsule course on Project management for 4th-semester students from SOT and SPT. It was well appreciated by students.
This was a two day course held on 1st and 2nd February 2020.
Experts from Project management Institute conducted this event.

About Ninety students participated in this event.


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Program Co-ordinator : Dr.M.B.Kiran

Participants: Students from School of Technology

Benefits:
This session will help you to:
Ø  Understand the relevance & importance of investing in SAP Education programs
Ø  Recognize current trends and opportunities for SAP certified consultants
Ø  About SAP program- duration of the course, Career Scope, Growth and Opportunities in India And Abroad.
Ø  About the Technical aspects of SAP integration- Mapping & upcoming Advance technology.


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A Four Day  Certification Course from ASCB(E) UK Accredited Certificate with
 
Lifetime validity, worldwide]on Lean Six-Sigma Greenbelt scheduled on 8th, 9th, 15th and 16th February 2020 .


Thirty students from different branches of enginnering participated from School of Technology .

This was conducted by resource people from Concept Business Excellence, Vadodara,Gujarat.
It was well appreciated by students.


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Alumni meet was organized by placement coordinator of Industrial Engineering Department, Dr.M.B.Kiran, on 03rd February 2020. 

Passed out Students, B.Tech. Industrial Engg., from 2011,2012,2013,2014 and 2015  participated in the event,

They interacted with students and shared information about-
1. Industry Expectations
2. Best Practices
3. Suggested benefits of having addtional certifications
4. Industry connect
5.Importance of Guest lectures
6. Inputs about going abroad for higher studies.
7. Placement
8. Startups.


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Attended international conference held at NIRMA University, Ahmedabad.


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Attended International Conference at NIRMA University.


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Attended a Workshop in  ENIGMAC at Gandhinagar


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HR Conclave

Aim of this conclave :
To expose our students to the current industry expectations.


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Arranged a Guest Lecture for the final year students of Industrial Engineering (B.Tech.).

Lecture was delivered by : Mr.Chauhan (ONGC), on Simulation & its benefits.

The lecture was appreciated by students.


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Conducted online KAHOOT Test for the students of 3rd Semester B.Tech. (Mechanical Engg) in the subject of Strength of Materials.


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Delivered an expert talk on "Recent Advances in Renewable Energy Technology –focused on PV Technology", on 12th February 2020 during one day workshop on green energy at Silver Oak University.


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Delivered an expert talk on "Solar Photovoltaic Technology & its Design Calculations", on 26th February 2020 at Gandhinagar Institute of Technology.


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E-baja competition of ATV (All Terrain Vehicle) @indore_city @ NATRAX- Pithampur


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Double Tree by Hilton, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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SPE Production Enhancement and Cost Optimization Symposium


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Abhijit with his supervisor and colleagues at  Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University


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Guest Lecture - Introduction to Petroleum Engineering


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Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University Gandhinagar

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At MMCITRE 2020 organized by Department of Mathematics, PDPU, Gandhinagar.


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At Faculty Induction Program at PDPU Gandhinagar.


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At Department of Mathematics, PDPU Gandhinagar


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Industrial Visit for Masters students at Apar Industries Limited, Mumbai.


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Interaction with Prof. Kailas Wasewar and Dr. Mahesh Varam, Head Chemical Engg. VNIT Nagpur for the possible collabration.


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Invited as DPC Member for PhD viva and Interacted with Dr. Hiren Raval, Sr. Scientist, CSMCRI, Bhavanagar.


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National Conclave on Industry 4.0
Manufacturing is undergoing a paradigm shift with the infusion of digital technology, and is in a transition phase moving from physical to cyber-physical systems with the advent of Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 is the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies.  
The main objective of organizing One Day National Conclave on Industry 4.0 is to create awareness about significance of Industry 4.0 and its applications in manufacturing and allied sectors.
Experts in the area of Industry 4.0 have participated in the conclave and laid down the roadmap for future steps to be taken for Industry 4.0 and engineering revolution in India.

About 150 people participated in the Conclave. About 55 people are from outside. They all appreciated the quality of the technical sessions arranged & interactions in the conclave.


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International Conference (Indacon-2020) at Indus University


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Govind Vallabh Pant Agriculture University, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand


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Govind Vallabh Pant Agricultural University, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand


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Presenting INDIA-H2O project on behalf of consortium with a delegation of Europe at Taj Hotel New Delhi


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Interaction with students and staff at Neelkanth Varni school, Lodhva village, saurastra for developing water treatment facility under INDIA-H2O project


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Annual meeting at Delft, The Netherlands and Field visit_OASEN – water treatment plant, Lekkerkerk


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Attending the Dinner organised by the 16 ARC Conference organizer


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Green ThinkerZ Awards 2020 | Top 50 International Distinguished Young Researchers 2020


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Receiving Gold Medals at the Postgraduation Convocation Day from the Chancellor, Dr. Mrunalini Devi Puar and the Vice Chancellor, Dr. Yogesh Singh, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara.


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Webinar on Integrated gas business by Sh. Lalit Mistry, Torrent Gas Pvt ltd.


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Webinar done for CSIR NEERI team on Data Science for Business Decision Making


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Invited by CSIR NEERI to conduct webinar on "Data Science for Business Decision Making".


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Invited to Women Professors' Panel by DEW Journal to share perspectives on "Effectiveness of Online Pattern of Higher Education amid COVID" on 9th July 2020.


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Three-day Workshop and Training of SPSS Software
Resource Person: Dr. Manish Raval


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Ulketz Wall of Fame , Top 50 Expert Faculty in the filed of Chemical/Bio/Medical/Petroleum and Textile Engg across India, Awarded on 31st Oct 2020.


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Recipient Top 50 International Distinguish Young Researcher Award


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Inauguration of my incubation "Indian banking Community Cloud" By Hon. Governor , Reserve Bank of India, Dr. D. Subbarao.


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Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar Gujarat

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•	Informational Webinar on "Electrochemical Methods: Techniques to Applications” in collaboration with Fudan University China and IIT BHU, on April 5, 2021 at School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar


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Department of Chemistry, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar

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•	Webinar on “The SHE of Science World” on the occasion of International Women’s Day on March 08, 2021 at Department of Chemistry, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar


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Launch of First Issue of CHEMSTREET, Newsletter of Department of Chemistry


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Organised Inter-School quiz competition on National Science Day


# tblprobgt

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Autolab LED Driver Kit to Attach with Potentiostat – Galvanostat


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Fabrications of subsystems for both CXRS and IXCS, Opto-mechanical components, Two Desktop computers


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Hotplate with magnetic stirrer (2 nos.), Ultrasonic cleaning bath, Auto defrost 250 L refrigerator, Potentiostat/Galvanostat with DC pulse and impedance analysis facility, UV-visible spectrometer with diffuse reflectance mode for solid powder or thin films


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Salary of RA/ Field Investigators for 8 months


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Equipments, software, psychometric tests and relevant published research reports/books


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Generic Name with minimum required accessories, make & model & Cost in Indian Rupees


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Optical Emission Spectrometer: wavelength 200nm to 900nm, one bundle optical fiber, optical accessories: spectrograph (0.25nm resolution), optical components with mounts (lens, filters, fibers), alignment system (He-Ne laser with mounts), wavelength calibration lamp


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Corporate Database Management System inclusive of Hardware, Software & DM Service


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Outsourcing, Fabrication testing, Patents, etc.


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International air fare by IATA excursion class (subject to travel bylowest economy class), Airport taxes and Airport transfers


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Accomodation in Guest House (Rs. 2000/- per day), Per diem for food and out of pocket expenses @ Rs. 1000/- per day)


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Data analysis, report printing, binding and stationary


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Non-destructive testing and destructive testing


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Air Entrainment, Vibrating Table, Strain gauges (PL - 60 - 11), Strain gauges (PL - 90 - 11), Cables (3-Core shielded twisted cables), Cables (4-Core shielded twisted cables), Concrete cube moulds, Concrete beam moulds, Concrete cylindrical moulds, Mortar cube moulds, Portland Pozzolana Cement, Nodullar (light weight aggregates), Water reducer, Polymer


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Electrochemical workstation, AM1.5 spectrum light source with wavelength selecting filters


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TCO, Dye, Chemicals, Electrolyte, Sealant, templates, Ag wire, Ag sputtering target etc.


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Emoluments for JRF for first two years (Rs. 16,000/- pm) + Emoluments for SRF for last year (Rs. 18,000/- pm+ 20% HRA


shd:
Printer cartridge, computer stationary and accessories.


shd:
To attend conference, exibition, seminars etc including registration fees.


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Purchasing of books, journal, published reports, standards etc.


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Gold sputter, Centrifuge, Small equipment


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In-depth and Complete Training on ANSYS Software Package


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Consultancy and Laboratory Facility Utilization Charges


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Glassware + speciality chemicals for synthesis


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Stainless Steel Pressure Autoclave 2 Lt Capacity, Stainless Steel Pressure Autoclave 100-200 ml capacity,Air Oven, Magnetic Stirrer, Overhead Stirrer, Water Bath


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High end work station with core-computing clusters


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Support for concentrator, Reflector sheet, Tracking system, Structure, Coolingsystem, Silicon solar cells, O2, N2 & Ar gas cylinders


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Solarimeter with datalogger, Pyranometer with datalogger, I-V Tester (Keithley)


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TCO, Dye, Electrolyte, Sealant, templates, etc.)


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DC Sputtering system for metal coating purpose (including spares thereof)


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4 nodes (64 Core clusters) with gigabit connectivity and UPS, budget to procure some common equipment for chemistry laboratory like vacuum oven, immersion cooler and magnetic stirrer etc


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any immidiate purchase or expences ontime basis related to project


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Welding machine including accessories, data acquisition system, gas mixing device, fabrication of 30-axis SPM for welding torch movement


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Modification of existing system (Variable speed Control System for FSW tool)


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This budget is required because petrol is needed to run the TWAR to conduct ‘on the road ride measurements’ of TWAR. The vehicle would be made travel on different road profiles of internal city roads, national highways with different road roughness and multiple obstacles like speed bumps and potholes and gravel roads like rough roads in the vicinity of the University for realistic excitations of the vehicle.


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This budget is required because sometimes it is necessary to travel to visit the vendors, travel to have discussion with experts. Furthermore; this budget can be utilized for the travel to attend and present the papers in national/international conferences held in India or to attend national/international workshops or short term training programs organized within the country.


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The contingency cost includes the cost to purchase the ISO 2631-1 (Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration -- Part 1: General requirements), and ISO 2631-5 (Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration -- Part 5: Method for evaluation of vibration containing multiple shocks), the fees for publishing papers in national/international conferences (in India), workshops, short term training programs and seminars, procuring research literature including textbooks and technical journal or conference papers, etc. To buy storage devices like hard disk, CD, pen drive, photo copies, report prints etc.


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Seminars, Sample characterization, Lab. visit


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Spray pyrolysis, Glove box, Sophisticated computational facility etc


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Heat Pipe based Evacuated Tube Solar Collector with back reflector (at least 10 m2), Air Blower, Air filter, Insulated dryer Box, Supporting structure for the dryer box, air ducting, Instruments with Data Logger and Display/Control Panel •	Data Logger (01) •	Temperature Sensor (06)  •	Wind Velocity Sensor(01) •	Pressure Sensor(02) •	Hygrometer, High end Laptop, High resolution camera, Laser printer (Print + copy + scan)


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Printer cartridge, computer stationary and accessories, Fresh seasonal fruits and vegetables, Magazines and Journals papers, Chemical and glassware, postal charges, Dehydrated food testing, packaging,


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To attend workshop, seminar, conference, Field work


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All local fairs related to the research work


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Project Assistant (25000+20%HRA for 3 years, 28000+ 20%HRA for 4th and 5th  Year)


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GPS (Handheld), Digital SLR Camera, Microblaster


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Outsourcing, Fabrication , Testing and patents etc


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High temperature furnace with spray pyrolyzer


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1 muffle Furnace, 1 verticle tube furnace and mass flow controller


shd:
Travel to attend the national and international conference


shd:
Data Collection, Stationary,Report printing etc


shd:
Experimental Model of shell and double tube heat exchanger


shd:
Aluminum filler wire, Tool steel, Argon gas cylinder fill-up Testing and characterization such as tensile testing (includes machining of the specimen), microstructures analysis Tool machining, heat treatment etc


shd:
Stationary for project report, and for marking and tackling coupons


shd:
Chemicals, Solvents, HPLC Columns, HPLC cartridges/Sorbents ETC


shd:
Contingency expenses includes analytical charges


shd:
Dataloger, Vaccum pump, Frsenel Lences etc..


shd:
The funds shall be used to procure electrospinning set-up to manufacture nanofibers. Also the major cost under this head is for procurement of testing machines. The successful commercialization/implementation of the project is possible only if required properties are met by implementing nanofibers in A-TIG welding. For checking the same creep, fatigue and tensile testing machines are needed.


shd:
The major consumables required for the project such as nano powdered oxide fluxes which shall be converted to nanofibers after mixing with suitable solvents shall be procured. Also the gases as well as gas cylinders used for welding shall also be procured. Apart from these, base material such as stainless steels alloys such as 316L, 304 L and LAS such as Cr-Mo steels of suitable thickness shall also be procured.


shd:
The funds shall be utilized for the purchase of books, journals, cost of any other ancillaries for laboratory including machine repairing. The funds shall also be used to cover cost of memberships of professional organizations/societies where the idea and the technical expertise can be gained/shared. A part of the funds shall be used for covering the expenses of the scientists/researchers in the field from India and abroad who can provide guidance for the project.


shd:
During the course of the project conference at national and international level shall be attended and technical expertise shall be gained. Part of these funds shall also be utilized for the travel of PI and Co-PI to various institutions for testing as well as any other technical help for the project.


shd:
The funds shall be utilized for some advanced testing not available at the institution. Also some fixtures for the smooth production of nanofibers as well as A-TIG welding shall be required. Dedicated personal computers shall also be procured to be used with the automatic testing machines.


shd:
Miscelleneous expenses related to field investigations, minor repairs, printing of literature, photocopy, etc.


shd:
Microtremor, Triaxial velocity sensor with 3 channels and at least 4GB memory, Ethernet cable of minimum 3 m length, external power supply unit with battery pack and AC/DC converter, compatible data acquistion and processing system


shd:
Local and outstation travel pertaining to field investigations


shd:
COMPUTER CONSUMABLES ITS MAINTENANCE,  MEMORY UP GRADATION


shd:
Printer cartridge, computer stationary and accessories. Materials for the work piece Electrolytes and Magnets and Feed wire


shd:
field visit vehicle hiring and paper presentation


shd:
arduino boards, sensors, mobile phones, server and laptop


shd:
Domestic travelling for field visit and testing


shd:
Fabrication and integration of different components and automation


shd:
to attend related conferences and workshops


shd:
Solar PV based Electro-coagulation unit - Solar PV based Electro-coagulation unit - Thermal energy based adsorption unit


shd:
Fuel for torrefied reactor, N2 gas, oil, coolant, and other miscellaneous


shd:
For the fabrication of the different component of the test set-up and purchasing of the fluidized bed reactor for torrefication unit.


shd:
domestic travel for material procurement and market exploration


shd:
Loading/unloading machinery and segregation equipments for the separation of the municipal waste. Pyrolysis system and torrefication unit to convert the municipal waste into terrified pellets which can be used as a fuel


shd:
PROJECT LOGISTIC, FIELD ACTIVITIES, DST REVIEW MEETING


shd:
TRAINING MANUAL AND TRAINING EXPENSES, Field Testing to test the Experimental set up in real environment


shd:
COMPUTER SYSTEM, STATIONARY BOOKS, LITERATURE, PROCUREMENT, REPORT PREPARATON, MAINTANANCE


shd:
Vision System with supporting infrastructure


shd:
Outsourcing, Fabrication, Testing and Patents


shd:
Traveling for workshop, presentation, seminar


shd:
Part of devices: microprocessor, PCB, Bluetooth device, motor, photo-detector and sensors, light source, GPS module, sensor of meteorology, filters fabrications, tools etc, many such electrical and sensor parts for a network.


shd:
Travel while building a network of devices; presenting the work at national conferences


shd:
Solar concentrator and sub-system, Biomass boiler and sub-system, ORC system, VCRS and VARS, Instrumentation and data acquisition system, integration of HXs to integrate sub-systems


shd:
Refrigerants/Coolant/Absorbent, Nut and Bolts, FIxture materials and tools


shd:
Routine Stationery and Filling of refrigerants


shd:
Staff (JRF, SRF, Visiting Researcher, Students, etc)


shd:
National, Intarnation, Field Visit, Conference organization


shd:
Consumables (Aluminium, Magnesium, Tool steel, Stainless steel, shielding gases, electrodes, etc.)


shd:
(Maintenance of Special purpose FSW machine and Vertical milling machine)


shd:
Scientific discussion, conference, seminar and project presentations


shd:
Work station and high end laptop for computation


shd:
testing, charecterization, machinig and heat treatment


shd:
Full time Semi skilled Labour on daily wages  for two months


shd:
To carry out the field  investigations using ambient noise measurements in Vadodara city, for this purpose it is required to hire vehicle to mobilize equipment and field investigation team to the test locations time to time


shd:
Miscellaneous expenses related to field investigations, minor repairs, other minor expenses etc.


shd:
Printing of literature, Photocopy, Report preparation


shd:
To assess local site effects using ambient noise measurements with microtremor in 2 km x 2 km grid size of Vadodara City.


shd:
Equipment + Fabrication + civil work + outsource


shd:
GC-MS, Photoreactor, Muffle furnace, Autoclaves, PV generating system


shd:
GCMS, Muffle furnace, Photoreactor, Autoclaves, PV Generating system


shd:
for procuring chargers and other power systems


shd:
as per DST norms, Total capped at 5 lakhs


shd:
Consumables required for field and lab work


shd:
For normal and to bear expense of 14C analyses


shd:
Electrospinning set-up, A-TIG welding machine


shd:
One JRF will work on this project. The minimum fellowship for JRF will be Rs. 25000 per month for 1st and 2nd year and Rs 28000 per month for 3rd year. JRF will be recruited with minimum qualification of M.E./M.Tech in Chemical Engineering/Technology as per DST norms.


shd:
Chemicals and glassware’s required for the synthesis, experiments and analysis will be procured. These chemicals are very costly and will be purchased as per the rate contract with authorized suppliers. Also there will be some other consumables require time to time


shd:
The travel grant will be used to collect the samples, for conducting analysis outside, to and attend conferences/workshops and to visit various institutes/organizations for discussion


shd:
The major equipments/instruments required for the project is Fluoride Ion selective electrode which is required for the determination of fluoride in aqueous phase. Few other small equipments such as mechanical shaker, setup for column study, Vaccum drying oven etc.


shd:
This cost includes any kind of incidental expenses, urgent hire of manpower for short period (if require), stationary, computer accessories, conference / workshop registration etc.


shd:
One JRF will work on this project. The minimum fellowship for JRF will be Rs. 25000 per month for 1st and 2nd year and Rs 28000 per month for 3rd year. JRF will be recruited with minimum qualification of M.E./M.Tech in Chemical Engineering/Technology as per DST norms


shd:
The major equipments/instruments required for the project is Fluoride Ion selective electrode which is required for the determination of fluoride in aqueous phase. Few other small equipments such as mechanical shaker, setup for column study, Vaccum drying oven etc


shd:
This cost includes any kind of incidental expenses, urgent hire of manpower for short period (if require), stationary, computer accessories, conference / workshop registration etc


shd:
1 Full time Research associate:                                    16000*24 Months = 384000 2 Field Investigator: 12000*6 Months*2= 144000 1 Data Entry operator:    2000*6 Months= 12000


shd:
Equipments:  2 Laptops, 2 Printer (Multi-Function-Scan, print, Photocopier), Library Books and Journals or Software


shd:
Field work cost Travel/Logistics/ Boarding etc.


shd:
computer, printer etc / Source Material/Software and Data Sets, etc.


shd:
Travel to some Nigeria and South Africa, and different institutes/offices in India


shd:
One Research Associate, One Research Assistant and One Field Investigator


shd:
Plumbing, welding, Fabrication, stationary related consumables


shd:
Computer system, Stationary Books, Literature, Procurement, Report Preparation, maintenance etc.


shd:
Participation in conference, workshops for paper and poster presentation by rail/air-economi


shd:
Purchase of E-journals, computer, periodicals and book related to the work


shd:
Fellow Ship** Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) Rs 25,000 p.m. + 20% HRA


shd:
STTP, Conference and Journals (Registration and Publication fees)


shd:
For attending the seminar and conferences


shd:
0.3 TR VCR system with suitable condenser heat exchanger, expansion valve, plate type evaporator heat exchanger, compressor and control panel


shd:
Vegetables, knife, vegetable cutter and air tight container


shd:
Solid Desiccant wheel system (Silica gel as adsorbent)


shd:
Lovibond Tintometer, Aniline Point apparatus, Cloud and pour point apparatus, GC Column, Sequential PI technique based Pilot plant setup


shd:
for attending conferences, seminars etc.


shd:
Overhead Expenses of 20% of Total Project Cost not exceeding 3.00 lakhs


shd:
To subcribes the membership of International Journals


shd:
urgent requirements and documentation etc.


shd:
International travel as per terms specified by DST


shd:
mobility from india to sweden vice versa


shd:
Pilot plant for Intensified CO2 capture and solar energy assisted Methanol reactor


shd:
Institute overhead (for recurring items only)


shd:
Consultancy fees of Principal Investigator, Co-investigator, Advisor


shd:
Expert honarium for IPR and Other premier institutes


shd:
Exchange visit from India to Russia and Russia to India


shd:
1-Hotplate, 1-Ultrasonic Cleaner, 1- Potentiostate Galvanostate


shd:
Ultrasonic mixer, Capillary tube, Centrifuge, pH meter, Hot air oven, Hot plate magnetic stirrer,  Digital balance, Incubator shaker temperature control


shd:
High temperature Microwave Heating Furnace, Stereolithography Apparatus 3D printer, Planetary Ball Mill


shd:
Metal Powder, Hydroxyapatite, Printing Material


shd:
12000x12=144,000 first year and 12000x12=144,000 second year as stipend to JRF


shd:
Including high shear mixer – blending setup with temperature control, lignin extraction setup and consumables, chemical and bitumen consumables for performing experiments


shd:
Travel for collecting biomass, and presenting work in National conferences


shd:
Characterization at other facilities and itinerary for project


shd:
20% of the project cost for University facilities to be used for the project


shd:
attending and presenting papers in various conferences


shd:
Rota evaporator, Solar Simulator, etc. and high performance computing


shd:
Curing Oven, Hydraulic Press, Composite Setting Apparatus, Computational Work, Lab Set up


shd:
Self-healing agents (microballons), high temp shape memory ceramics


shd:
Eqipments - Induction coils and power supply


shd:
Server, Laptop, Printer, Traffic Lights, Sensors


shd:
testing and charecterization and software purchase


shd:
Ultrasonic mixture, Imbibition cell, Incubator/Shaker


shd:
Cement, aggregates, silica gel, CO2 for filling the carbonation chamber.etc.


shd:
The PI and Co-PI may attend conferences to disseminate knowledge gained through the project and also to stay up to date with the latest developments in the field. The M.Tech students working on this project will travel to present their research towards the later stage of the project. The contingency budget is for any unplanned cost.


shd:
Accelerated Carbonation Chamber with all the monitoring facilities available.


shd:
1 Person (SRF) 31000 per month +24% HRA=38,440*24 months


shd:
(i). High performance workstation (HPW)- 01, Cost- 3,00000 (ii). 12 Channel Temperature Data Logger – 01, Cost- 90,000


shd:
Build material Inconel 718, 10783/kg *9 kg= 97,047 Rs


shd:
Testing charges for using equipments facilities available near to my institute ( Rapid prototye in metal, DSC, Laser Flash Apparatus )


shd:
For books, Journals, uncertain stuffs, etc. Rs.- 50,000 per year


shd:
PCMs, thermocouples, cement, sand,  sample testing, etc.


shd:
Multirotor motor 920kv Combo(Cw+Ccw) Dji Phantom Compatible (quantity -4 )


shd:
Q450 Quadrotor Frame With Integrated Pcb For Easy Wiring


shd:
Pixhawk Px4 2.4.8 Flight Controller With Anti Vibration Mount + Ublox Neo-m8n Gps + Pixhawk Power Module + 433mhz Telemetry 100mw + Ppm Encoder + I2c Expander + Led Module + Sd Card + Buzzer + Switch


shd:
Flysky Fs-i6 6ch 2.4ghz Transmitter With Fs-ia6b Ppm Receiver


shd:
Lithium Polymer ( Lipo) Rechargeable Battery 1481v 5200mah 25c


shd:
Noise Play Vlog 16mp 4k Wifi Eis Long Battery Waterproof Sports And Action Camera With External Mic Support With Accessories


shd:
JRF assistance-ship (for 24 months)  (one person with fellowship 31,000 per month + 24% HRA)


shd:
Gas cylinders, Optical components, Stationery


shd:
Books, journals, cost of photocopying of documents. Gants will be required for the Payment of fellowships/memberships of professional organizations/ Societies. Some parts of the grants will be used or the payment of travel to conferences, workshops, and other educational trips.      «


shd:
Purchase of the bearing  Material, Purchase/ modification of test rig and bearings,  Procurement of lubricant, Procurement of sensors


shd:
Cartridge, Papers, Book, files, Plastic bags, Electronic storage device, Cobra files


shd:
attend expert workshops and national/international conferences including (staying, fooding and lodging charges)


shd:
This research work is divided in two parts. First part is about mathematical modeling and simulation of microwave breast imaging system. Second part is microwave breast imaging experimental setup for validation of frequency null detection and removal method. Both parts can be executed in parallel so junior research fellow is required to carry out experimental work in parallel with first phase.


shd:
Experimental setup require cables, connectors, Switch, mini circuit components (power and low noise amplifiers), and materials. Materials are required for breast phantom printing and antenna system development. Microwave and RF connectors are costly as compared to other connectors. Some of the components may be imported from foreign countries so GST, Import or custom duties may be applicable.


shd:
Traveling will be required to attend the conferences, workshops, events and meetings. Some times material acquisition process requires traveling to meet industry experts. Traveling is required for material acquisition, meeting and work shops during first year. Traveling is for conferences and publication during second year


shd:
3D printed breast phantoms validate concepts experimentally with out involving patients and other lengthy approval process. It is very easy to fabricate different types of breast phantoms for experimental validation. 3D printed breasts are very important because they ensure safe and secure experimental validation of this proposed research work. This 3D printer will be useful to me and my research group for future research projects.


shd:
Extensive literature survey, mathematical modeling and simulation require printing, stationary items and books. Technical society membership and subscription are also included in this cost. Books, printer cartridges and portable hard drive are also needed for this project.


shd:
Computing facilities of institutes will be used to for image reconstruction problem, system simulation and mathematical modeling. Printing facility and library of university will be sued for this research work. Water, electricity, laboratory, furniture, software, AC, communication and internet facilities of university will be used during this project.


shd:
Motor Coupling liquid, tank, stand motor, and accessories are required for experimental setup. Testing and measurement services are required for antenna system. High performance computing (HPC) on AWS is required as a service. HPC on cloud can save money as compared to on premise hardware. RFMicrowave shielded cabin or an-echoic chamber are required for testing and measurements


shd:
The travel grant will be used for collection of relevant biomass and visiting some industries of interest, to visit various institutes/organizations for discussion and to attend conferences/workshops for knowledge sharing. This will include the conference registration as well.


shd:
This cost includes any kind of incidental expenses, stationary, computer, computer accessories, and to deal with the miscellaneous expenses due to some unforeseen event.


shd:
The project requires one major characterization facility – DSR, which is basic equipment for studying the rheological properties of the blended samples. This is not regular rheometer and is specified for the high shear bitumen samples. Second equipment will be high shear mixer which will be used for uniform blending of nano materials under high shear and high rpm for homogeneous mixture.


shd:
The overhead charges of 20% of the total project cost are levied by the institute for various facilities and resources such as laboratory space/furniture, power, telecommunication and Internet, HR and accounting services etc.


shd:
VNA, Fabrication machine, pattern mesurement


shd:
PCMs purchase, thermocouples, food nutrients testing cost, characterization cost TDs


shd:
The extra cost that may be required for equipments, consumables or other contingencies


shd:
Solar dryer integrated with PCM based thermal storage facility, Sensors for analyzing nutrients contents of food


shd:
Field work, meetings and to attend and present at theconferences


shd:
Conference for presentation of research work


shd:
The minimum fellowship for JRF will be Rs. 31000 per month for 1st and 2nd year, Rs 35000 per month for 3rd year. Fellowship will have additional 24% HRA and Medical Allowance (45000 per year) as per institute norms.


shd:
Procurement of materials, fabrication of hybrid sandwich functionally graded piezoelectric material plate.


shd:
To attend the workshop or national conferences in INDIA by JRF.


shd:
The workstation is required for computation and documentation work by JRF


shd:
JRF should be proficient in mathematical tools and software in order to perform mathematical formulation to obtain a closed-form solution and numerical solution. JRF should have good knowledge of sensors, actuators, and the Data Acquisition system. JRF should have a preliminary knowledge of fabrication of composite and/or smart materials. Consumable Cost Detail Gross Total ()	Year-1 Total Cost ()	Year-2 Total Cost ()	Year-3 Total Cost () 6,50,000	1,50,000	2,50,000	2,50,000 Travel Cost Detail Travel	Gross Total ()	Year-1 Travel Cost ()	Year-2 Travel Cost ()	Year-3 Travel Cost () Inland travel	3,00,000	1,00,000	1,00,000	1,00,000 Equipment Cost Detail Generic name	Make	Model	Quantity	Is Imported	Estimated Cost in INR Workstation	HP	Z by HP	1	N	5,00,000 Contingency Cost Detail Gross Total ()	Year-1 Contingency Cost ()	Year-2 Contingency Cost ()	Year-3 Contingency Cost () 45,000	15,000	15,000	15,000 Other Cost Detail Other Cost	Gross Total ()	Year-1 Other Cost ()	Year-2 Other Cost ()	Year-3 Other Cost () Stationery requirements and others	75,000	45,000	15,000	15,000 Overhead Cost Detail Gross Total ()	Year-1 Overhead Cost ()	Year-2 Overhead Cost ()	Year-3 Overhead Cost () 7,50,000	2,50,000	2,50,000	2,50,000 Justification : The cost of material, travel, cost of fabrication and cost of purchasing workstation is variable and that can be accommodated in overhead charges.      Uploaded Documents Not Available Any other relevant matter Not Available Suitability of the proposed work in the major national initiatives of the Government S No.	Program Name 1	Innovate IndiaTheme of Proposed Work S No.	Theme Name 1	Materials 2	structural health monitoring     Designed, Developed and Maintained by C-DACe-PPMS


shd:
Printer, Cartridge, Papers, Book, files, Plastic bags, Electronic storage device, Cobra files


shd:
The cost of material, travel, cost of fabrication and cost of purchasing workstation is variable and that can be accommodated in overhead charges.


shd:
The experiment is performed at IIT Roorkee. Since the actuating and controllers are available at that institute. The fabrication of smart material will be done at suitable place where fabrication is possible.


shd:
Sensors for temperature, air velocity, humidity etc.


shd:
VCR system with condenser heat exchanger, expansion valve, evaporator heat exchanger, compressor and control panel to control every parameters


shd:
Liquid desiccant dehumidifier with controls


shd:
Solid desiccant dehumidifier with controls


shd:
Electronic Balance (0.1 gm to 20 kg, accuracy± 0.1 gm)


shd:
Purchase of the bearing  Material*, Purchase/ modification of test rig and bearings, transportation of test rig Procurement of lubricant*, Procurement of desktop and sensors


shd:
Travel allowances are required to attend expert workshops and national/international conferences.


shd:
For travel, analysis, consumables, conferences


shd:
Insulated steel safety chamber with sensors


shd:
Inter-institute, field visits and conferences


shd:
Chemicals, Glass ware, Electrical & Electronics spare parts


shd:
Storage media, Accessories, Sensors, Simulators, licence software etc.


shd:
Attending meetings, conferences,, For field work


shd:
laptop, desktop, Arduino Boards, Webcam, Networking euipments, Other IoT related hardware


shd:
Outsource work, Field Trials, Testing & Standardisation etc.


shd:
Solar Concentrator with tracking facility and automation


shd:
Controlled Steam sprayer unit with automation


shd:
Sensors with feedback control mechanism and cameras


shd:
Tunnel for the disinfection with other allied accessary


shd:
Steam generators accessories, sensors etc.


shd:
Research Fellows (Rs. 31,000 + 24% HRA Per Months for 2 years and 3rd year Rs. 35,000 + 24% HRA) ~~


shd:
Equipments, travel, material and tools, consumables and contigencies


shd:
Two Peltier devices, two thermocouples, temperature controller and current source meter and advanced digital multimeter (DMM) bench system and probe station, BNC cables, variable electromagnet


shd:
Energy Integration and electrochemical Assisted Stripping Process and A process Intensified RPB stripper is required to complete the Intensified CO2 capture pilot plant for effective technology demonstration


shd:
Chemicals for Solvent preparations , simulated flue gas (CO2, N2)


shd:
Tube Furnace, Vacuum Pump, Magnetic Stirrer with Temperature Sensor, Drilling and Milling Machine, ELECTROCHEMICAL WORKSTATION- GAMRY/AUTOLAB


shd:
Paper, Stationary, Data Access, Report material & Supplies, Computer Supplies


shd:
Travel to institutes of national repute like IISC, IIT, IIIT , NGO for discussion


shd:
Myo Armband, Workstation, Other Components


shd:
For stationary, printing materials, hard drives


shd:
for conducting workshop, educational purpose


shd:
1.	Mass flow unit (2 pcs) with 2 channel controller 2.	Computer 3. Tube Furnace


shd:
1.	Q-switched Nd:YAG Laser,  2.	High damage threshold optical components (Beam splitter (2), mirrors (2), Lens (2), etc.)


shd:
1.	Multirotor motor 920kv Combo(Cw+Ccw) Dji Phantom Compatible (quantity - 4) 2.	Q450 Quadrotor Frame With Integrated Pcb For Easy Wiring 3.	Cw+Ccw+Propeller (quantity - 4) 4.	Pixhawk Px4 2.4.8 Flight Controller With Anti Vibration Mount + Ublox Neo-m8n Gps + Pixhawk Power Module + 433mhz Telemetry 100mw + Ppm Encoder + I2c Expander + Led Module + Sd Card + Buzzer + Switch 5.	Flysky Fs-i6 6ch 2.4ghz Transmitter With Fs-ia6b Ppm Receiver 6.	Lithium Polymer ( Lipo) Rechargeable Battery 1481v 5200mah 25c 7.	Noise Play Vlog 16mp 4k Wifi Eis Long Battery Waterproof Sports And Action Camera With External Mic Support With Accessories 8.	WIRIS pro thermal camera with LWIR microbolometric sensor with 640×512 px resolution (in the 7.5 – 13.5 μm range). Thermal range - 1,500 °C  9.	Lidar


shd:
Manpower - JRF assistance-ship (for 24 months)  (one person with fellowship 31,000 per month + 24% HRA)


shd:
Purchase of the bearing  Material (ball and disc), rolling element bearings, and machining (surface texturing


shd:
20% of the total budget. It is for the Institute for providing infrastructure, equipment, space and other necessary facilities for carrying out project successfully.


shd:
Solar dryer integrated with PCM based thermal storage facility  Low pressure Steam Drying test set-up Laptop (16 GB RAM, I-7 processor) Electronic Balance (0.1 gm to 20 kg, accuracy± 0.1 gm) Sensors for temperature, air velocity, humidity etc.


shd:
Different PCMs, chemicals, and laboratory consumables will be purchased, PCM thermal characterization cost, cost of other items such as encapsulation material cost, preparation cost, thermocouples and RTDs cost,. Vegetables, fruits, crops, medicinal plants etc. cost which will be used as test samples. Safety equipment


shd:
3% of total cost. Instrument cost variation, due to sudden unpredicted requirement, incidental expenses, etc.


shd:
Local travel cost of JRF and PI and Co-PIs for sample collection, market survey. To nearby institutes for sample testing. To attend conferences by project staff and PI and CoPIs for presenting research findings and developments


shd:
Any type of outsource facility required during set-up developments such as service expertise, visit etc., laboratory testing cost for nutritional analysis of food before and after drying


shd:
Raw materials required such as substrates glass, MgO, SrTiO3, SiO2, and Powder SnO2, BaCO3, La2O3 and SrCO3, pressing dies, BNC cables, superfine thermocouples, Stencil for a mask for making the electrode (need to fabricate as per customize a design from outside), uniaxial pressing machine


shd:
Computation equipment and other associated iteams


shd:
Electrochemical  cell and Electrode set  [Reference (Pt), Counter (Ag/AgCl) and working (glassy carbon electrode-02) and electrode cleaning kit], Vortex Mixer, Magnetic stirrer, Dynamic Light Scattering Nanoparticle Analyzer


shd:
(01 research assistant) (15,000 per month)


shd:
Procuring Chemicals, solvents, glass-wares, lab wares etc.


shd:
Equipment maintenance, characterization, possible clinical testing


shd:
10% to institute for availing infrastructural and administrative support


shd:
Chemicals for catalyst synthesis and gasswares to conduct chemical reactions, gas cylinders


shd:
Magnetic stirrer with hot plate, mass flow controller to reaction under controlled flow of gases


shd:
This is allocated to cover the cost of infrastructure, utilities such as water, electricity, air handling system, communication and administrative services provided by the university/ institute.


shd:
The important results will be presented in the national symposiums, conferences and workshops. Therefore effective communication the research work to the wide audience, the PI, PhD students will have to travel across India. The entitlement of mode (Rail/Air) and class of travel will be governed by the rules of the respective institutions to which the PI and project students belongs.


shd:
This will be primarly an exprimental project dealing with chemical synthesis therfore several chemicals and glasswares will be purchased in between, therefore some money will be reserved for the same.


shd:
Conference, traveling to other laboratories for advanced characterization


shd:
PhD student and Postdoc will perform expriments


shd:
Indo-France exchange visist for research work


shd:
For procurment of some additional consumable in betwee the project


shd:
For the payment of fees of the enginner for maintance of equipments


shd:
Thunderstorm Electric Field Mill EFM550- 4


shd:
(Including expert consultation fees, pilot experiments, survey and sampling costs for on-ground validation etc.)


# tblprohead

shd:
Computer, Printer, Books, Journals, Source Material, Software, Data Sets etc


shd:
Publication Report Amount will be spent by ICSSR


shd:
laaptop, Microcontroler & Sensors, Server


shd:
Laptops, Centrifuges, Pippets, Desiccator, Refrigerator, Water Bath Shaker, Multiple Parameter kit, Weighing Balance, Hand Vaccum Pump, Filteration Assembly, Digital Camera, GPS, Quartz Distillation unit, Electric Vaccum Pump, Dispensing Bottle


shd:
Permanent Equipment (Battery Fabrication No. 01)


shd:
Rotary evaporator with vaccum pump and magnetic stirrer with heating plate


shd:
Project assistant MSc- 1st Div @ Rs. 8000/-PM


shd:
Including field work and/or for attending GMW)


shd:
Laptop, Laser printer,Scanner, Digital Camera, LABCOR Consort C533 advanced Multiparameter meter, oven, Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP)/ Eh meter pH-740, Shaker, T1851, Quartz Water Distillation unit, Cenrifuge, desiccator, vaccum pump, refrigerator,


shd:
Stainless Steel Pressure autoclave, Stainless Steel Pressure Autoclave, Air Oven, Magnetic Stirrer, Overhead stirrer, Water bath, Centrifuge, Sonicator, physcio -chemical charatecrisation


shd:
Glassware+ Speciality chemicals for Synthesis


shd:
JRF-1, consumables, Travel including filed expenses, contigencies


shd:
Non Recurring Capital Items: Hotplate with magnetic stirrer, Ultrasonic cleaning bath, Refrigerator, Potentiostat,UV- Visible Spectrometer


shd:
Minor Equipment: Welding Machine including accesories, data acquisition system, gas mixing device, fabrication of 3 Axis SPM for welding Torch Movement


shd:
JRF @ 14000 Per month for 1st Yr., 2nd, Yr. incl. HRA


shd:
Variable Speed Control system for FSW tool for Existing machine


shd:
Outsourcing, Fabrication testing, patents etc.)


shd:
International Air Fare by IATA excursion class ( subject to travel by lowest economy class), Airport Taxes and airport transfers


shd:
Accomodation in guest house Rs. 2000/- Per day, 1 visit 1 week


shd:
(Three visits each year, as per break up in sanction letter)


shd:
Glove box (indigenous/ specially designed), Thermostat bath, Centrifuge apparatus, Ultrasonicator, Gold sputtering system (table top)


shd:
Aluminium filler wire, tool steel, argon gas cylinder fill up, testing and characterization such as tensile testing( includes machining of the specimen), micro structures analysis, tool machining, heat treatment


shd:
Parabolic novel solar collector with tracking facility , biomass boiler, Cylinder piston arrangement, SPHRD linkage mechanism


shd:
JRF (1 for 2 years) which is converted to SRF for one year


shd:
Including Hardware (like high end workstation, simulation & modelling softwares, etc.)


shd:
Institutional Overheads @ of 20% of the project cost


shd:
travel/Logistics/Boarding etc Including Books/ Journals


shd:
Domestic + International travel to participating MI Countries


# Tblproject

protitle:
Center of Excellence in Surface Metrology

prointro:
Engineering components have surfaces generated by different manufacturing processes (viz. Casting, forging, machining etc.). A surface produced from a given manufacturing process is characterized by a unique texture.  Surface texture include three elements- Roughness, Waviness and Form. Surface irregularities having, short wavelength is called roughness, medium wavelength is called waviness and large wavelength is called form. Based on texture, surfaces can be classified into three types- coarse, medium and fine. Surface texture assessment is very useful, as it can be used in predicting a component’s functionality. Also, a particular functionality demands a particular type of texture. Hence, texture parameter measurement assumes special significance. Many of the popular methods for surface texture measurement are post process and contact in nature which limits measuring speed. In this context, the proposed method assumes special significance.

proobj:
The objective of this work is to develop  novel methods for surface roughness, waviness and form measurement with the following features. 
•	High measuring speeds
•	Low cost of measurement
•	Amenable for automation
•	Ability to work in Industrial environment
•	100% inspection of surfaces

prometho:
The methodology to be followed in this project is outlined below.
	Specimen Preparation
	Collection of  Surface Waviness & Form Parameters by Stylus method.
	Setting up of Vision system.
	Software development & Testing
	Experimentation.
	Results, analysis and conclusions.

prosummary:
Early surface roughness measurements used diamond stylus for roughness assessment. They were contact in nature, which limited its measuring speed. Hence the method could only be used in the sampling inspection of manufactured surfaces. Later came in many optical and electro optical methods for surface roughness assessments. Although they were non-contact in nature, many of these techniques could not be used for measurements in industries, as these techniques demand clean and noise free environment and are not easily amenable for automation.  In this context, the proposed method assumes special significance. The proposed method makes use of a relatively low cost vision system for inspecting machined surfaces for texture.

proEoutcome:
A unique and novel method for measuring surface texture  of machined components.


protitle:
Synthesis of Sumanene and Corannulene derivative and its application in various fields of chemistry

prointro:
Synthesis of Sumanene and Corannulene derivatives has been carried in various laboratories across the globe. Many research groups are working on the Synthesis of Sumanene and Corannulene derivatives in search of its new and better derivatives. Even though many research groups are working in this area so far there is no report on synthesis or synthetic studies on trichloro Sumanene (1), Sumanene tri-aldehyde (2) pentachloro Corannulene aldehyde and their analogues (3). Our aim is to synthesize highly soluble Sumanene and Corannulene derivatives and which can be use in, organic solar cell, pentagonal dendrimers, single wall nanotubes, light emitters and helical foldamers, quasicrystals, discotic liquid crystals, chemical capsids, drug delivery vehicle, HIV inhibitors and medical field etc.

proobj:
1.	To synthesize Sumanene and Corannulene derivatives

2.	To synthesize Tri Chloro Sumanene and Sumanene trialdehyde

3.	Synthesis of highly soluble Sumanene and Corannulene derivatives and use in Chemical capsids drug delivery vehicles, Pentagonal dendrimers, organic solar cell, single wall nano tubes, light emitters, helical foldamers, quasicrystals and other medical fields.

prometho:
Necessary steps would be taken regarding purchase of equipments, chemicals and other laboratory supplies. Simultaneously, synthesis of the required precursors Sumanene and Corannulene for proposed study would be carried out. The results obtained thus, will be published in reputed international journals.

prosummary:
First year: I would start a thorough search of the literature and compile a comprehensive report on the existing methods for synthesis of key intermediates which would be constantly updated during the project period. Necessary steps would be taken regarding purchase of equipments, chemicals and other laboratory supplies. Simultaneously, synthesis of the required precursors Sumanene and Corannulene for proposed study would be carried out.

Second year:  In the second year, thorough studies will be initiated concerning the synthesis of trichloro sumanene (1), trichloro sumanene aldehyde (2) pentachloro corannulene aldehyde and their analogues (3) would be carried out. Reaction conditions would be optimized to attain high yields. 

Third Year: In the final phase of the project, target directed synthetic efforts would be under taken. Thus, the developed methods will be applied to the synthetic studies trichloro sumanene (1), trichloro sumanene aldehyde (2) pentachloro corannulene aldehyde and their analogues and will study its application in various field of chemistry. The results obtained thus, will be published in reputed international journals.

proEoutcome:
We propose to synthesize a variety of substituted Coannulene having electron donating group (pthalocyanine, supthalocyanine, polythiophene etc). Introducing different electron donating group on substituted Corannulene such as pthalocyanine, supthalocyanine, polythiophene etc. It will increase the pi-electron donating capacity of pi-donor of substituted Corannulene core and increase the electron density on corannulene core.  Thus efficient electron transfer from electron rich donor to electron deficient acceptor can takes place very efficiently. Using this technique effective solar cell material can be synthesized. This will give high power conversion efficiency 8-10% which can be further developed into solar cells useful for multiple purposes e.g. for commercial application like, cell phones, watches, advertisements and ornaments etc.


protitle:
Investigation of Key factors to Efficiency Improvement in Low Cost Kesterite (CZTS) Thin Film Solar Cells

proarea:
Chalcopyrite solar cells, Non-vaccuum techniques, Graded band-gap, Nanotechnology, Impedance Spectroscopy

prointro:
This project aims at investigating the primary as well as other factors that limit the efficiency of CZTS solar cells fabricated in different techniques. Fabrication techniques for example, Spray pyrolysis, Electrodeposition, Spin coating will be employed to make the low cost CZTS solar absorber. In order to investigate the root of loss mechanisms, the current-voltage characteristics will be correlated with various characterization techniques, such as, Impedance Spectroscopy, Scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM), etc. The proper deposition conditions will be determined with all the deposition techniques employed. Efforts will also be made to apply flexible substrate (e.g. stainless steel sheet, polymer sheet etc.), plasmonic nanotechnology for enhancement of optical absorption, post deposition Na- treatment for further improvement of the efficiencies

proobj:
• Use solution based, non-vacuum process such as, Sol-Gel, Spray Pyrolysis, Spin coating and Electro-deposition for fabrication of Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin film solar cell.
• Identify the key factors in efficiency loss with the help of Transient Photoconductance, Impedance Spectroscopy etc

prometho:
A wide variety of thin-film deposition methods has been used to deposit Cu(InGa)Se2 thin films. To determine the most promising technique for the commercial manufacture of modules, the overriding criteria are that the deposition can be completed at low cost while maintaining high deposition or processing rate with high yield and reproducibility. Compositional uniformity over large areas is critical for high yield. 
Keeping the above criteria in mind, in the project we propose two non-vacuum processing techniques, namely, Spray pyrolysis and Electro-deposition techniques. Both these techniques are convenient and are low cost techniques for producing the absorber layers from aqueous solutions of respective Cu, Zn, Sn salts, followed by sulphurization in a chemical reactor.  Chemical bath deposition (CBD) such as Successive Ion Layer Adsorption Reaction (SILAR) Deposition of thin-film materials can be viewed as a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in the liquid phase instead of the gas phase. It is also referred to as solution growth. The method would be used in particular for chalcogenide materials such as PbS, CdS , and CdSe to act as the wide band gap window layer of the devices. The following buffer layer of ZnS would be produced similarly. Special care would be taken to replace Cd-based chalcogenide owing to their associated toxicity.
In order to contact laboratory test cells, a metal contact is deposited onto the TCO layer. It is shaped as a grid with minimum shadow area in order to allow as much light as possible into the device. The metal grid contact can be made by first depositing some tens of nanometers of Ni to prevent the formation of a high resistance oxide layer, and subsequently depositing a few micrometers of Al. Evaporation through an aperture mask is a suitable deposition method. After deposition of the metal grid, the total cell area is defined by removing the layers on top of the Mo outside the cell area by mechanical scribing or laser patterning. Standard physical vapor deposition as well as Al-paste casting and post annealing (low cost completion) techniques would be followed and compared.

prosummary:
STRUCTURAL & MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PRECURSOR & DEVICE INTERFACE
The precursor materials on deposition over substrate would be first characterized by XRay Diffractometry for the assurance of phase and grain sizes. Raman spectra would be analyzed to affirm pure phases. The interfaces are characterized by SEM before deposition of next layer.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES MEASUREMENTS
Optical properties are measured to understand the optical absorption process in the absorber layer and the transmittance in the window and buffer layer. The absorption and transmission are studied in the wavelength range 400-1100 nm with the help of a UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. The optical property of the absorber, window and TCO layers are characterized by UV-VIS-NIR spectrometry. The defects & non-uniformity are mapped by specially equipped FTIR spectrometer for further improvement.
CURRENT VERSUS VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS
 Measurements of cell I –V behavior allow the diode characteristics to be determined, along with other important parameters including the maximum-power point, Pmax. A typical I –V measurement system is composed of a simulated or natural light source (Solar Simulator), test bed to mount the device under test, temperature control and sensors, and a data acquisition system to measure the current and voltage as the voltage across the device or current through the device is varied with an external load or power supply.
SPECTRAL RESPONSIVITY MEASUREMENTS 
The spectral responsivity (S(λ)) or quantum efficiency (QE(λ)) is essential for understanding current generation, recombination, and diffusion mechanisms in photovoltaic devices. PV cell and module calibrations often require a spectral correction factor that uses the spectral responsivity. The SR/ QE would be measured in a QE/ IPCE system.
 HALL EFFECT & OTHER ELECTRONIC PARAMETERS MEASUREMENTS:
The thin layer of the absorber, CZTS would be characterized by a Hall measurement system to study carrier mobility & types. Presence of defects (surface/ bulk/ deep level) & their density would be measured.

proEoutcome:
The major outcome of the project is the identification of key loss mechanisms in electrodeposited and sprayed CZTS solar cells.

fAhead:
Major head 2080- Defence Services- Research & Development, Minor Head 004- Research/Research & Development, sub head (C)- Extramural Research (EMR) code Head 852/06


protitle:
Chemical and Isotopic investigations of fluoride rich groundwaters in Gujarat and in Rajasthan

prointro:
The dissolved fluoride in groundwaters of many states of India including the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat (Agarwal et al, 1997; Gupta et al., 2005) are significantly higher than that is permissible as per the World Health Organization (WHO). The consumption of groundwater with such high fluoride (>1.5 mg/L) is a major health hazard. In India, about 62 million people are reported to be adversely affected by the alarmingly high concentrations of fluoride in groundwater, with people suffering from dental/skeletal fluorosis-the severity depending on the extent of use of such water and the fluoride concentrations in them.
Literature reports suggest that many districts of Rajasthan (e.g., Ajmer, Alwar, Jaipur) and Gujarat (e.g., Mehsana, Patan, Kheda) face severe groundwater quality problem owing to higher concentrations of F in drinking water, the problem becomes more acute in rural areas due to non-availability of other major sources of water for drinking purposes. Many of these reports provide a general overview of factors causing high F in groundwater; they are deficient in in-depth and critical assessment on the role of ‘water-mineral/rock’ interaction and other factors controlling F abundances in groundwater. The origin of the proposal stems from the above observation that the available studies have not critically addressed to the role of the geo-hydro-chemical and climatic factors controlling F abundances in groundwater. This study will attempt to offer a definitive and better understanding on the F problem utilizing the concepts of (isotope) geochemistry and will be a major advance to the already existing reports.

proobj:
The study would offer a broad and better understanding on the origin of F in groundwaters, and the processes controlling its abundances in groundwater. Moreover, this study will also attempt to calculate the F-mineral weathering rates, and ascertain the role of each F-mineral in contributing to dissolved F in groundwaters.

prometho:
The basic objective of the proposed project is to gain a thorough understanding of the origin, and more so, the factors regulating the abundances of high F in groundwaters. The study will be based on multi-proxy (elemental and isotope) approach and will employ both laboratory studies and analyses of field-based samples. 
	A major thrust of the proposed project as mentioned earlier will be to understand the intricate- origin of high F concentrations in groundwaters. The input of F to GW is a function of the weathering rate of the F containing minerals and the duration of water-rock interaction that is the ‘age’ of the groundwater. The groundwater can be: (i) young water percolating through the underlying rocks/soils. The F signals in these shallow aquifers (in general) would depend mainly on the mineral composition of the host rocks, (ii) relatively ‘old’ groundwater. In these cases, the signal would be integrated (across the entire flow path) and would depend on the regional scale geology and hydrological conditions. Interpretation of F concentrations for shallow groundwaters can be less complicated by virtue of its origin (that is, by the nature of acquiring F signals in them) as compared to the deep groundwaters. In either case, for shallow or deep groundwaters, the major factor controlling F inputs is expected to be water-rock interaction. Therefore, it is very much essential to study mineral weathering reactions because, if various F minerals weather at a different rate, then the F inputs to groundwaters can be different from the different contributing minerals. This factor might have large implications in modeling the F concentration in groundwater in regions dominated by igneous rocks. This objective will be achieved by analyzing F concentration (and other ionic constituents) in groundwater samples, and by setting up of laboratory experiments on mineral-water interaction and soil-leaching experiments under different set of conditions (pH, temperature, grain size, and mass of rock/volume of water (M/V) ratio).
	      Another objective of the project is to understand the temporal variations (if any) of F concentration in groundwater. This may be important in shallow groundwater due to varying recharge condition. In deep groundwater, this is expected to be less significant depending on ‘residence’ time of water (τ). If τ is large, steady state concentration is expected.  If assumingly that F sinks are somewhat uniform through out the year, and there exists temporal variations, the latter can be attributed to the varying hydrological conditions and/or to the sensitivity of minerals to weathering under varying hydrological conditions. In addition, the climate variables such as (soil) temperature and rainfall can possibly influence the F concentrations in groundwater and might possibly account for the temporal variations. The temporal variation study can be made using samples collected at different time notably on, before and after the rainy season (i.e., south–west monsoon). Monsoon brings about greater changes in hydrological conditions to the surficial and soil environment. H and O isotopes of water (H2O) are useful proxies to characterize physical processes affecting water properties. The temporal variations, and the reasons thereof, can be better studied for young/shallow groundwater as such water is recharged very ‘locally’ and any modification in the isotopic signals can be possibly due to any evaporative-enrichment or dilution caused by variations in factors such as soil temperature and water influx/efflux in soil zones. An attempt will be made to use the co-variation in O (16O and 18O) and H (H and D) isotopes in rain/precipitation, soil water and groundwater to identify and characterize the physical processes modifying isotopic signals in water, from its origin as rainwater to accrue as groundwater via soil water. In contrast, complexities involved in proper interpretation of isotope signals in aged/deep groundwaters will also be addressed. Efforts to resolve this will be made through analysis of tracers such as major ions and Sr isotopes which can provide information on mixing of characteristically different water masses.

prosummary:
Sampling methods: Sampling would be made from few districts belonging to the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan where wide-spread F contamination in groundwater is reported. Since the primary objective of this project is to understand better the high F origin and the factors controlling F concentrations in groundwater, more efforts will made to sample the contaminated GW in an affected region rather than sampling unknown cases. 

Analyses 
 1.Field parameters: The field parameters, pH and Eh, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS/ salinity) will be measured by field kits in unfiltered waters.
2. Ionic concentration: Ionic concentrations, one of the important components of the data collection, will be measured by ion-chromatography (IC). 
3. Laboratory  studies: 
3.1 Mineral- and rock-water interactions: One of the objectives of the proposed study is to study the relative weathering rates of F containing minerals. The aim is to study the weathering rates of (1) different F minerals under similar set of conditions, and (2) same mineral under different set of conditions. The conditions here refer to temperature, pH, grain size and rock-to-water ratio, which are known to regulate release of ions to solution. Towards the specific studies mentioned above, mineral (such as apatite, hornblende, fluorite etc.) would be isolated from rocks or procured from mineral exploration agencies.  
3.2 Fluoride precipitation studies: Fluoride measured in appreciable amounts in carbonates intuitively suggests that carbonates can be a sink of fluoride. Precipitation experiments are planned with minerals such as carbonates and/or aragonite with known concentration/amount of fluoride in experimental solution, following standard techniques. Partition coefficient of F in carbonates (calcite, aragonite or mixture) is calculated knowing the concentration of F in carbonates (or indirectly by the remaining amount of F in water). Higher the partition coefficient, higher is the role of carbonate as a sink. Although, partition coefficient is important, however, the small domain atomic range study will be tried using the X-ray synchrotron facility at the National facility at Spring8, Japan, in support with my collaborator in Japan. This will help in understand the bonding of F to the nearest atom, and provide clues to different partition coefficient for calcite and aragonite, having implications to the nature of these carbonates as sinks.
3.3 Solid sample analyses: The concentration of F in solids will be measured by X-ray fluorescence studies (XRF) following standard protocols. Characterisation of minerals present in sediments and in rocks will be done by using X-ray diffraction techniques using standard protocols of sample preparation and analyses.
3.5 Isotope measurements: Oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) isotope measurements in the water samples will be made using a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Geo 20-20) after suitable equilibration with standard oxygen and hydrogen gases following standard protocols. Sr isotopes measurements is planned to be carried out using the thermal ionization mass spectrometer.

proEoutcome:
Achieving the goals outlined in the proposed study would enable us to have an in-depth understanding on the origin of F-rich groundwater, and on the factors regulating its abundances.

FAScheme:
Fast Track Proposals for Young Scientists

fAhead:
SERB Fast track proposals for young scientist


protitle:
Development of nanosized catalysts for the applicationi in FCC and hydroprocessing

prointro:
During the last 3-4 decades zeolites and related molecular sieves have been extensively used for upgrading crude oil and natural gas as well as in petrochemical industry based on the acidic properties of the porous materials and their structure-property relationship. However, stringent environment regulations and ever-growing demands for cleaner fuel are soon becoming the driving force for the development and application of newer and efficient porous materials. Porous materials in this regard not only cover traditional zeolites and zeotypes, but also include mesoporous materials, micro- and mesoporous composite materials, metal organic open framework materials, etc.

proobj:
To prepare nanosized catalyst for improvement in FCC and hydroprocessing.

prometho:
Synthesis of porous materials for processing bulkier organic molecules
Due to the limited size of microporous zeolites pores (<1 nm), they cannot be explored in the processing of larger organic molecules. On the other hand, mesoporous molecular sieves, although much larger in pore size, could not find application in refinery for deep catalytic cracking, as well as in fine chemistry due to their lower stability in the presence of water vapor and comparatively low acidity.

Preparation of nanosized catalysts for hydroprocessing 
Hydroprocessing is a major area of petroleum refining involving mainly removal of sulphur compounds (hydrodesulfurization, HDS) and nitrogen compounds (hydrodenitrogenation, HDN), from the feed by reaction with hydrogen in presence of a suitable catalyst. The catalysts used for these purposes are manly nickel-molybdenum oxide (NiMo) or cobalt- molybdenum oxide (CoMo) catalysts supported on alumina. Part of the proposed project would involve the following methodologies: (a) Preparation of bimetallic nano particles supported on alumina and (b) Preparation of nano sized alumina support. Synthesis of nanoparticles / nano metal clusters would be helpful to regulate the size & shape of the nano particles, which is very critical for catalysis. Nano sized catalyst particles would expose more surface area and surface active atoms thereby enhanced activity, whereas, the shape of the particles would affect the geometry of active sites, thereby selectivity control. Additionally, dispersion of metals is enhanced at nano level and as a result activity is expected to increase.

Catalytic Application:
Materials prepared by the above-mentioned methods would be subjected to catalytic application. Model test reactions can be performed in-house; whereas more advanced reactions using equipments such as MAT test unit, etc. can be performed with the help of Reliance R&D facilities at Jamnagar Refinery.

proEoutcome:
After preparation of nanosized zeolite Y with pore sizes 2-50 nm, and further formulation of the same with rare-earth exchange, the activity of the catalyst in FCC process is expected to increase by at least 5% (from 75% to about 80%)

FAScheme:
RIL - PDPU Collaborative Reseach Agreement

fAhead:
RIL - PDPU Collaborative Reseach Agreement


protitle:
Ichnofabric analysis, Event Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of the Cretaceous Sediments of Western India

proarea:
Earth Science PAC (Specialization: Palaeontology, Ichnology

prointro:
The project proposal stems from investigators recent work on the previous project on Ichnofabric mapping of the Mundhanian and Umian sediments of Western Kachchh basin. During the recent investigations several new and important aspect in connection with the Jhuran and Bhuj formations were documented and understood. These are (1) delineation of several deltaic lobe structures (2) presence of regional Glossifiunguites ichnofacies surface (3) cyclic bioturbated sequence (4) delineation of several tidal channel sand bodies. All these structures are locally mapped. Presently, it is not known that what is the regional significance of these newly identified structures, whether they extend in entire Kachchh basin? If they extend in entire Kachchh basin then what is their characteristic over entire basin. Moreover there some chance that most of these structures might be of regional scale and significance, especially in other Cretaceous sedimentary basins of western India. The investigator felt that there is a need for investigating and documenting ichnological events of regional significance.

proobj:
a.	Ichnological characterization of Cretaceous sediments of Kachchh basin.
b.	To delineate depositional Paleoenvironmental conditions based on Ichnofabric analysis.
c.	To reconstruct event stratigraphy and palaeo-basinal history of Cretaceous sediment for Kachchh basin. 
rovide required details

prometho:
1)	Previously identified Key sections of the study area would be measured and interbasinal correlation would be done.
2)	Detailed sampling would be done in identified sections for determining the age of the marker beds and bio-litho correlation.
3)	Detailed sampling along with oriented samples if needed will be taken for sedimentological analysis. 
4)	Systematic sampling of the fossil groups (especially Belemnite) would be done for isotopic, palaeocological and biostratigraphic analysis.
5)	Bed-by-Bed collection of trace fossils would be done identified up to species level.
6)	For enhancing visibility and for accurate measurability of the fossils in the texturally uniform and chemically pure rocks, oil immersion, micro-blasting and fluorescence techniques would be applied.
7)	CT Scan, X-Ray analysis and MRI of the three dimensional burrow systems and other selected samples will be done to understand their relation with sedimentary structures and other burrows. This is also used for identification of certain problematic trace fossils
8)	For studying tiering and cross cutting relation of the trace fossils, various cut sections will be taken tiering relation would be established after evaluating the sample with CT Scan, X-ray analysis and MRI along with various cut sections..
9)	In complex trace fossils and ichnofabric advance techniques like computer tomography (CT) scan, X-Ray and MRI will be done. 
10)	The ichnological data (Ichnofabric data including ichnospecies, tiering analysis and ichnometry) would be compiled for generating time calibrated event stratigraphy for each section.
11)	For each measured biostratigraphic zone and subzone, ichnofabric constituent diagram-ICD (tiering analysis) and ichnometry would be performed.
12)	Detailed, systematic, Aerial Mapping would be done for the identified ichnofabric events 
13)	This calibrated event stratigraphy would be appended with sedimentological and other belemnite data for compiling sequential evolution of Cretaceous sedimentation history.
14)	Based on the ichnofabric and palaeocological data, palaeo-basinal depositional history of Cretaceous sediment for Kachchh basin will be reconstructed.
Please provide required details

prosummary:
In Western India, cretaceous period records a very eventful period with deccan outpouring, formations of major deltas, formation and closing of rift systems finally with a upper cretaceous hiatus in sedimentation history. In western India, marine Cretaceous sediments are best exposed in Kachchh, Saurashtra, Jaisalmer and Narmada basins. The project aims at understanding the regional and basinal scale events that shaped Indian subcontinent. For understanding this, ichnofabric analysis forms a major and advance tool to understand event stratigraphy and depositional environment of the western India.  Kachchh basin, in particular provides an ideal setting for understanding the event stratigraphy and depositional environment. Previous studies have provided adequate knowledge and base for understanding major events; however such studies were very generalized and provided insight into smaller sections and areas only and often were extrapolated to fit entire basin. The present proposal is aimed at understanding the event stratigraphy and depositional environment of the entire basin based on detailed ichnofabric analysis and its lateral correlation.Please provide required details

proEoutcome:
The result of this project on “ICHNOFABRIC ANALYSIS, EVENT STRATIGRAPHY AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS OF WESTERN INDIA” is of primarily research and academic interest seconded by commercial interest. The data so generated will help in (1) Understanding Palaoceanography, palaeocology and depositional environment of the Kachchh basin during Mesozoic (Cretaceous). (2) Palaeo-basinal history for envisaging depocentre, thermal history, reservoir rock and source rock quality. (3) Reservoir characterization of bioturbated sandstones (like Bhuj sandstone) for predicting porosity-permeability trends. Academically, the results will specifically be useful for creating analogs of palaeocological reconstruction and will also help in correlating with other Mesozoic basins of Indian subcontinent.


protitle:
Studies on the Electrodeposition of Si and Ge at room temperature using less viscous ionic liquid

proarea:
Material Science, Solution Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Redox Chemistry, Solid State and Surface Chemistry

prointro:
The growing market demand for energy and available risky alternative processes for the generation of electrical power clearly dictate substantial growth of solar photovoltaic (PV) in the coming years. The PV based technology is universally controlled by the monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon material [1,2]. Although the current market for PV cells is dominated by the thick film (wafer) based Si solar cell, the increase demand of solar PV technology seeks for economically viable solar panel based on thin mono/poly crystalline or amorphous Si film [3,4].  Since the optical absorption of incident light occurs only at a depth of micrometer from the top of the Si surface in the panel, the wafer based PV technology unnecessarily become costly by the rest of the Si in the thick film which only provide mechanical support to the active top layer.  Hence PV technology based on thin film Si will have obvious long term cost advantage.  Moreover, the Si thin film can also be used as active negative electrode material in high capacity (~ 4200 mAhg-1) Li ion battery [5,6].  Similarly, Ge also shows very high theoretical reversible capacity (~ 1600 mAhg-1) than the normally used graphite (~ 372 mAhg-1) compound. The additional advantage of Ge is that the room temperature diffusivity of Li in Ge matrix is about 400 times higher than Si.  Thus Ge thin film can be used as negative electrode material in high power rated Li ion battery [6].
Solar photovoltaic grade Si is traditionally made by the Siemens process which is based on the purification of metallurgical grade Si (mg-Si) by the distillation of trichlorosilane.  Although the process is well-established, it is rather costly in terms of thermodynamics.  The lowest projected cost for the production of solar grade Si by Siemens process is $14 per kg.  Alternative vapor transport purification processes have been studied subsequently by different groups [7].  Reduction of gaseous Si precursor with metal has also been carried out [8].  All the above mentioned process have their own merits but suffer from the disadvantage of rather significant cost of the mg-Si and also, from the large variation of the impurity content.
Electrodeposition is a versatile and simple technique for the deposition of thin film of conducting or semiconducting materials.  It involves only passage of electrical current between two conducting electrodes immersed in the solution of the active material.  The rate of deposition and the morphology of the film can be nicely tuned by variation of the applied current density. The method can produce pure grade material since the impurities are avoided by right selection of the deposition potential.  The most important advantage of the method is that its capability to offer high cost effectiveness both for producing Si from an inexpensive source and also to prepare thin film in-situ for solar cell fabrication.  Electrodeposition of Si and Ge has been studied by several groups in recent times.  Although most of the earlier work dealt with the electrodeposition of Si from molten salt electrolyte at high temperature [9,10], recent works have been focused to produce thin Si film at room temperature using ionic liquid as green solvent [11-13].  The main problem of electrodepostion of Si or Ge at room temperature is the slow growth rate, which limits to obtain an adequate film thickness, and also the poor surface morphology and crystallinity of the deposited film. 
All the above issues can be addressed if room temperature ionic liquid with adequate free flow nature is available.  Nowadays a number of custom designed new ionic liquid are available commercially.  In the proposed work we intend to use few custom designed low viscous room temperature ionic liquid for the electrodeposition of Si and Ge.  Use of free flow highly conducting ionic liquid is expected to facilitate mass transfer efficiently and hence, through a reasonable growth rate we will be able to deposit relatively thick film of Si and Ge for their use in photovoltaic cell or high capacity Li ion battery.

proobj:
(1)	Electrodeposition of Si and Ge thin films under controlled atmosphere using various suitable substrates.Please provide required details.
(2)  Detail characterization of the Si and Ge thin films with respect to their crystalline nature, surface morphology, phase purity, film thickness and surface smoothness.

prometho:
Si and Ge will be electrodeposited from their respective suitable precursors.  The first step will be to verify the properties of the medium i.e. the RTILs.  The main feature of the ionic liquids will be very low viscosity, stability over broad temperature range, very large available potential window and good solvating nature.  Once the medium is selected, we will focus on the next two important aspects.  The first one will be the choice of suitable precursor for each of Si and Ge.  Precursors should be highly soluble in the selected RTILs and also free from impurity.  The second one will be the choice of suitable substrates.  The electrolytic cell will be custom designed to facilitate the growth of thicker and smooth Si or Ge films. Electrodeposition will be carried out by both potentiostatic and galvanostatic modes using conventional three electrode configuration. We will also try to grow the films by applying programmed DC pulses in ionic liquid medium.  
Structural characterizations of the thin films will be carried out by using XRD, SEM and FT-IR.  The thickness of the film will be determined by the SEM cross sectional analysis and also by electrochemical stripping techniques. The thin films will also be characterized by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to reveal the electronic properties.  The current time transients will be analyzed by the existing theories to reveal the mechanism focusing the nucleation and growth of the electrodeposition process in particular.

prosummary:
The first phase of the proposed work will be associated with the identification of custom designed ILs with low viscosity and relatively high conductivity.  The ILs will be obtained through collaboration and some of the ILs will be prepared in the laboratory.  The suitable IL with desired properties and adequate solubility of the Si and Ge precursors will be thoroughly studied to predict their electrochemical properties such as the availability of the active electrochemical window and their thermal stability. Electrochemical deposition of the Si and Ge thin films will be performed using ILs with optimized properties.  The system parameters such as the active electrolyte concentration, the concentration of impurity species, the concentration of any additive (if required) and the process parameters like the deposition potential, the current density, the deposition time etc. will be optimized to obtain the desired film with required thickness. Fundamental studies related to the electrochemical deposition process in such low viscous ILs will be carried out at room temperature and also at higher temperature.  Finally thorough characterization of the thin film semiconductors will be carried out.

proEoutcome:
The project will give confirmed optimised condition for the electrochemical deposition of SI and Ge from ionic liquid medium.  The nature of the electrodeposits will be revealed within the project tenure.  Possible application of the electrodeposits will be investigated in the next and subsequent studies.

fAhead:
Grant for creation of capital assets & Grant in general


protitle:
Design and Development of Cost Effective Concentrator Photovoltaic (CPV) System

prointro:
A low-concentration photovoltaic (LCPV) system has immense potential for further
cost reduction of solar photovoltaic (PV) power as compared to flat panel PV. This
paper explains the performance of commercially available Silicon based solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is emerging as a potential renewable
energy source for future power requirements. Still the cost reduction of this technology is an
important area of concern. There are several ways by which the cost of this technology can be
reduced, e.g., improving the efficiency, efficient light trapping, using thinner wafer, thin-film
silicon technology, concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) technology, etc. Compared to nonconcentrating
solar PV systems, the required area for solar PV module is reduced by the factor
of concentration ratio (CR), providing significant reduction in the overall cost of solar PV system.
A considerable amount of research is going-on in the field of CPV systems with different
optics (mirrors or lenses—Fresnel or anidolic), spot sizes and geometries, tracking strategies,
cooling systems (active or passive), and cells (Si or III–V compound semiconductors, whether
single or multi-junction).1,2 Composite split-spectrum concentrator solar cell having efficiency
of 43% has been reported at laboratory level.3 The III-V compound based multi-junction solar
cells are quite expensive4 and for bringing them to commercial level, it needs a geometrical CR
of greater than 500. Generally, higher the concentration ratio, greater the accuracy needed in
tracking the Sun and smaller the manufacturing and installing tolerances permitted. This means
that high efficiency and high concentration concepts need very accurate systems, including their
manufacture, installation, and Sun tracking which increases their cost.
The two remarkable exceptions where silicon was used for CPV, the Euclides system,
which used laser-grooved buried contact Si solar cells made by BP Solar as mentioned by Sala
et al.,5 and the back point contact Si solar cells manufactured by Amonix, Inc. as mentioned in
Ref. 6. These technologies are unable to find a niche for itself in CPV market.
Low-concentration photovoltaic (LCPV) systems (<20) have gained researcher’s interest
in recent years.7–11 In the beginning of this decade, Sala et al.5 have shown that the efficiency
of silicon based photovoltaic system increases with concentration ratio, wherein they show that
the optimum performance for silicon solar cells lies near to 5 Sun to extract maximum. An industrialization
potential of silicon based concentrator photovoltaic system with an estimated
cost of $0.5/Wp is reported by Castro et al.,12 where the group uses back contact solar cells
under 100 Sun. A detailed review of modeling in relation to low-concentration solar concentrating
photovoltaic is presented by Zahedi.13 Ming et al. have studied the performance of solar
cell array based on a trough concentrating photovoltaic/thermal system.14 Recently, Schuetz
et al.15 have reported design and construction of 7 low-concentration CPV system based on
compound parabolic concentrators.

proobj:
Developing a low cost solar cell module by concentrating light

prometho:
Development of theoretical model and its validation by making prototype.

proEoutcome:
1. Developed a theoretical model for LCPV
2. Show that further cost reduction can be done by using LCPV


protitle:
Fabrication and Characterization of TiO2 Nano - rod Based Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)

prointro:
In recent years, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based
on nanocrystalline mesoporous TiO2 films have attracted
much attention as a potential low-cost alternative to single
or polycrystalline p–n junction silicon solar cells.
DSSCs can reach electrical energy conversion efficiencies
above 10%.1 When DSSC is illuminated, photons are
absorbed by dye molecules, which inject electrons from
their excited states into the conduction band of the TiO2
nano-particles to leave the dye molecule oxidized. Oxidized
dye molecules are reduced by a redox electrolyte,
which transports the positive charges by diffusion to a Pt
back electrode. Efficient electron injection from excited
dye to TiO2 plays an important role in DSSC.2 3 The
injected electrons flow through the porous TiO2 thin film to
the transparent conducting oxide (TCO), depending on the
incident intensity and trapping–detrapping effect.4–7 Subsequently,
the electrons flow to the back electrode via the
external circuit. The oxidized dye molecules are regenerated
by redox mediators (I−/I−
3 ). Finally, the oxidized
redox mediators (I−
3 ) are transported to the back electrode
where regeneration of redox mediators occurs for a complete
DSSC operation cycle.8 9
The traditional mesoporous TiO2 electrode composed of
the TiO2 nano-particles offer insufficient electron diffusion
coefficient due to multiple trapping and de-trapping events
occurring in the porous semiconductor grain boundaries
∗Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
of the TiO2 nanoparticles and ultimately reduces the
efficiency.10 Electrodes based on aligned nanorods of TiO2
have emerged as a potential candidate for the improvement
of electron diffusion coefficient and to improve the efficiency
of DSSC due to their exceptional charge collection
properties.10 11 Adachi group has shown high conversion
efficiency of light-to-electricity of 7.29% was obtained
with the TiO2 single-crystalline anatase nanorod based
electrode in DSSC cell using TiO2 nanorods with lengths
of 100–300 nm and diameters of 20–30 nm synthesized
by hydrothermal process.11 There exists wide literature on
the modeling of DSSC.12–46 But a TiO2 nanorod electrode
based DSSC is not fully explored. This article aims to
present the dependence of the short-circuit current density
on the diameter of TiO2 nano-rods.

proobj:
Development of DSSC solar cells based of TiO2 nanorods.

prometho:
Theoretical modelling  and a small solar cell based on DSSC will be fabricated

proEoutcome:
New understanding and development of DSSC solar cells


protitle:
Work Stress, Health and Well-being in Oil & Gas Industry Professionals

prointro:
The work environment of the Oil & Gas industry is considered very difficult and highly risky in terms of safety and occupational hazards. The professionals employed in upstream (exploration and production) industry work under difficult work conditions e.g. adverse weather, risk of fire, gas leakage, oil spill, unexpected technical failures to name a few. Physical work conditions are identified as major work stressors for on-shore and off-shore professionals (Parkes 1993, 1998). Another important stressor is physical and social isolation; as most of the workers and professionals are located in remote locations (mostly on seashores or deep sea oil installations). They are far away from their family, no social contacts with their friends and family, and work for continuous long hours in very crowded work stations (oil rigs). The combined impact of crowding and social isolation leads to workplace aggression and bullying behavior in some cases (Warren Shepell Report 2005). There are complaints of psychosomatic health problems, sleep disorders, sea sickness, alcohol and drug abuse, smoking and obsesity naming a few, among oil professionals (Parkes 1998).

proobj:
This research study is designed to understand impact of work environment and stress on lifestyle, personality, health and well-being of oil/gas industry professionals in context of Indian oil & gas industry context.

prometho:
This study is designed to use mixed approach in which both quantitative and qualitative methods are applied to understand work environment of oil/gas industry professionals working in Indian oil/gas companies. Quantitative approach is used to measure psychometric data on occupational stress, lifestyle, coping strategies, meaning of life, life satisfaction and well-being. Qualitative approach is used to capture psychodynamics of work stress in context of Indian oil/gas industry professionals by detailed personal interviews. The mixed approach generates both quantitative and qualitative data which can be used in complementary way to explore new insights into psychodynamics of work stress in any specific context.
 

Data Analysis
We have used SPSS 16.0 to analyze psychometric data and applied various appropriate statistical tests e.g. multiple regression analysis, ANOVA, correlational analysis etc. to explore different trends in our data. 
Qualitative data were analyzed by using content analysis, qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis to explore different trends and identifying new theoretical constructs out of that data.

prosummary:
Psychometric Measurement
Quantitative data for this study are collected on a representative sample of engineering/management professionals working with well-known oil & gas companies functioning in India. To get the representative sample, we approached top management/HR Heads of dominant players of Indian oil & gas industry and requested them to participate in this study. We got participation from 15 companies which allowed their engineering/management professionals to participate in our “Work Stress Survey” voluntarily. We collected psychometric data from 246 participants but by eliminating incomplete questionnaires/problematic/incorrect data, we got effective sample of 206 people (male engineering professionals working as engineers/managers in oil & gas companies). 

Qualitative Data
Qualitative data for this study are collected from 54 engineering/management professionals working in various major oil/gas companies functioning in India who voluntarily participated in personal interviews conducted by field investigators employed by us. Structured Interviews were conducted by field investigators by seeking prior appointment and consent of participants and data were recorded on structured interview questionnaires. The reason for applying this approach was that most of HR heads of participant companies allowed us to approach their employees if we are not recording interviews or anything else in their company offices/factories/work sites. However, there are chances of missing crucial information narrated by interviewees in such situations because interviewer has to listen carefully and record statements/narrations of interviewees on the structured interview questionnaires.

proEoutcome:
It is expected that the findings of this study will be helpful in understanding the impact of work environment of oil/gas industry on workers’ productivity, lifestyle, personality, health, and well-being. These findings could be useful for HR professionals working in oil/gas industry to design better organization development programmes for helping their professionals in improving their lifestyle, health and productivity. 

Our initial analyses of quantitative and qualitative data suggest that there are various factors in work environment of oil/gas industry professionals which influence their productivity and these professionals are very well aware of their stressors and realize that work stress has negative influence on their quality of work life as they have to work under difficult work conditions at remote locations for their projects. Project deadlines are considered most important stressor by them; followed by being away from family, harsh work conditions at worksites, pressures from their bosses. Interesting finding is that these professionals expect that their organizations can support them very much in coping with stress and help them in managing stress by improving work systems.


protitle:
Energy Saving Green Buildings using Polymer Modified Light Weight Concrete

prointro:
Please Generation and appropriate utilization of energy is of vital importance for economic and industrial growth of a country. As energy generation effects a major share of national resources and time, proper use and energy conservation of available energy is of utmost importance. Energy saving can be achieved by optimizing energy requirement for various products and services. E.g. insulating building against climatic conditions helps to reduce energy consumption for heating or cooling and to maintain a comfortable temperature. Improvements in energy efficiency are most often achieved by adopting a more efficient technology or production process.
Cement concrete is an established, dependable and well-understood building material used for flooring, structural frames (beam, column slabs, etc.), precast concrete block/panels/decorative elements, as roofing, etc. Use of lightweight concrete in place of conventional cement concrete can be advantageous in three ways: 1. Less heat is transferred compared to the conventional concrete and hence more thermal stability, 2. It reduces the use of coarse aggregate (kapchi) in the concrete and hence saving of natural resources 3. As air is entrained, unit weight of this concrete is less than the conventional which lead to economical foundation design. Further, it saves energy and produces a better indoor environment for building users.

proobj:
Study of compressive and flexural strength and improving mechanical properties like Poisson’s ratio and modulus of elasticity and checking the permeability of  polymer modified light weight concrete such that it could be beneficial in saving energy and replacement of conventional coarse aggregates in order to save our natural resources in order to build cost effective buildings.

prometho:
•Flyash instead of OPC will be added in light weight concrete.
•Using admixtures/ additives such that it could be beneficial in saving energy and replacement of conventional coarse aggregates in order to save our natural resources in order to build cost effective eco buildings.

prosummary:
1. Literature review +   Experiment - M1
2. Test combination + budget - M1
3. Material procurement - M2
4. Cube casting (22) + beam casting (10) - M3
5. Computing phase 1 - M3
6. Cube casting (22)  + beam casting(10) - M4
7. Computing Phase 2 - M5
8. Report Writing, Conclusion - M6

proEoutcome:
Low cost houses can be formed with energy saving techniques like light weight concrete, which would not have any hazardous impact on the environment.


protitle:
Development of CZTS Solar Cells & Modules on Glass and Mettalic Substrates by Non-vacuum Processes

prointro:
At present, more than 90% of commercial photovoltaic cells are based on silicon wafers (mono- & multi-crystalline), an expensive commodity with toxic fabrication processes. The cost of Silicon is another barrier in mass commercialization. So the primary goal of the proposed project would be to conduct comprehensive research in the field of one of the emerging thin film solar cell technologies using cheap materials, namely the Kesterites or CZTS materials in short. The absorber layer (the CZTS thin films) would be processed electrochemically, namely by, Electro-deposition & Electrophoretic depositions. Every aspect of these depositions would be optimized to establish them repeatable processes for solar cell development. Sol-gel, chemical bath deposition and spray pyrolysis would be applied for various types of Cd-free buffer layers. The processes and the end products would be highly eco-friendly (no usage of toxic gases or chemicals). An effort will be given test scalability and stability of the developed solar cells. The proposed facilities would be state-of-the-art in developing low cost thin film Kesterite (&Chalcopyrite) solar cells & modules and may be approached by industries as well as academia through consultancy, services and collaboration.

proobj:
1. To develop CZTS solar cells by Electrodeposition
2. To develop CZTS nano-particles/ nano-powders for non-vacuum spray/ inkjet/ electrophoretic depositions.
3. To develop CZTS solar cells by Electrophoretic depositions.
4. To study scale-up aspects of these two processes

prometho:
A wide variety of thin-film deposition methods have been used to deposit Cu(InGa)Se2 thin films. To determine the most promising technique for the commercial manufacturing of modules, the overriding criteria are that the deposition should be completed at lower cost than vacuum assisted process while maintaining with high yield and reproducible. Computational uniformity over large areas is critical for module level development.

prosummary:
The plan of work has been divided into following task modules:
Task Module-1: Selection and producing right substrates
Substrate selection and its deployment are crucial in our studies. With this task, we will take up all kind of standard glass susbtrates (e.g. soda lime, borosilicate etc.) for Mo-coating by E-beam evaporation. As alternative substrates, sheets/ plates of SS will be exploited. SS coated with pure Fe could also be considered for its work function compatibility.  This task will be publication oriented in peer reviewed journals.
Task Module-2: Deposition of CZTS by Electrochemical and Electrophoretic Methods

This will be the primary step to consider various ways of depositing Cu, Zn, Sn and S to get their stoichometric phase. Methods of choice will be, (i) Electrodeposition (sequential, single bath), (ii) Electrophoretic deposition of nano-inks. For former process, salts are the starting materials and different types of solvents (aqueous/ non-aqueous), bath temperature, mechanical aids, annealing/sulfurization conditions will be parameters. The nano-inks for the Electrophoretic deposition will be synthesized at KRADLE, CHARUSAT. This task will be publication oriented in peer reviewed journals and presentable at conferences.

Task Module-3: CZTS Film characterization and process optimization
XRD studies of as prepared sample will be done at KRADLE, CHARUSAT. SEM will be carried upon at FCIPT/IPR Gandhinagar. Opto-eletrical characterization will give us a scope to understand layer in better ways and further improvement of Task Modules 1 & 2. This task will be publication oriented in peer reviewed journals and presentable at conferences.
Task Module-4: Cd-free buffer layering and standard TCO
As deliberately, we want Cd-free buffer layer to develop, all possible materials options will be considered and relied on Task Module -5 for further improvement. This task will be publication oriented.
Task Module-5: Scaling up and stability test

proEoutcome:
Overall result should be to leverage the Indian chalcopyrite PV technologies through the outcome of our basic studies and to improve their competitiveness, both in relation to established PV technologies and to international scenario. The cooperation and cross-fertilisation of different institutes, firms and approaches are expected to result in:

•	Monograin Nanocrystalline CZTS powder 
•	 Electrochemically deposited 0.5X0.5 inch2 (~1cmX1cm) CZTS solar cells with comparable efficiency (~compared to vaccum based technique ~ 10%).
•	 Electrophoretically deposited 0.5X0.5 inch2 (~1cmX1cm) CZTS solar cells with maximum efficiency (~ 2-5%). 
•	 The development of electrodeposited CZTS sub-modules with efficiency > 5% on 2.5X2.5 sq.cm
•	The JRF will work for PhD degree on the project topic

FAScheme:
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (PV Group)

fAhead:
Major Head:2810- Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, 104- Research, Design & Development in Renewable Energy, 01- R&D in New & Renewable energy technologies, 02- Solar Energy, 31- Grants-in-aid during the year 2012-13 (plan).


protitle:
Fundamental Study on Adsorption Led Solar Cooling Technology (FAST)

prointro:
Solar radiation is the largest and the most worlds abundant, clean and permanent energy sources. By utilizing this abundant energy, environmental friendly cooling systems can be develop utilizing adsorption principle. This proposal is the next generation cooling system which achieve zero CO2 and CFC emission by application of solar energy. The parameters to monitor the success of this is in two parts tangible; saving in terms of fossil fuel saved and intangible in terms of disaster mitigation by providing the much needed refrigeration and air conditioning thus reducing the load on the electrical grid. The successful demonstration of the project will develop the knowhow of implementing small scale solar adsorption cooling unit. This will be beneficial for society in many ways.

proobj:
1.	To generate data for sorption and desorption through design, construction and testing of a solar adsorption cooling system having 7 KW capacity with heat and mass transfer studies. 
2.	To study various alternative configuration with construction of parabolic trough, flat plate and evacuated tube solar collector technology with this solar cooling system.

prometho:
The project is expected to make fundamental study on solar assisted sorption and desorption for cooling system of 7 kW (2tons) capacity. The methodology involves rigorous theoretical and experimental study of elements and integrated system. 
For this experimentation on various configuration of solar collector technology with for maximum COP will be conducted. Performance study will conducted for novel composite material such as activated carbon, silica gel and calcium chloride. 
Data so obtained will be used for development of appropriate mathematical modelling of heat transfer, mass transfer and chemical and physical adsorption processes. The optimal result will be published with intent of product development.

prosummary:
Solid adsorption solar cooling has the greatest potential benefit for electricity reduction due to the absence of internal moving parts, leading to a high electrical coefficient of performance (COP). Adsorption solar coolers can be driven at relatively low temperatures, typically 60°C or above, and can therefore be combined with low-cost flat-plate collectors. In this study, we will develop various parabolic troughs, flat plate and evacuated tube solar collector adsorption system. 

The scientific phenomena of Heat transfer, mass transfer, and physical adsorption associated with solar adsorption cooling will be developed which is not available. Performance parameters and their sensitivity to the mathematical modelling and simulation will be helpful in process and product design.

Solar adsorption cooling systems are attractive, mostly in remote areas where grid-connected electricity is not available. This technology can be implemented in Indian populated rural and mountain area where solar radiation is available.

proEoutcome:
In this proposed project, a pilot model of the solar adsorption cooling system will be developed and its performance will be evaluated with different mass ratios of adsorbents in the laboratory for possible field application. Solar adsorption cooling systems are attractive, mostly in remote areas where grid-connected electricity is not available. This technology can be implemented in Indian populated rural and mountain areas where solar radiation is freely available.


protitle:
Ichnofabric Mapping of the Mundhan and Guneri Sections with Special Refernce to (Umian-Mundhanian Kutch Stages), Western Kachchh, Gujarat

prointro:
Please provide required detailsThe investigator has worked for his PhD thesis on Neoichnological aspects of Mandvi area, Gulf of Kachchh, Western India. During his doctoral research, he studied Ichnology, geomorphology and sedimentology of the Mandvi intertidal zone and was able to establish the Animal-sediment relationship of the two benthic communities; the Crustaceans and Polychaetes considering the physical, biological and chemical parameters. Later, the investigator worked for the Ichnological analysis of the Jurassic rocks of the Jara Dome area, western Mainland Kachchh under the DST Fast Track Research Scheme. The significant contributions include quantification of trace fossils and ichnoassemblages in different stages (Particularly in Callovian, Oxfordian and Tithonian). This ichnoassemblages were compiled to characterized ichnoevents reflecting palaeoceanographic changes especially palaeo-bottom water oxygen condition of deep marine environment like Jara dome area. The present proposal is aimed at refining interpretation of palaeo-basinal history of Kachchh basin for the Umian- Mundhanian Stage. This would be done by using ichnoevent characterization and ichnofabric mapping as a tool.

proobj:
Please provide requa.	Ichnological characterization of Umian - Mundhanian Stage.
b.	To delineate palaeoceanographic conditions based on Ichnofabric analysis
c.	To reconstruct palaeo-basinal history of Mundhan-Guneri Sector for Umian – Mundhanian Stage. 
ired details

prometho:
Please provide require1)	Key sections of the study area would be identified, measured and interbasinal correlation would be done.
2)	Detailed sampling would be done in identified sections for determining the age of the marker beds and bio-litho correlation.
3)	Systematic sampling of the fossil groups (like Ammonite, Belemnite and Brachiopod) would be done for palaeocological analysis.
4)	Bed-by-Bed collection of trace fossils would be done identified up to species level.
5)	For enhancing visibility and for accurate measurability of the fossils in the texturally uniform and chemically pure rocks, oil immersion, micro-blasting and fluorescence techniques would be applied.
6)	The ichnological data (Ichnofabric data including ichnospecies, tiering analysis and ichnometry) would be compiled for generating time calibrated event stratigraphy for each section.
7)	Detailed, systematic, Aerial Mapping would be done for the identified ichnofabric events 
8)	For each measured biostratigraphic zone and subzone, ichnofabric constituent diagram-ICD (tiering analysis) and ichnometry would be performed.
9)	This calibrated event stratigraphy would be appended with other faunal data (ammonite, belemnite and Brachiopod) for compiling sequential evolution of Mundhanian-Umian Stages.
10)	Based on the ichnofabric and palaeocological data, a Paleo-basinal model would be reconstructed, for the Mundhanian and Umian stages.
d details

prosummary:
Please provide required deIchnofabric mapping as a technique has got direct application in petroleum sector specifically for assisting the reservoir quality and predicting porosity-permeability trends in bioturbated reservoir rocks.  The thick Mesozoic sediments under the Deccan traps along the northwest coast of India are considered to be potential targets for hydrocarbon exploration together with the Indus basin of Pakistan (Kumar et al 2004). Hence with the consideration of the above points the project would have massive importance in understanding the Kachchh basin. tails

proEoutcome:
1)	Mapping of Ichnogenus Balanoglossites Horizon, indicative regressive phase during Early Cretaceous. 
2)	Lateral ichno- fabric variation in the Balanoglossites horizon in the form of Ophiomorpha nodosa associated discontunity surface.
3)	Paleocommunity dynamics of Ichnogenus: Conichnus is interpreted. 
4)	Delineation of three discontinuity surfaces in Guneri Member based on Trace fossils, corresponding to (1) Glossifunguites ichnofacies and (2) flooding surfaces.
5)	Delineation and ichnological characterization of three distinct lobes in Guneri member based on trace fossils and discontunity surfaces.
6)	Early Aptial transgressive event based on Teredolite wood boring identified in lower two fossiliferous beds of Ukra hill member. 
1)	Ichnogenus Balanoglossites Mägdefrau, 1932 is being reported for first time from Indian subcontinent and is represented by two ichnospecies, i.e. B. triadicus and B. ramosus occurring in association with tear shaped Gastrochaeonolites boring.

2)	Occurrence of Ophiomorpha nodosa associated discontunity surface.

3)	Ichnological characterization of all three identified sediment lobes.

4)	Paleocommunity dynamics is interpreted for the first time for the Ichnogenus Conichnus. Till date the ichnogenus is reported as solitary/single example. This is probably first report where a community of thirteen individual are interpreted for their paleocommunity dynamics.

fAhead:
3425- Other scientific Research ( Major Head), 60- Other ( Sub-major Head), 60.200- Assistance to other Scientific Bodies (Minor Head), 25- Research & Development Support, 25.01- Grants in aid for R&D Support,25.01.31-Grants in Aid for the year 2008-09


protitle:
Gas metal arc welding with metal core wire

prointro:
To over come the problem of narrow gap GMAW, narrow gap MCAW process is purposed.

proobj:
1) Study the mechanical and metallurgical property of Gas Metal Arc Welding with Metal Core Wire

2) Study the effectiveness sing different shielding gas compositionsof (in terms of sidewall fusion) Metal Core Wire in Narrow Groove joint configuration.

3) Study the mode of metal transfer in case of metal core wire with narrow groove joint.

prometho:
First year: 

Literature survey on Metal Core Arc Welding 
Users of Metal Core Arc Welding Process in India. - Visits will be arrange

Procurement of 
1) Metal Core Arc Welding wire/base metal and GMAW System with Data Monitoring System 
2) Automatic Welding System: for X, Y and Z movement
3) Cylinders and Gas Mixing Device: Mixing device will be use for studying the effect of different shielding gas composition on welded joint.
4) Trial and refinement of the working set up

Second year
Experimental work includes – 
1) Welding of specimens at different welding conditions (Shielding gas composition). 
2) Non destructive and mechanical testing of welded specimen.- Change in mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation) with change in shielding gas compositions.
3) Microstructure investigation of welded samples. (Ferrite formation and percentage of different ferrite)
4) Effect of process parameters on Depth of Sidewall fusion.
5) Comparison of above values may be carried out for solid wire and flux core wire of the same grade.
Analysis of data and report writing 
Publication of research papers 
Consultation with industry
Please provide required details

proEoutcome:
Development of new process- Advanced narrow gap metal cored arc welding


protitle:
Weldability aspects of Low Activation Ferritic-Martensitic Steel welded by Tungsten Inert Gas Welding and Activated Flux Tungsten Inert Gas Welding Process

prointro:
Development of Activated Flux TIG welding process for P91 & LAFM steels

proobj:
Study the effectiveness of ATIG welding process for LAFM steel in terms of metallurgical and mechanical properties. This includes following Tests

i) Tensile Test, DBTT, Fracture toughness, Creep, Fatigue, Hardness and Bead Test

ii) Change in composition of the weld metal (due to addition of the flux that may have an effect of reduced activation status of the steel) and Microstructure investigation across the welded joint.

* Flux composition for ATIG will decide in consultation with IGCAR

prometho:
Procurement of LAFM steel, other consumables (Flux for A TIG process- in consultation with IGCAR), equipments.

Initial Trials, Welding of LAFM steel with A TIG welding process

Testing of Welded Joints 

Analysis of result, report writing

proEoutcome:
Research area specified in the proposal has direct benefits to National Fusion Progarmme. This is one of the area which was specified in the National Fusion Progarmme (Research and Opportunity document- FBT2-Fabrication Technology).

Laser beam welding, Electron beam welding and Tungsten Inert Gas Welding and Narrow Gap-GTAW are the suitable techniques for joining the Low Activation Ferritic-Martensitic Steel, as mentioned in the NFP document.  

Our investigation will definitely prove beneficial for NFP as well ITER programme in terms of selection of welding process/parameters for fabrication LAFM steel.

FAScheme:
Research Proposal under The National Fusion Progarmme


protitle:
Ichonology of the Jurassic rocks of the Jara Dome of Western Mainland Kachchh, India

prointro:
Jara Dome is exposed between 230 45’- 230 40’ latitudes and 680 55’- 690 00’ and have exposures of Jumara formation to Bhuj Formation. Precise mapping of the lithostratigraphic member boundary of Jumara, Jhuran and Bhuj Formation was done with the help of Global position system (GPS) on the scale of 1: 50,000. Eight traverses were taken to prepare detailed bed-by-bed lithostratigraphic sections for Jumara and Jhuran formation. Bed wise, detailed collections were made for trace fossils, some of which were identified in field itself, while others was collected for later identification in laboratory. Collection of body fossils such as ammonites, belemnites were also made so as to correlate the section with available standard ammonite zonnation for the Kachchh area.

proobj:
Please provide requi1.	Recording, Identification, Preservation and Classification of the trace fossils.

2.	To understand the Sedimentological and paleoecological parameters; ichnocoenoses ichnofacies and ichnofabric analysis of the trace fossils.

3.	To reconstruct the basinal history of the Jara Domered details

prometho:
1.	Key stratigraphic sections will be measured at different places in the Jara dome.
2.	• Lateral and vertical continuity and facies will be mapped and lithological correlations will be made.
3.	• Systematic sampling will be done and orientation of the physical sedimentary structures will be also measured.
4.	• Rock samples will be analyzed in light of petrography (mineralogy and textural study), total organic content and X-radiography #.
5.	• Trace fossils will be photographed, collected and identified at species level; and
         ichnotaxonomy will be attempted.
6.	• Degree of bioturbation; density and diversity; ichnoguild, taphonomy and ichnocoenoses; tiering and ichnofabric analysis will be attempted.
7.	• Ichnological events would be evaluated and synthesized considering the time reference of Nannoplankton biostratigraphy.
8.	• Based on ichnological, sedimentological and microfaunal data and findings would be compared with similar ichnological investigations from the Mesozoic sediments, an evolutionary model for the Jurassic rocks of Jara dome will be reconstructed.
# X-radiography for the selected rock cuttings would be done on Medical x-ray radiograph units

prosummary:
1)	Three Prominent ichno-events are mapped in the Jumara Formation
a)	Basal Chondrite ichno-assemblages:- Laugieri ammonite Horizons
b)	2 monodominant Zoophycus ichno-species horizons:- late Early Callovian to middle Middle Callovian
c)	Thalassinoides-Zoophycus association: Late Callovian to Middle Oxfordian. 
d)	Callovian-Oxfordian boundary is marked in bed no. 12 of the Dhosa Oolite member of Jara dome
2)	Three different ichnofabric classes are mapped for the Jhuran Formation
a)	Lower Jhuran: increase in diversity and density of ichnotaxa
b)	Middle Jhuran Shale suggest bottom water fluctuation
c)	While the Upper member suggest increase in coarse clastic sediments.

proEoutcome:
The Ichnological mapping of Middle Jhuran shale revealed interesting depositional environment, whereby the sediments deposited at Jara dome locality indicated shelf environment, whereas the same sediments (at Nara area- Black-grey shales) laterally pass into restricted-oxygen deficient environment

FAScheme:
SERC FAST Track Proposal for Young Scientists


protitle:
Plasma Surface modification of polyester fiber & fabric to enhance dye uptake properties with natural dyes

proarea:
Fundamental understanding in Industrial Plasma


protitle:
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of Aluminum alloys used in space application (6061 T6 2195 & 7050)

prointro:
Friction Stir Welding is solid state welding process, in which metal are joined through mechanical deformation. Since metal are not melted, defects associated with melting and solidification phenomena do not develop and union as strong as base materials can be made

proobj:
Please Development of Friction Stir Welding technology for 6061 Al alloy for 1mm, 3mm, 6mm & 12mm section thickness and its toolingprovide required details

prometho:
1. Selection of Aluminum alloys for the current investigation, including plate dimensions and procurement of material from standard suppliers.

2.Design and development of Friction stir welding tools- Featureless and with feature (includes selection of material for tool design).

3. Fixtures, attachments ,retrofitting for modifications of milling machine  for FSW setup

4. Design and development of S.S fixture to hold the Al-plates during welding- fixture will be mounted on table of milling machine.

5.Study the effect of RPM and feed speed of milling machine of the formation of FSW joint- for both alloys

6.Generation operating window for FSW based on above results-for both alloys (including repetition of the standard experiments to check the consistency of welded joint)

6.Mechanical testing of joints includes, Tensile Test, Fracture Toughness, Fatigue Testing.

7.Non Destructive Testing includes Radiography test 

8.Metallurgical Study includes microstructure as well fracture surface of tested samples.

9.Analysis of the results, if required particular experiment may be repeated

10.Final Report Preparation and publication of research papers.

11.Modeling of the FSW process, if possible
se provide required details

proEoutcome:
Development of FSW technology for space applications includes wave guide ,flange & ground applications


protitle:
ERP Implementation at GSECL - Technical Innovation and Business Impact

proarea:
Decision on Implementation of Information System in Organizations and its Business Impact

prointro:
In order to meet the complexities in the power sector and meet customer expectations, there was a need for standardization of business processes across the 7 companies. GSECL has extensively used Information Technology to support its business processes amongst which “e-Urja” project, an end to end IT project (ERP- Enterprise Resource Planning) has been implemented across the company i.e. eight power stations & corporate office. The ERP covers Operations, Maintenance, Material management, Finance, Fuel, Purchase, Scrap, HR/Payroll, Safety and Projects across the company. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is the broad set of activities supported by multiple module application to manage business. ERP applications are a collection of readymade software modules for different business processes that can be customized according to organizational needs. In a nutshell, there must be a value proposition, return on investment and total cost of ownership. It’s about aligning people process and technology across high volume transactional system. The entire gamut of the operation revolves around better availability of quality power and efficient management of energy while maintaining the eco-friendliness all along.
During the time when e-Urja was being considered for GSECL, the employees constituted of mainly engineers, technical staff or clerical staff. They had for several years worked out of paper based files which resided in their individual offices. Any communication that needed to be shared was discussed over the telephone/e-mail and then hardcopies were sent to the concerned individuals. Some sections had stand-alone computer applications that were used within small groups of individuals who worked on common projects within the same office location. For e-Urja Team, initiating the transition to a completely computer based shared application for all employees in the organization, training them for faster adoption, dealing with the resistance to change from the employees and accurately transferring all employee data from the legacy system to the new ERP system was a humungous and difficult task.

proobj:
The objective of the study has been to identify and highlight the business impact of the e-Urja at GSECL. Improvement (better integration and coordination) in business processes via e-Urja has been used as the parameter to signify the business impact. Data has been gathered from both the senior management who have been responsible for identifying the requirements for the e-Urja modules for their respective departments and also from the end users who have been using the e-Urja platform in the Corporate office in Vadodara and the 9 plant locations.

prometho:
1.	Document the business problem that led to decision making for ERP implementation
2.	Document the steps taken towards successful implementation
3.	Conduct focus group interview of end users at GSECL for business impact and changes brought about by the ERP implementation
4.	Identify the broad parameters for proceeding into Phase 2 
A primary questionnaire has been used for the study across the organization

prosummary:
The parameters considered across all modules of e-Urja have been the following:
1.	Availability of online real time data via e-Urja compared to legacy system or the traditional file system 
2.	Integration of business processes via e-Urja compared to legacy system or the traditional file system
3.	HR processes via e-Urja platform
4.	Cost saving via e-Urja compared to legacy system or the traditional file system

proEoutcome:
The research findings and the gaps identified from the study will hopefully provide direction for future growth and sustainability of the e-Urja project. The case studies and research findings can also be used for academic purposes.


protitle:
Creation of Corporate Database Management System


protitle:
Study of Thermal Plasma Pyrolysis of Crude Oil Residue and Energy Recovery

prointro:
The disposal of crude oil residue (waste) is a serious problem for petroleum industries. At present it is dumped in a pit which causes soil pollution. One can decompose this crude oil residue by burning using incinerator. However incinerators produces toxic aromatic compounds because of insufficient temperature conditions. In addition one can not recover energy from the gases comes out from incinerator. Plasma pyrolysis is emerging as a technology which can solve the waste disposal problem in Eco friendly manner.

proobj:
Plasma pyrolytic disintegration of crude oil residue and energy recovery from the pyrolysis gases.

prometho:
Designing of the plasma pyrolysis and energy recovery system for crude oil residue. This will include designing of feeder for crude oil residue, primary chamber, gas cleaning system (various scrubbers) etc.

prosummary:
Designing and Fabrication of Energy recovery system,Recruitment of JRF, Experimentation, Process optimization, Submission of final report

proEoutcome:
Outcome: A new process for the safe disposal of crude oil residue along with energy recovery option. This technology will provide solution to petroleum industry to manage its waste and recover energy from it.


protitle:
Friction Stir Welding of Stainless Steels & dissimilar metals

prointro:
Development of Friction Stir Welding Technology for 6mm thick stainless steel (304) and for dissimilar metals SS-Cu and Cu-Al.

proobj:
1) The feasibility of applying FSW to austenitic stainless steel and stainless steel to copper. 
(2) The possibility of using tungsten carbide tool materials for the FSW of ASS and steel to copper
(3) The mechanical properties and metallurgical property of friction stir welds.

prometho:
Selection of stainless steels and copper for the current investigation, including plate dimensions and procurement of material from standard suppliers.

Design and development of Friction stir welding tools- Featureless and with feature (includes selection of material for tool design).

Procurement of custom made milling machine for development of the FSW setup

Design and development of S.S fixture to hold the steel plates during welding- fixture will be mounted on table of milling machine.

Study the effect of RPM and feed speed of milling machine of the formation of FSW joint- for both alloys

Generation operating window for FSW based on above results-for both steels (including repetition of the standard experiments to check the consistency of welded joint)

Mechanical testing of joints includes, Tensile Test, Impact testing & Hardness.
Non Destructive Testing includes Radiography test 

Metallurgical Study includes microstructure as well fracture surface of tested samples.

Analysis of the results, if required particular experiment may be repeated

Final Report Preparation and publication of research papers.

proEoutcome:
Development of FSW tool for SS 304 and SS 304 to Copper.

Working window of FSW of SS 304 and SS 304 to Copper; this working window give practical range of variables under which sound weld can be formed. For Plate thickness of 6 mm. 
Effect of welding variables in formation of sound weld joint includes- Effect of rpm, Feed speed, Preheating, Tilting angle, force, Tool design, will study during investigation.

Properties of welded joints includes Tensile, Impact & Hardness of welded specimens including
Weld metal chemical analysis, microstructure and macrostructure may investigate.


protitle:
Development of New Anode Material for next Generation Li ion Batteries by electrodeposition of Si on the inner-surface of nanospace carbon

proarea:
New Materials including Polymers and Nanomaterials.

prointro:
Nanospace carbon materials are well known for extending very interesting mechanical and electrical properties.  Si or Ge on the other hand are know to give highest capacity for energy storage as negative electrode material in Li ion battery.  In the present collaboration an effort is made to utilise the expertise from Indian as well as Japanese side to develop high energy density Li ion battery using nano-space carbon material as host for Si/Ge nano clusters in a composite form.

proobj:
(1) Preparation of nanospace carbons (hexagonal and cubic type) by soft template method.
(2) Preparation of nano-carbon nano-carbon (carbon nanotube-fullerene) composites by pressure induced techniques.
	Preparation of graphene like carbon materials by unfolding /unzipping nanotube.
(3)  Electrodeposition of Si nano-clusters in the nano-space of carbon materials.
(4)  Preparation of nanospace carbons (hexagonal and cubic type) by soft template method.
(5)  Preparation of nano-carbon nano-carbon (carbon nanotube-fullerene) composites by pressure induced techniques.
	Preparation of graphene like carbon materials by unfolding /unzipping nanotube.
Electrodeposition of Si nano-clusters in the nano-space of carbon materials.

prometho:
It has been observed that Si is a really promising material having great potential for application in Li ion batteries. However, the main problem associated with Si is the large volume expansion (about 400 %) while reaching the saturation composition of Li22Si5.  The expansion and subsequent contraction of volume lead to the capacity fading and pulverization of the anode material.  Although Si nano-tubes found very attractive in this regard but processing difficulties and related cost factors can’t be overruled. Looking at the problem at hand, we propose to prepare Si clusters in the nano-space of mesoporous carbons.  The obtained materials are expected to work as very good negative electrode material in Li ion battery because Si will be attained by electrically conductive carbons which will not only protect Si to collapse due to cracking (associated with excessive volume expansion and contraction) but also the ordered pores of the composites will provide good ion path.  Thus the material should give high capacity, larger power density and longer life time.

prosummary:
Detail literature review and exchange of existing information will be initiated between the two laboratories.  Procurement of special consumables by both the laboratories. Preparation of meso carbon structures by various chemical and physical techniques in the Japanese laboratory by Prof. Shinji Kawasaki and team.  Preliminary experiment on the electrodepositing of Si at room temperature on various substrates will be performed in the Indian laboratory.
Prepared materials will be characterized by the Japanese side.  The meso carbon materials will be utilized by the Indian side to construct the electrode to be used for Si electrodepositing.  Electrodeposited Si in the carbon compounds will be jointly characterized for getting structural and surface textural information by the Japanese and Indian laboratories.  However, Japanese side will be simultaneously working on the preparation of other new mesoporous carbon materials as mentioned in the proposed work.
New carbonaceous materials will be used for Si electrodepositing.  The composite materials with all type of mesoporous carbon will be completed in this span.  The structural characterization of the composite materials will be carried out in both the laboratories.  The Indian laboratory will be performing the electrochemical characterization of the composite materials.  The Japanese side will also start to study the electrochemical properties and performance as negative electrode material of the composites in Li ion batteries.
All data will be compiled and decision will be taken whether to publish or file patent on the materials through intensive exchange on views.  The project report will be prepared jointly and submitted to DST, Govt. of India and JSPS, Govt. of Japan.

proEoutcome:
The out come of the investigation will  first of all enlarge the periphery of knowledge domian in the allied field.  A new composite system is expected to evolve from the current research which will give negative electrode material of very high capacity for Li ion battery.


protitle:
Morgan Solar /Forbes & Co - Sun Simba Performance and Monitoring in Rajasthan

proarea:
Performance analysis and study of market feasibility of a new class of SPV system in India

prointro:
The Sun Simba CPV module (“Simba”) is a revolutionary new solar panel, with nearly double the efficiency of conventional silicon PV solar panels, at much lower costs.  Morgan Solar plans to commercialize the Simba globally, but in terms of both market size and demand for solar energy, India represents one of the largest markets for solar energy.

Solar Energy is becoming a very important industry in India, but to date, there has been very little real innovation in the section, in India or internationally.  The market is dominated by conventional Silicon PV, which is nearing the limits of its cost reduction potential, as well as the limits of its efficiency potential.  India is a world leader in delivering low cost solar farm installations, however, slim profit margins and poor performance estimation data are holding the industry back somewhat.  This project hopes to address both of these issues.  By offering a technology that is simultaneously lower in cost, and significantly higher in performance, Morgan Solar, working with Forbes, hopes to open up significantly more market potential for solar energy in India.  At the same time, by developing better data for performance estimation, and developing solutions that can offer better operations and maintenance (“O&M”) cost estimations, and potentially lower O&M costs, we could further de-risk solar farm proposals generally.
 
“Will it work in India?”  People from India have grown accustomed to this question based on historical experiences, but in the case of solar, this question is especially apt.  Over the last several years, two factors that impact the commercialization of solar have emerged.  First, there is very poor solar resource data for India in general, but CPV technologies like the Simba only capture direct sunlight, and not diffuse light.  Direct sunlight (also called DNI, for Direct Normal Irradiance) data for India is almost entirely lacking, and thus characterization of our product performance in India is problematic.  The only available datasets are based on NASA satellite observations, which have consistently shown to be around 20% lower than actual recorded DNI.  Because our competitive advantages are greatest where the DNI is highest, Morgan Solar needs to better characterize the Simba performance in India’s higher DNI regions, particularly Gujarat and Rajasthan.

proobj:
1.  Performance analysis
2.  Determination of market size and level of acceptance

prometho:
We propose two parallel, related experiments.  First, we propose to deploy a number of specially designed Sun Simba test systems, which will feature a weather station, two 8 watt mini-Simba panels, and a single 8 watt conventional silicon PV panel.  These small units will be deployed at a number of locations, supervised by our test partners in India, PDPU and Forbes.  By deploying a number of these smaller test units, we will be able to gather weather, DNI and specific performance of the Simba and conventional PV for a number of locations.  

Second, we propose to develop a small pilot Simba PV installation site in with PDPU, where we will do side by side performance testing with conventional PV panels, as well as experimentation on cleaning methods and practices, and their effects on performance and panel wear.  These two test programs in parallel will allow us to develop better DNI and performance estimation models for the region, and operate a test program to compare dust accumulation of conventional solar panels and Simba panels under a variety of cleaning regimens.  Because of the highly technical aspects of solar resource characterization and atmospheric model development, and because different technologies are being compared, we plan to work with academic researchers in Canada and India for the planning, test design, experimental design, deployment and monitoring.  Much of this research will be of general value to the solar industry in general (such as the solar resource models).

prosummary:
An accurate characterization of the solar resource is required to properly project the performance and economic viability of a solar plant.  However, the existing data for India is largely dependent on satellite images and has been shown in many cases to greatly underestimate the performance of systems.  In addition, the Morgan Solar CPV technology relies on direct normal irradiance (DNI) which has not been appropriately characterized in India.  Hence the proposed work will be carried out in four definite steps as mentioned below:
1.Development of Improved Solar Database and Tool for Analysis of Potential Solar Plant Sites
2. Characterization of Soiling Rates for CPV Systems and Development of Online Model-Based Maintenance Approach for Cleaning
3. PDPU Academic Project 3: Research on durability of the Morgan Solar Test Systems, and Sun Simba 10 kW installation under Indian extreme weather conditions
4. The de-soiling performance of the Morgan Solar system and its impact on long term stability under Indian conditions

proEoutcome:
1.  Detail of DNI data with high resolution will be established in Gujarat
2.  Performance of new type of SPV system under indian extreme condition will be established.
3.  Student exchange will be facilitated from university and industry side between the contries.
4.  New collaborative environment will be created for more exchange of information in applied SPV research between the participating universities.

FAScheme:
India-Ontario (Canada) Collaborative Industrial R&D Programme


proobj:
1. Performance analysis of new type SPV pannel
2.  Study of economic feasibility and market behavior.

prometho:
The research will use data collected from the six Morgan Solar test platforms placed in multiple locations in India, as well as the similarly equipped 10 kW Sun Simba installation deployed at PDPU, to develop an improved characterization of the both the direct normal irradiance (DNI) and global irradiance.  The data from the Morgan Solar systems will be fused with data collected by the India National Weather Service and NASA satellite data.  This data will be combined using a statistical approach to weight data based on the confidence in individual measurements.  This data will allow more accurate projection of Morgan Solar Simba CPV systems performance, as well as other CPV PV technologies, in locations across India.  Additional locations can be established cheaply and easily as part of future research, by deploying additional Morgan Solar test platforms or low cost solar irradiance meters.

The improved solar data will be used to develop a tool to analyze the economics of solar plants in locations across India.  This tool will model important factors such as locations of power demand, the current transmission network capabilities, and projected power demand growth.  The models will also characterize the uncertainty in plant performance based on the solar data.  These models will be used in conjunction with optimization methods to determine the most economic locations for plant placement.

prosummary:
1. Development of Improved Solar Database and Tool for Analysis of Potential Solar Plant Sites
2. Development of Improved Solar Database and Tool for Analysis of Potential Solar Plant Sites
3. Research on durability of the Morgan Solar Test Systems, and Sun Simba 10 kW installation under Indian extreme weather conditions
4. The de-soiling performance of the Morgan Solar system and its impact on long term stability under Indian conditions

proEoutcome:
1. The outcome  will be the Solar Database and Toll, allowing for better evaluation of solar plant sites in India, as well as a general model for evaluating the quality of data required to construct similar databases and tools for other regions.  This research, while obviously of great value to Morgan Solar, will be generally of value to the solar community at large, and of particular value to developers seeking to deploy projects in Northern India.
2. The outcome  is less clear, as there are more variables involved in this research, however, if successful, this research will be able to provide a framework and justification for best practices for maintenance and cleaning of solar panels.  Again, while this research will be of particular interest to Morgan Solar, it will be generally applicable to other solar technologies, especially other CPV technologies.
3. The outcomes will be of most interest to Morgan Solar, and will be the least applicable to other solar technologies and to the market in general, but this project will improve the reliability of the results of the other projects, and will prove pivotal to the rest of the research.  Ideally, this program will ensure an accurate baseline for all other research items, as well as contributing important best practices to the maintenance of Morgan Solar equipment.
4. Demonstrating that the sunshimba panels weather as modeled under Indian climate and soiling conditions will be extremely important when addressing long term sales issues for Morgan Solar and Forbes.  Academically, this is interesting as there is good evidence to suggest that surface materials used in the manufacture of the Simba module will provide superior results for this testing program, and while that’s important for the Simba, it will be of interest to other equipment designers when considering the Indian market for a variety of potential products.

FAScheme:
Jointly by the DST, Ontario, Canada, Morgan Solar, Forbes India, Univ. of Toronto and PDPU


protitle:
Supplementary Report preparation for 3rd State Finance Commission

prointro:
As per the discussion, the 3rd State Finance Commission will be extending the period for two more years covering the years 2018-19 and 2019-20. In this background the time period covered for the study report and data analysis which was 2005-06 to 2010-11 need to be extended and also the prediction for the state finances need to be extended for two more years. With this understanding we proposes a study to provide fiscal performance evaluation of state finances, municipal finances and finance of Panchayati Raj Institutions for two years, 2011-12 and 2012-13 and submit the supplementary report as per the requirement of The Commission.

proobj:
•	To analyze state fiscal performance for the year 2011-12 and 2012-13, as per the prescribed format provided by The Third State Finance Commission, GoG.
•	To analyze fiscal performance of ULBs for the year 2011-12 and 2012-13, as per the prescribed format provided by The Third State Finance Commission, GoG.
•	To analyze fiscal performance of PRIs for the year 2011-12 and 2012-13, as per the prescribed format provided by The Third State Finance Commission, GoG.
•	To provide state government’s revenue and expenditure forecast for the period of 2018-19 and 2019-20 as per the prescribed format provided by The Third State Finance Commission, GoG.

prometho:
The study will be a secondary data analysis based exploratory research in nature, assessing the behavior of significant fiscal indicator for the period of 2011-12 and 2012-13. This particular study will completely be following the methodology adopted in the final report of the Commission.  Hence the proposal does not required further discussion on the methodology.

prosummary:
An  extensive data analysis and forecasting will be done for hte period mentioned above.

proEoutcome:
At the end of the study a report will be submitted to the Chairman of 3rd Finance Commission


protitle:
Dissimilar material joining of SS 316 LN (UNS S31653) and XM-19 (UNS S20910) Stainless steel joints

proarea:
Mechanical engineering / welding technology

prointro:
The above project have been derived from fact that the fabrication of divertor component of ITER machine needs joining of SS 316 LN to XM-19 Stainless steels. Austenitic stainless steel designated as 316 LN is selected for the fabrication of divertor components. The main driving force for the selection of this material is its high minimum tensile mechanical properties (combined with good toughness), that results in high intensity allowable stresses. This is achieved as a result of an optimal combination of the main alloying elements, carbon, nitrogen, nickel, chromium, manganese and molybdenum, with a tight specification of their allowable composition range. The specified chemical composition results in good weldability of the material with various arc welding methods and provides a satisfactory resistance to stress corrosion cracking of the base metal and welds. Steel type XM-19 is considered for application for the divertor attachment. The main reason is its higher strength and design allowable stresses in comparison with other steels such as 316 LN, 316 L (N)-IG, etc. Steel XM-19 (UNS Number S20910, also known as Nitronic 50 or EU designation steel number 1.3964) is a nitrogen-strengthened austenitic stainless steel with good corrosion resistance and approximately twice the yield strength at room temperature in comparison with conventional austenitic steels.  This steel does not become magnetic when severely cold worked.  Although steel XM-19 is considerably stronger than conventional 300 series stainless steels, the same fabricating equipment and techniques can be used. GMAW is welding process with high deposition rate. Arc welding of Stainless steel is less preferred as it is susceptible to hot cracking phenomenon. Also it gives an added challenge as chemical composition of both steels are different and their behavior is also different.

proobj:
1)Establishment of welding parameters for Dissimilar SS 316 LN to XM-19 joint using Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process by experimental trials.
2)Testing (Destructive and Non-Destructive) and characterization of the dissimilar joints according to applicable standards.

prometho:
Following research methodology will be applied.
1.Extensive literature survey for the welding of given dissimilar joint and procurement of SPM and other ancillaries from standard suppliers.	
2.Selection of consumables and procurement.	
3.Bead on Plate/ Initial trials with GMAW process.
4.Final trials by welding of SS 316 LN to XM-19 plates by GMAW.	
5.Testing and characterizations of welded joints.	
6.Report writing and Publication.

prosummary:
In order to achieve the required objectives, extensive literature survey would be carried out. The ferrite content is to be restricted to 5-10%. Thus selection of consumable for the dissimilar SS316 # XM-19 joint will be crucial. After the consumable is selected, initial trials will be carried out by GMAW process which may include Bead on Plate trials. These will be a guide to establish the parameters for Final trials for welding of SS 316LN to XM-19 plates welding. Once the gas mixtures and the parameters are finalised, the Final trials will be carried out on dissimilar joint. Subsequent destructive and non-destructive testing will be carried out to check the soundness and integrity of the joint. Characterizations of the joint will also be carried out to ensure the metallurgical properties

proEoutcome:
1)Development of GMAW process parameters for SS 316 LN to XM-19 stainless steels. 
2)Working window and optimized parameters for GMAW of SS 316 LN to XM-19 stainless steels.
3)Detailed project report shall be delivered with description of methods of welding technique, and report of qualification tests done for present work. Following testing shall be done and reported
•	Ferrite testing with content less than 10 %
•	Tensile testing with yield Strength 210 MPa (min) at Room Temperature and	Tensile Strength 525 MPa (min) at Room Temperature
•	Toughness testing with impact strength: 27 J (min)  
•	Hardness values to be measured on parent material, Weld bead as well as on HAZ part of both the side of materials, i.e., HAZ of SS 316 LN and HAZ of XM-19 
•	Non-destructive examination of the weld joints according to ASTM/ASME standards by Visual Testing, Ultrasonic Testing and/or Radiography Testing.
  •	Measurement of the grain size shall be done as per ASTM E112.
4)03 Nos. coupons of SS 316 LN # XM-19 welded by GMAW to be given to IPR.

fAhead:
Grant No. - 04 Atomic Energy Major Head - 3401 Atomic Energy Research Minor Head - 00 004 Research & Development Detailed Head - 08 0231 Grant-in-aid Sub Head - 08 02 Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS)


protitle:
Information Communication Technology (ICT) Need Assessment Survey and Analysis for 2 of GSECL remote Power Plants villages along the lines of PUNSARI, the Model Village of  Gujarat

proarea:
Information Systems application for rural development

prointro:
Need Assessment Survey and Analysis for 2 villages where GSECL has setup generation plants based on the ICT model at Punsari

proobj:
Provide a need assessment report on the 2 villages where focus will be on using information systems facilitating growth and development for education, healthcare, sanitation, basic amenities like clean drinking water, food, transportation and also skill development. Model village Punsari will set the bench mark for the study.

prometho:
Understanding the ICT model at village PUNSARI
Understanding and documenting unique characteristics of the proposed 2 villages (above) and their development opportunities along the lines of PUNSARI
Providing a report of the findings

prosummary:
All 3 villages will be visited. Punsari will be studied. Based on findings, a primary questionnaire will be used to collect responses from both the villages under study. Analysis will provide finding for CSR activities in the future at both the locations

proEoutcome:
This study will facilitate planning certain  result oriented measurable CSR activities at two of GSECL remote Power Plants ie UKAI TPS situated in Vyara Taluka of TAPI district and KLTPS, Panandhro, situated in LAKHPAT Taluka of KUTCH district i.e. close to western tip of our country.

FAScheme:
None. All travel and lodging boarding covered by GSECL


protitle:
Comparative Analysis of Women Leadership in the Energy sector with the IT sector in India

prointro:
It has been found that though women have equal access to higher education yet they have not been considered as equal to their male counterparts while climbing the corporate ladder. Some of the reasons for the same can be probably their biological differences, family culture and prevalent societal beliefs. Women are gifted naturally with specific attributes and characteristics which act as their inherent strengths in their careers. This research work aims to examine and document to what extent Indian businesses in the Energy sector are led by women at the top and hence contrast the same with the IT sector in India.

proobj:
This study focuses on women leadership in the Energy Sector and compares it with the IT sector on the following factors:

1.	Document the extent to which there are gender disparities in the top management in India across the 2 sectors

2.	Examine and explain gender specific issues created by organization, environment and culture in the Energy Industry and contrast it to the IT sector

3.	Propose solutions to bridge the gender gap as identified

4.	Examine gender issues from the perspectives of an emerging market (India) – by comparing women and leadership in the Energy sector in India to that of the US or another developed nation

prometho:
Study will include secondary research to document the extent to which there are gender disparities in the top echelons of business in India. This will be followed by primary data collection to examine the gender issues related to leadership in the Energy sector in India and contrasting the same with the IT sector in India. 3 different target groups have been identified to link the organizational efforts in this space with the employees evaluating the move towards gender balance and equality in the 2 sectors. Qualitative and Quantitative assessment of the data will be done.

prosummary:
Population frame: 
1.	CEO’s of firms in the Energy and IT sector in India - survey to understand strategic initiatives for addressing the corporate gender gap in their organizations
2.	Head of Human Resources in the Energy and IT sector in India - survey to understand programs for promoting women and gender equality policies in their organizations
3.	Individual men and women in the Energy and IT sector in India – survey for middle level management on opportunities, challenges and growth in the respective sectors for women
Data collection through Secondary research method
Data collection through Primary research method

Key Data Collection Techniques: Survey using
	Questionnaires
	Interviews
Proposed data analysis techniques:
Multivariate analysis

proEoutcome:
1.	Identify the key attributes that define leadership for women in the Energy sector and compare them with the IT sector in India.
2.	Similar as well as sector specific attributes that will be identified will provide the skill set requirement as well as leadership styles for women to climb the corporate ladder in public and private sector organisations in India.
3.	Analysis and conclusion will provide supporting evidence to organisations and researchers on balanced leadership in the 2 sectors.
4.	Gender issues identified from the perspectives of an emerging market (India) in the Energy sector in India to that of the US or another developed nation will provide comparative insights to global practitioners.


protitle:
Investigation of Charge Transport and Recombination Kinetics in Graphene-TiO2 composite based Plasmon-Enhanced Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)

prointro:
The major bottleneck is the transport of photogenerated electrons across the TiO2 nanoparticle network, which competes with the charge recombination. To suppress the recombination and improve the transport, there are several strategies including (1) using composite metal oxides as the semiconductor with different band gaps, (2) preparing the porous structure whose direction is perpendicular to the conducting substrate, and (3) introducing charge carriers (1D nanomaterials) to direct photogenerated electron. The introduced 2D graphene bridges perform as an electron acceptor and transfer the electrons quickly. Hence, the recombination and back reaction are suppressed.
So, it is expected that a graphene-TiO2 composite based electrodes will show higher efficiency in DSSC. Localized surface plasmons incurred by metal nanoparticles will improve the light trapping within the device to further improve their efficiency. A thorough understanding of electron transport kinetics can be worked out by characterizing these devices through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The excellent transport properties of graphene-TiO2 composite would allow fast transport of electrons to the back contact, thus lowering the recombination rate. In principle one can tailor the size and surface coverage of metal nanoparticles on the TiO2 electrode in plasmon-enhanced DSSC to maximize the efficiency.

proobj:
Fabrication of graphene-TiO2 based dye sensitized solar cell with Ruthenium based dye and electrochemical characterization of cells to understand the charge transport mechanism.

prometho:
Fluorine doped tin oxide (F:SnO2/FTO) coated glass substrates having sheet resistance ≈ 8 Ω/□ will be cleaned before film preparation. A nanolayer of noble metal will be deposited on these electrodes by thermal evaporation/sputtering followed by annealing to have a distribution of nanoislands. A thin layer of TiO2 (~ 50 nm) will be deposited on these islands to act as blocking layer. These samples will be referred as plasmonic FTO substrates. Anatase titanium (IV) oxide nanopowder having particle size < 25 nm, 99.7% trace metals basis may be used for preparing the working electrode of DSSC. The nanocrystalline TiO2 paste can be prepared by grinding TiO2 nanopowder in a mortar-pestle while adding solvent drop wise in ambient atmosphere. During the grinding process small amount of graphene will be added. This paste will be deposited on plasmonic FTO substrates by doctor blade method. Further, the developed nanocrystalline TiO2-graphene electrodes will be immersed in 40 mM TiCl4 solution for 15 minutes and again sintered at 450 °C for 15 minutes. After cooling, the TiO2-graphene working electrodes will be sensitized in 0.5 mM N-719 dye solution (mixture of acetonitrile and methanol, volume ratio: 1:1) at 70°C for 24 hours in a dark room. Transparent platinum-coated counter electrodes with fill holes were procured from Dyesol (MBPT-38, Dyesol, Australia). The counter electrodes will be heat treated at 400 °C for 15 minutes before assembling the DSSC based on Pt CE.  The dye-covered TiO2-graphene electrodes and Pt-counter electrodes will be assembled in to a sandwich type cell and sealed with Surlyn (25 μm) with electrolyte. The current-voltage characteristics of developed DSSCs will be recorded on source measurement unit (U2722A, Agilent) under AM1.5 spectrum (100 mW/cm2) from solar simulator (Photo Emission, AAA class).  The charge transport properties of the device will be studied electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characterization.

prosummary:
1.	Modelling and simulation of graphene-TiO2 based dye sensitized solar cell including plasmon effects on DSSC
2.	Fabrication of graphene-TiO2 based dye sensitized solar cell with Ruthenium based dye and electrochemical characterization of cells to understand the charge transport mechanism

proEoutcome:
1.	A theoretical model will be developed to estimate the performance of the DSSC based on TiO2-graphene composite electrode.
2.	A simple method for fabricating plasmon-enhanced TiO2-graphene composite mesoporous electrode will be established.
3.	TiO2-graphene composite mesoporous electrode will improve the charge transfer properties along with better dye-sensitization and stability in DSSC and which, in fact, lead to improvement in conversion efficiency.


protitle:
Experimental Investigations of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC) for Industrial Process Heat Generation

prointro:
It is necessary to optimize and further develop medium temperature solar collectors to be able to provide heat for the whole medium-temperature range from 80° to 250°C for industrial processes at a reasonable price. A parabolic trough solar collector, similar in size to smaller-scale commercial modules, is to be developed locally for use in an ongoing PTSC research programs. Along with it, the test facility is to be developed for investigating the performance of PTSC at local region.  
The aim of this project is to design, develop, test and fully characterize the performance of the PTSC using experimental plate-form. It will allow the performance test of new parabolic trough components such as heat collecting elements, surface materials and tracking systems to be measured when the collector becomes a test-rig in an ongoing solar thermal research program. The following are the research issues addressed:
•	Solar energy concentration with effective use of land area
•	Reduction of heat losses from the receiver
•	Optimization of receiver configuration
•	Investigate the effects of selective coatings
•	Efficacy of various materials for latent heat and sensible heat storage
•	Integration of solar process heat systems

proobj:
The main objective of this project is to develop an experimental platform of the Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC), and evaluate the performance of the PTSC.

prometho:
In order to investigate the PTSC for solar thermal process heat generation, an experiment platform will be developed. The experiment platform will mainly consists of four parts: the solar collectors, the heat transfer fluid (HTF) circulation, the cooling water circulation, and the measurement system. The HTF not only can circulate between the oil tank and the electric heater tank, but also can flow through the solar receiver unit. During a typical experiment, the HTF will firstly fed into the electric heater tank by a pump, and heated to a certain temperature. Then the HTF will be pumped to the solar receiver unit to absorb the solar energy. The heated HTF leaving the receiver will be cooled by the cooling water in a heat exchanger, and finally flow back to the oil tank, the loop being finished. Considering the coefficient of volume expansion of the HTF at a high temperature, an expansion tank will be fixed on the top of the experimental platform. It is worth noting that the energy provided by the electric heater will not be considered in the process of evaluating the solar energy.

prosummary:
1. Design and Development of Parabolic trough solar collector (including procurement of materials for fabrication)
2. Design and develop fully instrumented lab-scale test facilities for studying solar receivers and absorbers (including procurement of necessary instruments/equipments).
3. Develop a HTF circulation circuit with proper instrumentation (including procurement of necessary instruments/equipments).
4. Develop a cooling water circulation circuit for cooling the HTF.
5. Evaluation of performance of PTSC in outdoor conditions.
6. Publication of papers in reputed journals and conferences, final report preparation, printing, binding, presentation.

proEoutcome:
1. Availability of Experimental plate-form for PTSC system for further research and development activities.
2. Feasibility study of process heat integration with PTSC system.

FAScheme:
Start-Up Research Grant (Young Scientists)


protitle:
Development of Energy, Material and Environmental impact model for turning operation in the frame work of sustainable manufacturing (EME)

prointro:
Manufacturing process in general comprises of turning, welding, grinding, forging, heat treatment, non-ferrous manufacturing operations. It in principle results in negative environment impacts due to emissions, inefficient utilization of energy and materials. In order to minimize these negative impacts, it is required to investigate the “Development of energy, material, and environmental models for manufacturing processes in framework of sustainable manufacturing”. In the light of development of development of auto hub it particularly required to into potential areas that include hard turning, high speed machining, new cutting tool technologies, and selection of machining conditions.

proobj:
Development of functional relationships between process parameters and resulting environmental impacts, i.e., energy, material and emissions covering a wide range of process parameters.

prometho:
As a priority, a comprehensive study, survey and experiments are required that can helpful in developing turning operation models that predict environmental performance for wide range of material under wide range of application.

prosummary:
It is intended to carry out sample survey of turning capacity of manufacturing industry in state and focus on material used in turning and then individually map the range of specifications required from material. It intended to evolve a policy parameter connecting energy, material and environment as per the sustainability frame work. A template of mechanistic models will be developed for the turning operations for an individual component.Developed models will be used to provide inputs to damage assessment tools and the environmental impact of the turning processes under different condition.

proEoutcome:
It will able to deliver an impact assessment tool for industry to follow and measure the green compliance and promote people welfare with business objectives fulfilled.


protitle:
Development of Metallic Nanowire Transparent Conducting Electrodes on Glass and Flexible Substrates

prointro:
The development of a high-performance transparent conductor that is also inexpensive, flexible, and can be deposited at low temperatures would remove a significant barrier to the development of low-cost flexible displays, lighting, and solar cells. Transparent conductors are used in a wide variety of applications, including low-emissivity windows, fl at-panel displays, touch-sensitive control panels, and thin-film solar cells. The market for flat-panel displays alone is worth approximately $90 billion per year. Display makers prefer to use Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) as the transparent conductor because it can be applied at relatively low temperatures compared to other conducting oxides, and is easier to etch than materials with comparable conductivities and transmittances. ITO films with a sheet resistance of 10ohm per sq and transmit about 90% of visible light. Limitations of ITO include the fact that it is brittle, and thus it cannot be used in flexible displays. Here we propose the gram scale synthesis of metal nanowires in aqueous solution, and their assembly into flexible films that transmit about15-20% more light than the films of carbon nanotubes with the same sheet resistance.

proobj:
•	Develop transparent conducting electrodes(TCE)  based metal nanowires (NW).
•	Fabricate thin films of metal NW on glass and polymer substrates for their application on thin film solar cells.

prometho:
At the initial stage, metal nanowires (NW) such as, Ag and Cu-NW will be grown in solution. Their size and shape will be critically looked up and shall be optimized by process parameters. Structural and morphological characterizations will be special emphasize in this stage. 
In the next stage, thin films of metal NWs will be grown by imprint transfer method on glass and polymer substrates. The film will be characterized largely by Hall effect measurement and optical transmittance spectra. Electroluminescent characterization will also be made to ensure its applicability in solar cells and flat displays. In advanced stage of the project, efforts will be made to improve transmittance of metal NW films by NW network optimization and doping NWs.

prosummary:
Preparation of Metal NWs: 
In a typical procedure, metal halides and Ni-acytyl acetonate are mixed with oleylamine agent in and kept under a flow of high-purity argon with strong magnetic stirring. The solution is maintained in non-oxidative environment in a Glove box. After cooling down to room temperature naturally, excess hexane is added into the red solution to give a red precipitate which was isolated via centrifugation apparatus.

Fabrication of transparent conductive films from the Metal NWs ink:
Thin films were percolated by vacuum filtration and transfer to substrate. Typically, NWs ink are filtered onto a nitrocellulose membrane uniformly by vacuum suction to form NWs percolation network. Afterward, the nitrocellulose membrane which contact intimately with NWs was put onto targeted substrate flat. Then the nitrocellulose membrane is peeled off to leave NWs network on the substrate after applying a uniform pressure on the other side of membrane. 

Application to device:
To form NWs networks as transparent electrodes for Ohmic contact to our solar cells, anitrocellulose membrane covered with Cu NWs networks are flattened then a uniform pressure is applied on the p-typed and n-typed areas from the opposite side to transfer the NWnetworks to the targeted areas, respectively. Finally, annealing treatment is give for surfactant removing in  vacuum oven.

proEoutcome:
It is expected that the project will deliver TCE of following specification:
1.	TCE on glass/ polymer susbtrates of dimension 11cm2 to 55cm2.
2.	TCE directly transferable onto CIGS, CdTe and CZTS solar cells already developed in lab.
3.	TCE with transmittance above 80%, sheet resistance below 10ohm/.

fAhead:
Demand No.86 DST, 3425 Other Scientific Research (Major Head) 60 Others (Sub-major Head) 60.200 Assistance to other Scientific Bodies (Minor Head) 26 Technology Development Programme (CERI) 26.01.31 Grant-in-aid General for the year 2015-2016 (CERI)


protitle:
Permeability Characterization and Modeling of tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs

prointro:
The project studied the cores from KG basin to delineate the Permeability of rocks in HP-HT condition. The core permeability were equated to log permeability and correlation matrix created.

proobj:
The help in field Development plan of KG basin

prometho:
The project is executed and suggestions submitted to GSPC

proEoutcome:
The permeability values derived under HP_HT condition was used for KG filed development and resource estimation.


protitle:
To develop IMW electrical energy from Geothermal reservoirs in Cambay Basin, Gujarat

prointro:
Geothermal are those resources which can be present from our backyard to even far distance in the deserts, but the energy potential being commercially viable is a major issue.  Hence a feasible area has to be demarcated for detailed survey, and these areas can be located by seeing direct indicators of geothermal like hot springs, geysers, fumarols, Volcanic eruption are also in area along tectonic belts.  The investigators also take the help of drilled well data of oil and gas for verifying geothermal gradient.
Magnetotelluric (MT) Survey was conducted at Dholera in Cambay basin, India.  The region of Dholera is known because of occurrence of hot water springs.  The purpose of the first MT Survey in this area is to provide more information on the geo electrical structure of this important geothermal reservoirs.  The MT method is a frequency domain technique that utilizes naturally occurring magnetic and electric signals as a source to obtain a resistivity map of the subsurface.  Data are obtained along three profiles crossing the geothermal springs with a total of 33 MT/AMT stations.  Dholera springs have highest geothermal water flow rate.  Recording frequencies were in the range of 0.001 – 10,000 HZ.  Simultaneously with the field works on the profiles synchronized measurements are done on reference station located in Kamalpura.  After processing of MT/AMT data were interpreted based on 1D Occam algorithm and 2D Non- Linear Conjugate Gradient inversion.  Derived models can be divided into two parts. Upper part characterized by resistivity below 5 ohmm.  The lower part is of resistivity generally above 80 ohm-m where some low resistivity anomalies were found.  The thickness of upper layer is variable in the area of research (150m – 750m).   This very low resistivity layer can be linked to ocean sediments infiltrated by salt water.  There are high resistivity basement below this layer.  It can be linked with volcanic rocks such as basalt.  But there are low resistivity anomalies in the basement, observed near couple of MT sites.  This strongly suggests that it may be hot spots associated with spreading and magnetic processes.

proobj:
To drill geothermal well for tapping 1 MW of Electrical Energy

prometho:
(1) G&G Study
(2) MT study
(3) Integration of Data
(4) Risking and Ranking of Lead
(5) Drilling of Parametric well
(6) Drilling of Exploratory well
(7) Production of Steam
(8) Conversion of Steam to Electrical Energy

proEoutcome:
1MW electrical energy produced and put to grid


protitle:
Setting up centre for biofuels and bioenergy

prointro:
In view of the rapidly depleting reserves of fossil fuels and mounting pressures for climate change mitigation, the need for new sources of energy such as biofuels and their applications in rural areas have lead these fuels on center stage in today’s policy debate on energy security. Worldwide interest and activity in biofuels has grown dramatically in the last few years. Governments, private investors, environmentalists are among those who have begun to push for stronger support for biofuels as a way to meet a range of economic, social and environmental goals. Better environmental performance, greening of wastelands and creation of new employment opportunities are seen as some of the major advantages of biofuels.
The major activity of CBBS is to focus on (i) biodiesel (ii) biomass (iii) biomass derived fuels and related areas.
The CBBS is planning to contribute research in the growth of biofuels and provide platform for scientific and research community, industry and government to accelerate both in the energy farming and efficient production of bioenergy derived biofuels.

proobj:
The specific objectives of the project are mentioned here in brief.
1	Design, Development and Fabrication of energy efficient, eco-friendly, and industrially viable laboratory scale test rigs for biodiesel production.
2	Application of locally available non-edible oil feed stocks  of non-edible oils [such as jatropha, Thumba, and Waste cooking oil etc.]
3	Determination of optimal process parameters and process standardization 
4	Create operators manual for biodiesel production
5	Create social awareness of bio-resources available in Gujarat, and demonstration of biodiesel production among students and nearby villagers/farmers through workshops and seminars.

prometho:
Sl. No.	Work Plan	Detailed Activities
1.	Design of small scale energy efficient biodiesel reactors	During this phase of work plan, the design of the proposed biodiesel processing unit will be conceived. The design will be prepared considering the feed stocks available in Gujarat and India which is non-edible in nature unlike edible one at abroad.
2.	Development and fabrication of biodiesel reactors	During this phase of work plan, the development of the proposed biodiesel processing unit will be taken up.
3.	Trial run on the production unit 	Extensive trial will be carried out during this phase to ascertain the suitability of this unit for biodiesel production from various types of non-edible oils & to evaluate the optimal process parameters
4.	Preparation of operator manual for biodiesel production	A detailed operator manual will be prepared during this phase so that even a semi-skilled person may operate this reactor.
5.	Analysis of results 	During this phase, the detailed analysis of results will be carried out and presented in the report.
7.	Conduct of workshops and seminar	Once the facilities are developed workshops and seminars will be conducted to increase the awareness.

prosummary:
Major thrust area
a)	Research: This project will focus on development of a state of art energy efficient biodiesel reactor unit capable of producing biodiesel from multi feed stocks which are easily available in our country.
b)	Design: PDPU has expertise in designing of energy efficient biodiesel reaction                    and a very innovative design of proposed biodiesel processing unit will be prepared by the biodiesel research group of PDPU.
c)	Awareness: Very few people are aware about the use of biodiesel in day to day life.  The efforts will be done to create awareness on the public for the use of biodiesel. We will demonstrate the students from different schools to produce biodiesel and will also explain them the advantages of biodiesel as a renewable fuel. Students from different colleges will also be invited to attend workshop and lectures on biodiesel production.
d)	Engineering and Trial run plans:  The extensive trial run will be conducted on this biodiesel processing unit to evaluate its working and optimization of various process parameters.

proEoutcome:
State of art biofuel production and testing centre will be established.
(a)	Technology development for small scale and medium scale reactors for biofuel production using advanced technologies such as ultrasound, microwave, hydrodynamic cavitation, supercritical methanol, etc.
(b)	To create centre of Excellence (CoE) for biofuel research & manpower training facilities.
(c)	To attract young professionals, research scholars and entrepreneurs in the area of biofuels.


protitle:
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR AWARENESS OF GUJARAT CUSTOMERS ON ENERGY SAVING OPTIONS ON ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES (Refrigerator & Air Conditioners)

proarea:
Human Behaviour, Marketing strategies, Energy efficiency product awareness

prointro:
This research work aims to study the purchase decision behavior of consumers during the purchase of 2 home appliances – the refrigerator and the air-conditioner in Gujarat post 2010. . This study would hence provide an understanding of the consumers’ buying behavior for refrigerators and air-conditioners in Gujarat.

proobj:
a.	Conduct primary research on adoption trend of 2 home appliances the refrigerator and the air-conditioners in India and particularly in the state of Gujarat (post 2010)
b.	Identify testable hypotheses on behavior segmentation of Indian household appliance purchase using the survey instrument developed.
c.	Summarize the findings for consumer decision making behaviour during the purchase of refrigerators and air-conditioners in Gujarat

prometho:
This research work will be carried out by collecting data through primary and secondary sources using questionnaire and interview method and hence do qualitative and quantitative assessment of the data. Hypotheses to test the changing consumer behaviour towards energy efficient products will be tested to identify what drives the ultimate purchase decision.
Sample data will be collected across 8 cities in Gujarat from different income groups, to provide a fair representation of Gujarat. Retailers will also be approached for their views.

prosummary:
With the recent awareness drive towards using greener products, this work will identify the changing buying behavior in consumers during the purchase of Refrigerators and Air Conditioners in Gujarat. It will provide an understanding of the various parameters that are considered and to what degree during the purchase of air-conditioners and refrigerators. Which particular parameters provide inclination towards the consumer choosing an energy efficient (star rated) product during the purchase.

proEoutcome:
Environmentalists can get a sense of the changing attitude of consumers towards cleaner energy products. It will also provide information to power companies about household energy awareness and usage in Gujarat.Manufacturers and retailers can hence include the outcomes or the inclination of the customers into their product attributes.


protitle:
ANALYSIS OF AWARENESS OF GUJARAT CUSTOMERS ON ENERGY SAVING OPTIONS ON ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES (Refrigerator & Air Conditioners)

proarea:
Human behaviour, Marketing strategies, Energy efficiency awareness.

prointro:
This research work aims to study the purchase decision behavior of consumers during the purchase of 2 home appliances – the refrigerator and the air-conditioner in Gujarat post 2010. This research work will try to answer these and similar associated questions. This study would hence provide an understanding of the consumers’ buying behavior for refrigerators and air-conditioners in Gujarat

prometho:
This research work will be carried out by collecting data through primary and secondary sources using questionnaire and interview method and hence do qualitative and quantitative assessment of the data.Sample data will be collected across 8 cities in Gujarat from different income groups, to provide a fair representation of Gujarat

prosummary:
Hypotheses to test the changing consumer behaviour towards energy efficient products will be tested to identify what drives the ultimate purchase decision. Sample data will be collected across 8 cities in Gujarat from different income groups, to provide a fair representation of Gujarat. Retailers will also be approached for their views.

proEoutcome:
Manufacturers and retailers can include the outcomes of the research into their product attributes. Environmentalists can get a sense of the changing attitude of consumers towards cleaner energy products. It will also provide information to power companies about household energy awareness and usage in Gujarat.


protitle:
DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS BASED ON TiO2 
 NANOPARTICLES USED FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION

prointro:
The physicochemical properties of TiO2 are different for different polymorphs and also influenced by the nanostructure. The control of the crystalline structure at the nanoscale is thus very important for applications. Particularly TiO2 is synthesized in most cases through gas-phase reactions, i.e., combustion of titanium tetrachloride [25], and liquid-phase reactions including precipitation of titanium hydroxide followed by calcinations [26, 27]. First process yields fine well-crystallized particles, but reproducibility seems to be rather low due to its complicated mechanism. In second process is simple and can be perform in laboratory, but its drawback is that it is difficult to obtain particles with both large surface area and high crystallinity [28, 29]. Therefore, the development of a novel synthetic technique is eagerly awaited to synthesize active TiO2 photocatalysts. Our focus will be mainly on the TiO2 nanoparticles and doped-TiO2 nanoparticle to understand the size dependence of the Raman spectra and origin of ferromagnetism which leads to investigate the carrier-acoustic phonon interaction and magnetic moment respectively. The nanoparticles will be selected in view of their electronic, optical, mechanical, phonon applications leading to device application.

proobj:
To investigate low-cost effective optimize synthesis routes, to prepare stable titanium dioxide nanoparticle of different phases. 
2. To investigate theoretical model (using first principle calculation and molecular dynamics) also verify the stable structure of titanium dioxide nanoparticle with respect to different physical properties like pressure, temperature etc.

prometho:
To synthesize the TiO2 and doped TiO2 nanocrystals will be wet chemical method used as this method is quite successful in producing the narrow size distribution nanoparticles. We are going to use the Raman spectroscopy, TEM, DSC, TGA and the Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR) which is highly effective for studying the structure micro-inhomogeneities of the size from 1 to 10 nm. PL gives the possibilities to study the key question in QDs spectroscopy deals with the determination of the discrete energy spectrum. Raman spectroscopy allows obtaining the role of strain energy, quantization effect and formation of stable phase of TiO2 nanoparticle. We also propose to investigate the low frequency vibrational modes which are Raman active by using the theoretical models based on the elastic continuum theory by considering the effect of surrounding mediums in the presence of new boundary conditions. 
	Furthermore, poor agreement between experimental data and theoretical calculation may leads to diverge the subject [31-34]. In the literature, spatial correlation models which use arbitrary confinement function such as Gaussian, exponential and sine function have been randomly adopted, without any proper justification. So, in the proposal present propose to develop an improved expression [35] including for the Raman spectrum, allowing the determination of the frequency shift and of the line broadening, as a function of the QD size. The proposed method will also take account of size distribution which will be obtained from low-frequency Raman spectra as well TEM.

prosummary:
Invitation for quotation and purchase of 32- core processor.
Literature survey and collection of data for the TiO2 nanocrystals will be done.	
Synthesis route will be optimized to prepare TiO2 nanoparticle. 
Using theoretical model (using First Principle Calculation and  molecular dynamics) also verify the stable structure of titanium dioxide nanoparticle  with respect to different physical properties like pressure, temperature etc.	Characterize the sample (titanium dioxide nanoparticle) using X-ray diffractometer, Raman Spectroscopy, Photoluminescence, Transmission Electron Microscopy and other essential technique, and compare with theoretical obtained data.	
Analysis of Results obtained from different characterization and theoretical models.	
Application of the above results to calculate the electron-phonon interaction coefficient and phonon confinement effect using different models.	
Synthesis and characterization of doped-titanium dioxide nanoparticle, applicable to ferromagnetism materials.	To predict the utilization of result of different conditions on properties of undoped and doped TiO2 nanocrystals.

proEoutcome:
The outcome will be a detailed understanding of the shape, phases and size dependent phonon properties of undoped and doped TiO2 nanocrystals which is yet to be exploited. A new direction for the synthesis of the nanoparticles can be developed. The results of present project will be of great relevance to understand the phonon engineering concepts for nanoscale devices and use in dye-sensitized solar cells, which is generally used as energy conserve. The results of present project will be of great relevance to understand the phonon engineering concepts for nanoscale devices and use in dye-sensitized solar cells, which is generally used as energy conserve. Transition metal oxide nanocrystals hold great potential for a variety of functional and structural applications [1-3] including chemical sensing, catalysis, and nanomedicine; this has stimulated a considerable experimental and theoretical effort in order to understand how the dimensions, crystalline phase, and stoichiometry of nanoparticles affect their physic-chemical properties [26, 35-39]. Size effects in ionic nanocrystals are intimately related to a departure from the bulk lattice parameters can be obtained from X-ray diffractometer and Transmission Electron Microscopy. These features have been related to the presence of chemical complexes at the surface and/or a variation of the iconicity of the bonding, however, a fundamental understanding is still lacking.


protitle:
Modeling and simulation for enhancement of   thermal conductivity and  viscosity of metal oxide nanofluids

prointro:
The significant growth in performance and functionality of microelectronics combined with a miniaturization trend in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have resulted in an unprecedented increase in heat loads that now presents a great challenge to thermal engineers1.  With ever-increasing thermal loads due to smaller features of microelectronic devices and higher power outputs, thermal management of such devices to maintain their desired performance and durability is one of the most important technical issues in these high-technology industries such as microelectronics, transportation and manufacturing. The conventional method of increasing the cooling rate is to use extended heat transfer surfaces for exchanging heat with a heat transfer fluid. However, this approach requires an undesirable increase in the size of the thermal management system. In addition, the inherently poor thermo physical properties of conventional heat transfer fluids such as water, ethylene glycol (EG) or engine oil (EO) greatly limit the cooling performance. Thus, conventional methods for increasing heat dissipation are not suitable to meet the demand of these high technology industries. There is therefore, a need to develop advanced cooling techniques and innovative heat transfer fluids with better heat transfer performance than those presently available. 

The thermal conductivity of a fluid plays a vital role in the development of energy-efficient heat transfer equipments, hence numerous theoretical and experimental studies on increasing the thermal conductivity of liquids by suspending small particles have been conducted since the treatise by Maxwell more than a century ago2.  It is well known that thermal conductivities of fluids containing suspended solid metallic or nonmetallic (metallic oxide) particles would be expected to be significantly higher than those of conventional heat transfer fluids. Applying nanotechnology to thermal engineering with novel concept of a ‘‘nanofluids”, which was coined at Argonne National Laboratory of USA by Choi in 19953 has been proposed to meet these cooling challenges. This new class of heat transfer fluids (nanofluids) can be engineered by dispersing nanometer-sized (one billionth of a meter) solid particles, rods or tubes in traditional heat transfer fluids. It is well known that metals in solid form have much higher thermal conductivity than that of fluids. Heat transfer by conduction through solid is orders of magnitude larger than that by convection/conduction through a fluid. For example, the thermal conductivity of copper at room temperature is about 700 times greater than that of water and about 3000 times greater than that of engine oil4. Therefore, fluids containing suspended solid particles are expected to display significantly enhanced thermal conductivities relative to those of conventional heat transfer fluids5. Higher surface to volume ratio for nanoparticles not only provides better thermal properties but improves stability of the suspension also. These nanofluids have an unprecedented combination of the two features most highly desired for thermal engineering applications: extreme stability and high thermal conductivity. From the investigations in the past decade, nanofluids were found to exhibit significantly higher thermal properties, in particular, thermal conductivity, than those of base fluids5-14. Thus, nanofluids have attracted great interest from the research community due to their potential benefits and applications in numerous important fields such as microelectronics, transportation, manufacturing, medical, and HVAC.

proobj:
1.	To develop a theoretical model for metal oxide nanofluid using molecular dynamics 	simulation.
2.	To provide understanding of enhanced thermal conductivity and contribution from various factors along with heat transfer mechanism in nanofluids.
3.	To investigate the role of phonons in enhanced thermal conductivity.

prometho:
The objectives of the proposed project will be achieved by formulating the theoretical model as mentioned above for the better understanding of the mechanism of heat transfer and to study the anomalous enhancement of thermal conductivity. In addition, the role of lattice vibrational quanta phonon in this enhancement will also be investigated qualitatively.

The theoretical framework will be applied to metal oxide nanofluids to check suitability for the approach in predicting thermal conductivity enhancement. Overall, main focus will be on the study of underlying mechanism of heat transfer and resulting enhancement of thermal conductivity of the metal oxide nanofluid.

prosummary:
First year: During the period of first year through literature survey, investigator aims to have a comprehensive report on the existing models for prediction of thermal conductivity of nanofluids, their strength and limitations. This would be constantly updated during the entire project period. Simultaneously procedure for purchase of equipments, and development of necessary facilities would be carried out. In addition theoretical model can be modified for improvement of the results required.
Second year:  In the second year, detailed studies of proposed problems with different approaches will be carried out. Depending upon outcome theoretical model will be modified and further study will be conducted.
Third Year: In the final phase of the project, concentrated efforts will be made to do some experimental studies to support theoretical findings for the nanofluids. The results obtained thus, will be published in reputed international journals

proEoutcome:
1.	To develop a theoretical model for metal oxide nanofluid using molecular dynamics 	simulation.
2.	To provide understanding of enhanced thermal conductivity and contribution from various factors along with heat transfer mechanism in nanofluids.
3.	To investigate the role of phonons in enhanced thermal conductivity.


protitle:
Development of active negative electrode material based on Si/Ge-polyaniline composite by electrochemical method for high energy density Li ion battery

proarea:
Energy Storage under Applied  Solar Photovoltaic Research

prointro:
Li ion battery technology offers the highest energy density among rechargeable battery systems.  However, the success of the Li ion battery in alternative forms of transportation and even in the storage of energy from renewable resources requires significant improvements.  The major improvement that is expected to cut down the cost by enhancing energy storage capacity and inducing strong cycle-ability.  While the commonly used crystalline graphite provides very good reversibility of Li+ intercalation (insertion)/deintercalation (deinsertion) process, its capacity is only limited to the saturation composition of LiC6 (which is equal to 372 mAhg-1).  In order to enhance the capacity of the negative electrode material numerous research have been carried out using various forms of soft and hard carbon allotropes.  Recently tin oxide has also been tried and a maximum capacity of 790 mAhg-1 has been reported by Z. Wang et al.   Transition metal oxides have also shown considerably higher capacity than graphite.  
Si was proposed as an active negative electrode material for Li ion battery because of very high theoretical charge capacity associated with it.  Si shows a saturation composition of Li22Si5 which causes very high volume expansion (~400 %) [6]. The stresses induced by these volume changes cause cracking and pulverization of Si material which leads to loss of electrical contact and consequently, capacity fading.  These prolems of Si based negative electrode materials were proposed to be mitigatted by using usitable composite material.

proobj:
Preparation of high-storage capable composite negative electrode material for Li ion battery using Si nano-cluster and conducting polymer.

prometho:
Si/Ge will be electrodeposited from ionic liquid (IL) media; Stability of conducting polymer matrix in IL will be studied by electrochemical techniques; Structural characterization of the composite will be done by state of the art facilities; Mass transfer and interfacial charge transfer will be studies by custom designed electrochemical measurements; Battery performance and cycle-ability will be investigated by galvanostatic and potentiostatic techniques.

prosummary:
First phase:  Electrochemical polymerization of aniline monomer in aqueous electrolyte will be performed on various substrates.  The electropolymerization parameters (such as potential window of electrodeposition, time of electropolymerization, pH of the monomer solution, monomer concentration, temperature of the electrochemical bath etc.) will be optimized to get PANI film with the desired morphology.

Second Phase: The PANI film will be immersed in various room temperature ionic liquid for various length of time to study the stability of the PANI structure.  This step will be devoted to find out a suitable ionic liquid which offers better stability of the PANI film as well as good solubility of Si precursors. The ionic liquid should also provide a wide potential window for safe deposition of Si nano clusters.

Third Phase:  Electrodeposition of Si on PANI film will be carried out in this particular phase. Various preparation parameters will be optimized to get Si cluster of desired size distribution.

Fourth Phase: Test Li ion battery will be fabricated using a standard three electrode split type cell.  Electrochemical performance of the composite electrode (Si-PANI) will be studied extensively.

Fifth Phase:  Observations will be compiled to establish structure-property correlation ship. Fundamental studies associated with SEI formation, mass transfer and charge transfer processes will be carried out.  Initiatives will be taken to publish the data in good scientific journal. Compiled data will be utilized for preparing project report.  Depending on the performance of the material, decision will be taken whether to proceed further for studies related to commercial applications.

proEoutcome:
New class of composite negative electrode material will be designed.  The interfacial charge and mass transfer mechanism will be understood pin pointing a comparison of the nature of SEI layer over Si and Si-composites.


protitle:
Study to Promote Energy Savings 
in India's Transportation Sector

prointro:
In order to promote energy savings of India’s transportation sector,  SPM-Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University (PDPU) is conducting a joint research project with Institute of Energy and Economics, Japan (IEEJ)to make policy recommendations for both the Federal Government of India and the State Government of Gujarat.
The research will focus on:
-	The fuel subsidy, which will soon be abolished, and tax for various fuel
-	The policies to foster energy savings in transport sector such as fuel economy standards and subsidies for efficient vehicles, and vehicle emission controls, 
-	And the possibility of modal shift from automobile freight transport to rail transport.

proobj:
To make policy recommendations for both the Federal Government of India and the State Government of Gujarat

prometho:
#Literature Review
#Interviews with major stakeholders/decision makers in the transportation industry/hydrocarbon sector
# Field Survey

prosummary:
Towards this study, PDPU-IEEJ shall undertake literature reviews, interviews with stakeholders, and econometric modeling for quantitative analysis.  Furthermore, PDPU-IEEJ shall conduct market surveys in the State of Gujarat to come up with specific policy recommendations. Simultaneously, interviews with major stakeholders in Indian transportation sector and energy sector shall also be conducted.

proEoutcome:
Towards the end of the project, we will discuss policy recommendations based on the results of the study and host a workshop with PDPU for the Federal Government of India, the State Government of Gujarat, and industrial sector to exchange views and opinion for the future policy making in this field.

FAScheme:
Funding of the Project by IEEJ Tokyo towards meeting the costs (material/manpower/logistics) for conducting this study.


protitle:
Modeling, synthesis and characterization study of thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids

prointro:
Till now it has been well established that the impact of nanofluid technology is expected to be great considering that heat transfer performance of heat exchangers or cooling devices is vital in numerous industries. This is much oblivious because when nanoparticles are properly dispersed, nanofluids can offer potential benefits1-11 besides the anomalously high thermal conductivity such as: improved heat transfer and stability, micro channel cooling without clogging, miniaturized systems etc.  Because of availability of high computation power and better synthesis techniques based on sophisticated instrumentation in past few years good attempts have been made by various group of researchers in this highly potential area. 
Although a significant number of studies have been performed on the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids, there has been very little agreement in the data from different research groups. Hence, proper sample preparation and repeatable and more systematic experimental studies on thermo physical properties, particularly thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, convective heat transfer coefficients and viscosity of nanofluids are worthwhile. Research efforts which are focused on the application of nanofluids in advanced cooling techniques for more efficient cooling of electronics and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and investigations on spray cooling  and micro channel flow of nanofluids will also be of great interest. In the present project we look to the problem of formation of theoretical model based on molecular dynamics, synthesis and measurement of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and viscosity of nanofluids. We also aim to investigate the role of phonon in enhancing the thermal conductivity of nanofluids.

proobj:
1.	To develop a theoretical model for nanofluids using molecular dynamics 	simulation.
2.	To synthesize suitable nanoparticles (suspended in water/ethylene glycol etc.) 	based nanofluids.
3.	To measure enhanced thermal conductivity and contribution from various factors.
4.	To investigate the role of phonon in enhanced thermal conductivity.
5.	Using DFT, electronic dispersion curve as well as DOS and PDOS for nanofluids 	under consideration will be studied.

prometho:
There have number of theoretical models proposed for the measurement of thermal conductivity and other properties of nanofluids over a time such as Maxwell’s model, Hamilton-crosser model, Bruggeman and Wasp in initial period of time. Unfortunately each model was considering one or more parameters affecting the thermal conductivity but reasonable agreement with most of the parameters was not satisfactorily included.  Few more models have been proposed in recent times with various considerations such as Keblinski et al.27 (2002) proposed one which assesses various mechanism of heat transfer in nanofluids, Xuan et al.28 (2003) combined the concept of fractals and Brownian motion to model the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids. Hence, PI aims to develop/modify theoretical model as per requirement of the applications.

prosummary:
First year: During the period of first year through literature survey, PI aims to have a comprehensive report on the existing methods for synthesis of nanofluids, their route plan and limitations. This would be constantly updated during the project period. Simultaneously procedure for purchase of equipments, manpower recruitment and development of necessary facilities would be carried out. In addition theoretical model can be prepared/ modified for improvement of the results required.

Second year:  In the second year, detailed studies of proposed problems with different approaches will be carried out. Depending upon outcome theoretical model will be modified and further study will be conducted.
Third Year: In the final phase of the project, concentrated efforts will be made to improve thermal and mechanical properties of the nanofluids. The results obtained thus, will be published in reputed international journals.

proEoutcome:
I strongly believe that the outcome of this project will be crucial in many engineering and technological areas such as HVAC, transportations and oil industries.


protitle:
Establishment of Centre of Excellence(CoE) in Emerging  Low-cost Photovoltaic (ELPV) Technologies (MNRE)

prointro:
At present, more than 90% of commercial photovoltaic cells are based on silicon wafers (mono- & multi-crystalline), an expensive commodity with toxic fabrication processes. The cost of Silicon is another barrier in mass commercialization. So the primary goal of this CoE would be to conduct comprehensive research in the field of emerging thin film solar cell technologies based on cheap materials (namely, CZTS, organic Dyes, MOs etc.). Thin film deposition techniques like electro-deposition, sol- gel spray pyrolysis and sputtering would be used for development of cost effective solar photovoltaic cells. The processes and the end products will be eco-friendly (no usage of toxic gases or chemicals) and above all, the use of smart light trapping approaches (e.g. plasmonics) would make the solar cell more efficient compared to the existing technologies. Every effort would end up with scale-up approaches in developing prototypes for each of these emerging technologies. The proposed facilities would be state-of-the-art in the region and may be approached by industries as well as academia through consultancy, services and collaboration

proobj:
•	Development of Thin film CZTS (Cu-Zn-Sn-S) Solar cells with Cadmium free layers
•	Development of DSSC (Dye-Sensitized) Solar cells incorporating nanotechnology
•	Investigation of suitability of nano-particle embedded semiconducting metal-oxide (MO) thin-film as heterojunction partner with silicon for Solar PV application

prometho:
I.	Deposition of device quality thin films:
A wide variety of thin-film deposition methods have been used to deposit thin films of CIGS/CZTS, DSSC and heterojunction solar cells. Stoichiometric films of the desired compound will be made by RF Magnetron Sputtering, CVD and E-beam evaporation techniques. Certain layers will also be deposited by available non-vacuum techniques, such as, electrodeposition, spray pyrolysis and spin coating techniques. The polycrystalline & stoichiometric behavior 
II.	Testing & Characterization of deposited layers:

STRUCTURAL & MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION 
The precursor materials on deposition over substrate would be first characterized by X-Ray Diffractometry for the assurance of phase and grain sizes. Raman spectra would be analyzed to affirm pure phases. The interfaces are characterized by SEM before deposition of next layer. Cross sectional SEM would be useful to visualize interfaces.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES MEASUREMENTS
Optical properties are measured to understand the optical absorption process in the absorber layer and the transmittance in the window and buffer layer. The optical constants and thickness of the thin films would be precisely extracted using an Ellipsometer. The absorption and transmission would be studied in the wavelength range 200-1200 nm with the help of a UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. The optical property of the absorber, window and TCO layers would be characterized by UV-VIS-NIR spectrometry. The defects & non-uniformity would be mapped by specially equipped FTIR spectrometer for further improvement.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION
 Measurements of cell I –V behavior allow the diode characteristics to be determined, along with other important parameters including the maximum-power point, Pmax. A typical I –V measurement system is composed of a simulated or natural light source (Solar Simulator), test fixture to mount the device under test, temperature control and sensors, and a data acquisition system to measure the current and voltage as the voltage across the device or current through the device is varied with an external load or power supply. The thin layer of the absorber would be characterized by a Hall measurement system to study carrier mobility & types. Presence of defects (surface/ bulk/ deep level) & their density would be measured by an Impedance Analyzer. The charge transfer mechanism in case of DSSC would be studied with the help of available Cyclic Voltammetry technique
SPECTRAL RESPONSE MEASUREMENTS 
The spectral response [S(λ)] or quantum efficiency [QE(λ)] is essential for understanding current generation, recombination, and diffusion mechanisms in photovoltaic devices. PV cell and module calibrations often require a spectral correction factor that uses the spectral responsivity. The SR/ QE would be measured in a QE/ IPCE system


III. Simulation & optimization of Opto-electronic behaviors:

FIRST PRINCIPLE CALCULATION
A materials to be developed would be designed by a unique modeling software, called, Vienna Abinitio Software Package (VASP) to understand electronic band structures of the materials, effect of stoichiometric variations (structural defects, vacancies etc.) on opto-electronic properties.

2D DEVICE SIMULATION
Modeling will be done with the help of Silvaco TCAD package in order to understand Grain boundary effects, such as, hole barrier, charging of interfaces etc.

prosummary:
I. CZTS Solar cells:
•	Use solution based, non-vacuum process such as, Spray Pyrolysis, Spin coating and Electro-deposition for fabrication of Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin film solar cell.
•	Identify the key factors to efficiency improvement employing techniques such as, Transient Photoconductance, Impedance Spectroscopy etc. 
•	Optimize the solution based deposition conditions for CZTS
•	Search for suitable window/ buffer layer materials which are Cd-free
•	Band gap grading in CZTS solar cell for greater coverage in solar spectrum.
•	Scaled up approach for spray and electro-deposition of CZTS solar cells.
•	First principle (Abinitio) calculation to establish influence of stoichiometric variations & simulation with TCAD to understand effect of polycrystalline nature on the electrical & optical properties.

II. Dye Sensitized – Nano-strutured Solar cells:
•	Synthesis and characterization of nano-particles and  nanorods of TiO2 for better dye adsorption and electron injection/transport 
•	Fabrication of dye sensitized solar cell using TiO2 nano structure as photo-electrodes with Ruthenium based dye and study of cell characteristics.

III. Plasmon Enhanced Hetero-junction Solar cells:
•	Study of optical and electronic properties of metal nano-particle embedded semiconducting metal oxide thin-films
•	Study of IV characteristics of semiconducting metal-oxide/silicon heterojunction

proEoutcome:
1.	Small area (0.5”0.5”) CZTS Solar Cells with glass & metallic substrates.
2.	Deposited CZTS layer on long metal foil for future development of large scale CZTS solar cell.
3.	5”X5” DSSC solar cells will be fabricated during the project.
4.	Suitable heterojunction partner would be investigated and improved understanding of Plasmon enhanced photovoltaic cell would be presented.


protitle:
Development of low cost and eco-friendly  CZTS Solar Cells using Electro & Spray depositions

prointro:
Since long, Ternary (I-III-VI2 ), such as Cu(In,Ga)Se2 or namely, CIGS semiconductor compounds have proven its suitability for solar photovoltaic conversions. The CIGS thin film device technology has been well-known for its high energy conversion and durability potential. In parallel, it has also appeared that, the compounds are of high-cost due to (i) containing of non-abundant elements such as, In, Ga etc., (ii) the use of high-vacuum technology and moreover, (iii) the toxicity associated to Se. 
In this project, we aim at reinventing the other types of compound semiconductors, with optical band gap similar and comparable to that of CIGS compounds, namely, the quaternary (I2-II-IV-VI4 such as Cu2ZnSnS4, commonly known as CZTS) kesterite structure for photovoltaic absorber layer, as it contains all abundant and less-toxic elements. The project also takes care of exploring various Cd-free Window layer with matched performance. This project takes up challenges to produce thin film solar cells in non-vacuum fabrication routes attacking the key issues such as, chemical stability, interface and bulk defects and other issues pertaining to scale-up approaches (possibility of roll-to-roll processing) with flexible / metallic foil subtrates.

proobj:
(a) Synthesis of precursor materials and fabrication of CZTS solar cells in a number of non-vacuum techniques, such as electrodeposition, chemical bath deposition & spray pyrolysis.
 (b) Explore the alternative sulphurizaion route for the precursor layer from organic solutions

prometho:
1.	Model the heterostructure solar cell in 1D with PC1D/ AFORS-HET for choice of materials, compositional grading, band alignement at the junction and photoconductivity of Window/ Buffer layer.
2.	Model in 2D with Silvaco TCAD for simulation of the effect of polycrystallinity (grain boundaries: their alignments, charge effects etc.).
3.	Fabricate solar cell p-type absorber of standard thickness using Spray pyrolysis and Electrodeposition route followed by post annealing.
4.	Deposit n-type, Cd- free (alternative) buffer layers and window layers chemically from SILAR / CBD routes.
5.	Make TCO layers (and Electrodes) by (mask aligned) spin coating technique.
6.	Characterize all layers for structure (phase) determination, morphology, optical character and electrical behavior. 
7.	Investigate stability issues dependent on stoicheometries with high resolution NMR spectroscopy.

prosummary:
The plan of work is distributed in following major groups:
(a) Synthesis of precursor materials and fabrication of CZTS solar cells two non-vacuum techniques, namely, electrodeposition & spray pyrolysis.
(b) Explore the alternative sulphurizaion route for the precursor layer from organic solutions.  
(c) Characterize the solar cell in terms of electrical, chemical, structural, morphological, mechanical and optical properties.
(d) Search for suitable window/ buffer layer materials which are Cd-free.
(e) Search for good lattice matched & nearly good ohmic back-contacts for the absorber layer.
(f) An in-depth (over the thickness) stoichiometry study by NMR spectroscopy and SIMS techniques

proEoutcome:
CZTS solar cells from Spray and Electrodeposition


protitle:
Design and Development of SnO2-TiO2 (Core-shell) Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)

prointro:
Presently, more than 80% of solar cells are based on crystalline silicon wafer technology “so called first generation”, a matured technology with little scope for further reduction in cost. In early 1980s, it seemed that the photovoltaic industry has been on the verge of switching to a “second generation” of thin-film solar cell technology. This technology offer prospects for a large reduction in material costs by eliminating the costs of the silicon/material used and with potentials of vary large area solar cells. Multi-crystalline or amorphous Si, CdTe and CIGS thin films are good example of this technology.  As thin-film technology matures, costs again will become progressively dominated by those of the constituent materials and deposition processes. Costs calculations of the thin film photovoltaic technologies place them more or less in the same line with the standard silicon wafer technology [1]. 

Other approach to progress further is to increase conversion efficiency substantially or use other cheaper materials. In principle, sunlight can be converted to electricity at efficiency close to the Carnot limit of 95% for the sun modeled as a black-body at 6000 K and a solar cell working at 300K. This is in contrast to the upper limit, 31% set by Shockley and Queisser, upon the conversion efficiency of a single junction solar cells. This suggests that performance of solar cells could be improved 2-3 times if fundamentally different concepts and materials are used in their design, ultimately to produce a “third generation” of high performance and low-cost photovoltaic solar cells. So, there is a prevailing need for the development of new materials and concepts for the photovoltaic conversion, to lower the price of the solar cells. With the advent of nanotechnology, new photovoltaic materials and systems are searched with the potential of realizing low cost solar cells in future. These materials include different types of synthetic organic materials and inorganic nanoparticles and nanoparticle systems.

proobj:
1. Modelling and simulation of SnO2-TiO2 core shell structure for dye sensitized solar cell
2. Fabrication of SnO2-TiO2 core shell structure based dye sensitized solar cell with Ruthenium based dye and study of cell characteristics

prometho:
Oriented nano-rods of SnO2:
As this is a research project, we will start with a template of Alumina attached by a adhesive to F: SnO2 Substrate. SnO2 nano particles will be synthesized by hydrothermal method in autoclave system. These particles will be deposited by electrophoretic method by preparing a colloidal solution in appropriate solvent. The anodic alumina templates will be removed by immersing the samples in NaOH solution. By following this method, we can get aligned nano-rods of SnO2. 
 
Coating with TiO2 nano layer: 
Above aligned nanorods will be placed in a CVD chamber at 350-450⁰C temperature. SnO2-TiO2 core shell structure will be formed by chemical vapour deposition method. In this method Titanium iso-propoxide will be used as vapours of titanium and nitrogen or argon gas will be used as carrier gas. The thickness of the nano layer will be controlled by controlling the concentration and amount of solution in CVD chamber and substrate temperature.

proEoutcome:
1.	A theoretical model will be developed to estimate the performance of the DSSC based on SnO2-TiO2 core-shell structure.
2.	The method for synthesizing SnO2-TiO2 core-shell structure will be established.
3.	SnO2-TiO2 core-shell based electrode will improve the charge transfer properties along with better dye-sensitization and stability in DSSC and which, in fact, lead to improvement in conversion efficiency.


protitle:
Investigation of charge transport kinetics in organic inorganic
hybrid perovskite sensitized ambipolar solar cells

prointro:
Perovskites are emerging as a new solar energy harvesting materials having remarkable
proeprties i.e. large absorpation coefficient, higher carrier mobilities, direct band gap and
high stablity that may lead to the development of low cost and high effciency solar cells.
A recently published articles in the reputed journals describes pervoskite as a material,
which can provide a framework for binding organic and inorganic components into a
molecular composite having tunable band gap and light absorption [1, 2]. Recently
researchers have demonstrated a 15.4% efficient solar cell based on the perovskite
material [3]. The topical work adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that
perovskite materials could change the face of solar power with efficiency of >20% [4].
Worldwide, researchers are making new perovskites using combinations of elements and
molecules not seen in nature; many researchers see the materials as the next great hope
for making solar power cheap enough to compete with fossil fuels. There is one
publication on the review of perovskite material from one group working at Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad [5]. Although, many research
groups in IIT’s IICT and National Chemical laboratory (NCL), pune are working in
pervoskite materials but in our knowledge there is no substaincial research publication
upto know. Our research group has done some initial synthesis of CH3NH3PbI3
pervoskite materail and characterised it by XRD and Uv-Visible Spectroscopy. To
investigate the charge transport kinetics of the perovskite sensitized solar cells our group
has carried out fundamental studies on morphological and electrical aspects of pervoskite
material.

proobj:
Development of perovskite solar cell (Efficiency: 10-15%; Size: >5 mm × 5 mm)
• Impedance spectroscopic investigation of charge transport
• Detailed analysis of performance limiting parameters, e.g. recombination resistance,
depletion capacitance etc.

prometho:
Highlight the novelty and unique aspects of proposal
• Low cost perovskite material development by solution
processing
• Fabrication of efficient solar cell using low cost
methods such as spin coating, hydrothermal and spray
pyrolysis using the developed perovskite material
• Detailed analysis of performance limiting parameters,
e.g. recombination resistance, depletion capacitance
etc using modern electrochemical characterization
techniques

proEoutcome:
An understanding of bottlenecks of perovskite based
solar cell material and device fabrication.
• An insight in to the possible steps required to improve
the efficiency of these solar cell by minimizing the
charge recombination during collection process


protitle:
Development of Charge carrier transporting materials towards efficient energy harvesting:  A combined computational and experimental approach

proarea:
Chemical Sciences/computational and material chemistry

prointro:
Organic electronics field has grownup exponentially in last two decades. Organic charge transporting materials are being extensively used in wide range of optoelectronics including organic light emitting diodes, Organic field effective transistors, dye sensitized solar cell and organic solar cell etc. due to its advantages such as high molar extinction coefficients, low toxicity and ease fabrication techniques [1]. The proposed research work aims to apply rational computational approach to design, synthesize and develop a new class of charge transporting materials for application in optoelectronics device fabrication.  The applicability of computational method will be put to test on designing of the molecular libraries comprising of rigid Helicene, Hetero-annulene and Binaphthyl derivatives owing to their interesting photo physical properties [2-3]. After computational screening of these derivatives, the most promising molecules will be synthesized and characterized followed by fabrication of suitable device (OLED, OFET, OPV). The device performance will be optimized and based on the performance of suitable candidate results will be validated. Evaluation of Theoretical and real time data comparison will be conducted to produce effective protocols for computational screening along with efficient charge transporting materials for optoelectronics.

proobj:
•	Application of computational method to screen the best possible charge transporting materials among the proposed molecules in the project.
 
•	Targeted Synthesis and characterization (Structural, physical, optical and electrical properties) of most promising materials suggested by computational assessment using scalable synthetic approach.

•	Validation of experimental results for application in the design of next generation OLED and OPV devices.

prometho:
Our aim is to design a novel charge carrier transporting materials which can be used as a core component in optoelectronic devices. The proposed research work aims to develop rigid Hetero annulenes, Helicene and Binaphthyl derived scaffolds as a charge carrier transporting materials towards efficient energy harvesting. The development of new and improved organic charge transporting material for light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field effective transistors (OFET), Fluorescent sensors and Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is currently a vibrant area of research requiring constant need to develop enhanced efficient material. Some of the rigid hetero annulenes have proven to be extremely efficient as host matrices in optoelectronic devices (OLED, OFET, DSSC) due to their high stability, low electronic band gap and strong blue fluorescence [14]. Proposed derivatives can be successfully engineered to be a high performing charge carrier transporting materials by systematic tailoring to lower the band gap and optimized to get a promising charge transporting material for various optoelectronic devices. We aim to design efficient novel charge transporting organic materials using hetero annulenes, Helicene, Binaphthyl derivatives with the help of computational assessment. Developing an efficient computational protocol will be able to qualitatively identify the effective candidates (for OLED, OFET, DSSC), which could efficiently generate a photocurrent or electroluminescence. Thus it would allow one to drive experiments through an efficient In-silico prescreening of all different basic designed charge transporting components of Hetero Annulenes and other proposed moieties offering substantial time and resource savings at the experimental level and would allow screening the large number of molecule libraries.

prosummary:
the PI will start working for the projected goal. The very first steps will be to advertise for research fellow and other necessary steps would be taken regarding purchase of equipment, chemicals and other laboratory supplies. As soon as research fellow joins, he/she will start updating the available knowledge of proposed objective. Molecular library will be designed for better charge transporting materials and they will be screened using computational approach to estimate the proposed electronic properties. The most effective candidates based on the computational assessment will be synthesized in laboratory. Synthesized molecules will be characterized by means of its chemical, physical and electrical properties using various analytical tools. After successful synthesis and characterization of materials, they will be fabricated in to suitable device to test its real time efficiency. Based on experimental findings optimization of molecules will be carried out continuously. Finally consolidated results and findings will be recorded in the form of manuscript for publication.

proEoutcome:
We expect to have developed a better methodology for fine tuning of the requisite properties and also targeted synthetic approach for industrial applications at the end of project. It is expected that all of the charge transporting materials suggested through this study can be used in future generation of optoelectronic device fabrications.

FAScheme:
Extra Mural Research Funding invitation for proposals under Special Initiatives in Organic Chemistry


protitle:
MIDDLE JURASSIC – CRETACEOUS BELEMNITE FAUNAS AT SOUTHERN AND NORTHERN TETHYAN MARGINS: BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS, STRATIGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND KEY CORRELATION LEVELS

prointro:
This is a joint Research project between Indian and Russian side. The project major aim is to identify relationships of biological evolution and global events during Middle Jurassic - Cretaceous, as well as to improve existing models of paleobiogeography and interregional stratigraphic correlations based on the study of belemnites of the Tethyan Realm.
The project involves a comparative study of the belemnite fauna of Middle Jurassic -Cretaceous of India (Kachchh, Jaisalmer, South India) and southern Russia (Crimea and North Caucasus) to identify the biogeographic relationships of these areas, as well as linking the evolution of marine biota with global abiotic events. Both of the regions in the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous time were located approximately at the same paleolatitude (20-30 °) in different hemispheres, being confined to the margins of the Tethys Ocean and formed under almost similar tectonic and climatic conditions. These did not had any direct connection in terms of free migration of cephalopods for intensive exchange of fauna, as they were separated by deep axial part of ocean (Figures 1 & 2). Hence, any synchronous trends in belemnites across these areas could possibly be explained either by significant biotic events such as wide migrations affecting territory of whole modern Mediterranean or correlate with major abiotic events (Eustatic sea-level changes, climatic fluctuations) and thus are meaningful in reconstructing faunal biogeography.

proobj:
-	To re-evaluate faunal diversity of Jurassic and Cretaceous belemnites along the Tethyan margins 
o	West and Northern part of India (Kachchh, South India, Spiti). 
o	Southern part of Russia (Crimea, North Caucasus).

-	To understand distribution pattern of tethyan belemnites in Southern hemisphere (Kachhchh, South India, Spiti Himalayas) and comparison with its distribution pattern in Northern hemisphere (Southern part of Russia - Crimea, North Caucasus).

-	To analyze stratigraphic distribution and evolution of belemnite genera/species and find correlation levels, if there are such.

-	To estimate principal immigration events and faunal exchange patterns during the Middle Jurassic - Cretaceous in the Tethyan area (India and Crimean-Caucasus region).

-	To understand response of belemnite fossil record to sea level changes along the tethyan margin.

prometho:
1)	Literature survey and selection of the important sections.
2)	Detailed Sampling of Ammonites and Trace fossils from selected section for Secondary data for age tagging and sea level history will be done
3)	Help and expert advice on the ammonite stratigraphy of Crimean and Caucasus will be taken from Dr. Mikhail Rogov (Geological Institute of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow). 
4)	Systematic, bed-by-bed collection of belemnite material will be provided for the selected sections
5)	In Russia studies of the key sections of Crimea will be undertaken, both Jurassic (Yanyshar Bay, Sudak area, Baydar valley) and Cretaceous (Balki, Kabaniy Log, Verkhorechye).
6)	The most important sections for Caucasus region are located in Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygea and Karachay–Cherkess Republic of South Russia will be studied.
7)	For Indian Jurassic and Cretaceous, key sections will be selected for Kachchh, Jaisalmer; Spiti and Trichinopoly (South India) region. 
8)	The belemnites will be processed and cleaned for morphometric studies
9)	Cameral studies of the belemnite longitudinal profiles for comparison (method well established for study of boreal belemnites, Ref: Cylindroteuthididae; Sachs and Nalnyaeva, 1964, 1965, 1970, 1975) will be performed.
10)	Based on the Morphometric studies the intraspecific variation ranges of collected samples will be compared with the type specimens.
11)	The belemnite faunas of Southern and Northern Tethya margins will also be tested for “endemic” or generic nature based on comparison and analysis of statistical data such as coefficients of similarity-or difference (such as the Jaccard, Simpson index, etc).
12)	Extensive study of the existing belemnite collections, which include most important type material, will also be performed. Such collections are housed at Vernadsky State Geological Museum, Moscow, where Collection of the Middle Jurassic belemnites from Crimea by Gustomesov is kept. All materials collected and published by earlier workers like Krymholtz, Mishunina and other authors are available in St-Petersburg and Moscow, and also will be covered. Similarly, the type Indian belemnites, housed at Geological survey of India at Kolkata will be studied. A collection of research quality photographs of Indian belemnites in possession with the British Natural History Museum is also available with Indian investigator, and will also be used for comparison.  
13)	Selected specimens will be analyzed in details for their internal structure: 
a.	Serial sectioning of the belemnites
b.	SEM and CT Scans will be done for ultra-structures of belemnite rostra
14)	 Complimentary secondary (ammonite and trace fossils) data along with primary generated data of belemnites will be compiled for understanding evolutionary history and migration routes.

prosummary:
Joint field work in Indian and South Russian Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks will be conducted to understand belemnite evolution in northern and southern Tethys margins.

proEoutcome:
The data generated from the joint project will help understanding the Tethyan belemnite migration routes. The data generated from the project will also help scientist understand the role of sea level changes and faunal migration pattern across all the Tethyan Realm. It will enable scientists to use inter-regional correlative levels by belemnites. It will also help in understanding evolutionary patterns of belemnites. Thus the success of the research progress can be measured in terms of joint publications arising from project. Investigators will aim at publishing the results and data in peer reviewed journals with impact factor. It is also aimed to discuss the results at international conferences and workshops of relevance.

FAScheme:
DST - RFBR JOINT CALL FOR PROPOSALS-2014

fAhead:
(i) Demand No. 86 - Department of Science & Technology, (ii) Major Head - 3425 B - Other Scientific Research (iii) 60 others - Minor Head 60.798 International Cooperation S&T Co-operation with other countries (iv) 12.00.31 Grants-in-aid (general) 201516


protitle:
Post-Combustion CO2 Capture: Process Modeling, Simulation, Configuration and Bench Scale Demonstration

proarea:
Carbon dioxide Capture and Sequestration (CCS)

prointro:
Carbon Capture and Sequestration projects aims to prevent CO2 from entering the atmosphere by capturing and safely and permanently storing it in deep geologic reservoirs. Capturing and compressing CO2 from power plants and other industrial facilities is the most expansive process in the CCS projects. CO2 emission reduction for power plants can be achieved by several alternative technological routes, such as Pre-combustion, Post-combustion capture (PCC) and Oxy-fuel combustions. Pre-combustion and Oxy-fuel combustion are not matured technologies, rather ‘technology under development’ and theses techniques cannot be implemented as a retrofit option for the existing installation. Post-combustion capture is a downstream operation and can be retrofitted in the existing power plants and new plants. In the contrary lower energy efficiency and high cost of process and equipments are the two major barriers for implementation of CCS processes industrially. Hence, the future research focus must be on the development of solvents which require less energy for CO2 absorption and solvent regeneration. To achieve the purpose we intend to use absorbents with less corrosion effect, less solvent viscosity, low vapor pressure, rapid reaction rate at low CO2 pressure, high CO2 absorption capacity etc. The major parameters which should be considered while using the amine-based absorption process are solvent flow rate, CO2 loading capacity, solvent degradation rate and energy requirement for regeneration. There should be attention on optimization for energy efficient CO2 capture process at pilot plant scale using high gas-to-liquid mass transfer rates in absorber and stripper, to reduce equipment and capital cost, to prevent solvent degradation by SOx, NOx, and oxygen, and to develop an efficient model for the scale up using modelling and simulation. There is no solvent which can have all the required properties, but by setting process parameters at proper conditions it is possible to take maximum benefit of the mixed amines and other potential CO2 capture fluids.

proobj:
1.	Design, development & fabrication of indigenous CO2 capture laboratory bench scale pilot plant consisting of absorber, regenerator, lean rich heat exchanger, flash, etc., with working principle of regenerative chemical absorption of CO2 in activated and  blended amine solvent. 
2.	Absorption and regeneration study of CO2-activated amine system with respect to absorption and regeneration efficiency, thermo-physical properties and regeneration energy requirement. 
3.	Development of mathematical model for the absorption-regeneration process, bench scale pilot plant study. Parameter optimization study. Scale up study.
4.	Process modeling and simulation using a commercial simulator. Process configuration and commercial implementation study, process economic analysis.

prometho:
Addressing the global challenge to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and avoid precarious climate impacts requires deploying a portfolio of emission reduction technologies. The proposed project is an attempt to scientifically implement a novel post combustion CO2 capture (PCC) solvent by examining its suitability to a regenerative chemical absorption process of CO2. These objectives are meant to meet the need to reduce the difficulties and prohibitive cost of CO2 capture part of Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) by reducing the energy penalty to make it implementable at power plants and other large stationary sources of CO2 emission. 
This research project will utilize the fundamental and application of 
•	Mass transfer with chemical reaction, Kinetics of CO2 absorption in aqueous mixed amine solvents. Reaction mechanism.
•	Thermodynamics of CO2-mixed amine-water system. Vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE). Binary amine-water VLE data and equilibrium thermodynamics modeling. Physical solubility and diffusivity of CO2 in amine solvents. Heat of absorption and volatility.
•	CO2- aq amine Thermodynamics model: Electrolyte Non- random Two liquid model (ENRTL).
•	Thermo-physical properties: Density and viscosity of CO2 loaded mixed solvent at wide range of temperature and concentration. Mathematical modeling.
•	Pilot plant design, capacity and hydrodynamics of columns, column internals, mass and heat transfer studies and performance evaluation.
•	Pilot plant simulation using commercial simulator Aspen Plus®). Experimental studies and data collection for wide range of operating parameters.
•	Parametric study: Effect of gas-to- liquid ration, effect of packing height and diameter, temperature and pressure, no of theoretical stages, flow rates and compositions. Equilibrium and operating line of absorber and striper. Temperature approach in lean-rich heat exchanger. Energy evaluation, comparison of difference process.

prosummary:
Literature survey on Pilot plant testing of CO2 capture absorbents. Theoretical Analysis and Design and specification of CO2 capture bench scale pilot plant based on regenerative chemical absorption process. 
Solvent Screening and identifying potential aqueous solvents with less % degradation, high equilibrium capacity, high rate kinetics, low regeneration energy and heat of absorption, etc.
Specification of plant (absorber, regenerator, and heat exchanger, etc)  and placing of order for the equipments  and fabricatins.
Successful determining the physico-chemical properties of the investigated CO2 absorbent at different operating condition such as different temperature and CO2 loading at different CO2 partial pressure.
Determining the kinetic parameters such as temperature dependency of rate constant and thermodynamic parameters Vapour-liquid equilibria either from literature of conducting lab experiments.
Obtaining equipments from suppliers and fabricators. Assembling pilot plant setup.
Successfully designing and installing the absorber-regenerator system for CO2 absorption for simulated flue gas.
Hydro testing of the pilot plant, Measurement of various parameters and plant variables and standardize it.
Successfully running the pilot plant with selected different absorbents. Column study, Hydrodynamic study, gas and liquid flow rates. Column temperature profile, column pressure profile for regenerator, steam requirement, flash separation, temperature approach in lean-rich heat exchanger, energy requirements, etc. 
Modifying the process conditions based on the practical experience. Comparing the results obtained with different absorbents, different process conditions such as Gas to liquid ratio. Column temperature and pressure and different packing with specified mass transfer area.
Optimizing the processing conditions to enhance the absorption of CO2 in the selected aqueous PCC solvents and to improve the capture characteristics.
Plant simulation and parametric study of    process and operating parameters such as absorber/regenerator pressure, L/G ratio, packing height, reboiler duty, energy requirement, etc. for achieving high efficiency CO2 capture process. Maintaining the data record.
Report writing, Preparing the deliverables. Paper publication. Final report preparation to be submitted to DST.
The SRF will register for PhD in this University. Other part time PhD students will also engage with this research activity. They will write their thesis.
Patent advice, drafting and filing.   Approaching different companies for  commercialization of the technology.

proEoutcome:
The targeted application for this proposed project is the simulation study implementation of post combustion CO2 capture from flue gas streams of fossil fuel based power plants using aqueous PCC solvents. The proposed work will provide great contributions to the field of GHG mitigation. In research perspective, the determination of VLE data, thermodynamics and kinetic data of the CO2– solvent system, solvent loss and characterization, modelling and simulation of the absorption/regeneration process will establish strong grounds for understanding and developing PCC system based on the solvents and simulation. Study of various configurations such as vapour compression in the regenetar and inter-cooling at the absorber will also be done.
Below are few of the key results expected from this study:
1.	Formulation of high reactivity and high equilibrium capacity blended solvents
2.	Knowledge in understanding and designing of absorber-regenerator system
3.	Energy demand in regenerator and how to lower it down by using suitable technique
4.	Process modelling, simulation and configuration.
5.	Bench-scale pilot plant design, fabrication, testing and demonstration including scale up study for commercial plant.

Beyond these scientific points of view, knowledge and experimental skills that will be accumulated during the proposed research will be expanded into diverse field of solvent handling and environmental concerns.

FAScheme:
Inter–Sectoral Science & Technology Division (IS-STAC) of DST.
National  Programme  on  CO2  Sequestration  Research (NPCS)


protitle:
Performance Improvement of the Suspension System in Three Wheeled Auto Rickshaws

proarea:
Engineering Sciences (Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering & Robotics)

prointro:
While travelling in three wheeled auto rickshaws (TWAR) prevalent issues faced by driver and the passengers both are back and neck problems which are musculoskeletal disorders. This ride discomfort mainly arises due to deficiency in design of suspension system for TWAR. This deficiency causes irregular excitations to be transmitted from road to TWAR through suspension system. Moreover, good handling of TWAR and suspension working space are important performance parameters to be taken care while designing. Thus it is worthwhile to opt for redesigning the suspension system of TWAR solving those performance issues. The proposed project aims to solve this multi-objective constrained nonlinear optimization problem of passive suspension system design for TWAR. This design will be carried out at different travelling velocities on various road profiles by experimental and theoretical methods. On road experiments shall be carried out and results shall be integrated with meta-heuristic optimization techniques to achieve optimized results.

proobj:
To enhance the ride comfort, road holding and minimize the suspension rattle space of TWAR
To develop a mathematical human-vehicle biomechanical model for full TWAR (Full driver-car model)
To estimate the road profile by accelerations measured though experiments on TWAR

prometho:
For executing the proposed project on the TWAR (Three Wheeled Auto Rickshaw) the following methodology will be used. 
Firstly, a full (human-vehicle) mathematical model for the three wheeled auto rickshaw will be prepared by utilizing multi body dynamics approach and then will be modeled in MATLAB/Simulink environment for the analysis. Mathematical model will give a set of ordinary differential equations of motion of the TWAR. 
Secondly, experimental measurements of vertical accelerations of sprung and all un-sprung masses by accelerometers, one GPS based sensor unit to measure pitch accelerations of TWAR and vibration FFT analyzer will be conducted while TWAR is travelling on different road profiles. These accelerations will then be fed into the mathematical model to estimate the road profiles modeled in MATLAB/Simulink model. Simulink model will give road profiles as an output; which will become an input excitation to the human-vehicle mathematical model developed into MATLAB/Simulink. 
Thirdly, this mathematical model will compute the values of the multiple objective functions such as: ride comfort, road holding and suspension rattle space from the defined ranges of design variables (stiffness and damping coefficient of suspensions and tires) and will be utilized as an input for the optimization model. Fourthly, Optimization model will optimize the set of design variables for the minimum value of the multi objective functions. 
Finally for this optimized design variables the experiments will be carried out and the value of the objective function obtained from experiments will be compared with the simulated optimization results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink and ISO 2631 – an International standard for evaluation of human exposure to whole body vibration and that would result into the Optimized Redesign of the Suspension system of the TWAR.

prosummary:
Phase I: Exhaustive literature review of vehicle ride dynamics, and dynamics of the three wheeled vehicles. A full (human-vehicle) mathematical model for the TWAR modeled in MATLAB/Simulink environment for analysis and Procurement of	actual TWAR vehicle, FFT analyzer (hardware and software), sensors, and ISO 2631 standards.

	Phase II: Preparing experimental setups, choosing different road profiles such as pavement roads (No test tracks only public roads for realistic excitations) like internal city roads, national highways with different road roughness and multiple obstacles like speed bumps and potholes and gravel roads like rough roads in the vicinity of the university. Experimental measurements of vertical and angular (pitch) accelerations on TWAR, Road height estimation through a model in MATLAB/Simulink. 

Phase III: Pareto - Multi objective optimization of the computed objective functions for optimized suspension and tire parameters.
Phase IV: Validation of the obtained theoretical optimized parameters for ride comfort analysis through comparison with experimental results and ISO 2631 standards.

	Phase V: Publication of research papers and report writing

proEoutcome:
•	Enhanced suspension performance parameters such as: ride comfort, road holding and suspension rattle space of three wheeled auto rickshaws (TWAR).
•	A mathematical model to estimate the road profile.
•	Optimized suspension system design of TWAR fulfilling all the important objectives of the suspension system.

FAScheme:
Extra Mural Research (EMR) under Science and Education Research Board (SERB), India


protitle:
Development of low grade waste heat operated micro-organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for decentralized combined power & useful heat generation in off-grid area

prointro:
Today process industry (e.g. cement, steel rolling, glass, plastic, paper, metal, chemical, food and beverage and petroleum) requiring high energy demand and dealing with an enormous amount of waste heat. In addition, thermal power plants produce waste heat energy as a byproduct with the useful electrical energy produced. Waste heat is the unused heat generated during a combustion process or any other chemical reaction/thermal process and, then directly exhausted to the environment which leads to destruction of high exergy and also emission of large quantities of pollutants. The waste heat (approx 50% or more) is typically available at a low temperature (80-350˚C) which is not suitable for steam Rankine cycle. 
ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle), as a mature method of waste heat recovery, can increase the energy usage by transforming heat into electric energy.

proobj:
1) Design, development and fabrication of waste heat based small-scale organic Rankine cycle (ORC) test rig for simultaneous generation of power and heat (co-generation).
2) Performance testing and data collection.

prometho:
1) Exhaustive literature review related to Waste heat technology and ORC system
2) 1st and 2nd law (modified) thermodynamic analysis of components/systems. (Preliminary cooling/heating load calculation and hybrid cycle analysis).
3) Heat transfer studies of components/systems (system component modeling and performance evaluation).
4) Design and component selection. 
5) Development of control system for waste heat recovery system.
6) Fabrication of experimental test rig, assembly and commissioning.
7) Experimental studies and data collection for wide range of operating parameters.
8) Interpretation of experimental results.
9) Generation of Technical report.

prosummary:
Today process industry (e.g. cement, steel rolling, glass, plastic, paper, metal, chemical, food and beverage and petroleum) requiring high energy demand and dealing with an enormous amount of waste heat. In addition, thermal power plants produce waste heat energy as a byproduct with the useful electrical energy produced. Waste heat is the unused heat generated during a combustion process or any other chemical reaction/thermal process and, then directly exhausted to the environment which leads to destruction of high exergy and also emission of large quantities of pollutants. The waste heat (approx 50% or more) is typically available at a low temperature (80-350˚C) which is not suitable for steam Rankine cycle. 
ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle), as a mature method of waste heat recovery, can increase the energy usage by transforming heat into electric energy.

proEoutcome:
1. Waste heat test rig facility using inexpensive and commonly used methods to produce low temperature heat source (up to 150°C).
2. Small scale ORC facility for simultaneous generation of electric power in range of 3-5 kW and useful waste heat at the end of the expansion for co-generation purpose. 
3. The test facility will be utilized to carry out research work at Doctoral level.


protitle:
Investigation of charge transport kinetics in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells:  A combined computational and experimental approach

prointro:
Organic electronics field has grownup exponentially in last two decades. Organic charge transporting materials are being extensively used in wide range of optoelectronics including organic light emitting diodes, Organic field effective transistors, dye sensitized solar cell and organic solar cell etc. Organometallic or organic materials were mostly used as sensitizers for solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells at early stages. Inorganic nanocrystals (matal chacogenides) have lately received attention as light harvesters due to their high light absorbing properties. Recently, J. Wang et al. has reported an efficiency of 15.6% with graphne/TiO2 electrode sensitized with CH3NH3PbI3-xClx and spiro-OMeTAD as hole transporter. On the basis of the recent achievements, a theoretical power conversion efficiency as high as 31% is projected for single junction perovskite solar cell and can go higher for multijunction cells. The proposed research work aims to apply rational computational approach to design, synthesize and develop a new class of charge transporting materials for application in optoelectronics device fabrication.  The device performance will be optimized and the results will be validated on the basis of the performance of suitable candidate. Evaluation of Theoretical and real time data comparison will be conducted to produce effective protocols for computational screening along with efficient charge transporting materials for the photovoltaic cells.

proobj:
•	Development of perovskite solar cell (Efficiency: ≈10-15%; Size: >5 mm × 5 mm)
•	Impedance spectroscopic investigation of charge transport
•	Detailed analysis of performance limiting parameters

prometho:
Exploring the relationship between electronic structure and electroluminescent property has great significance to design desirable charge transporting solar cells materials. With regard to predicting optical properties from excitation energies of the materials, time dependent density functional method (TDDFT) will be used broadly because of its reliable results for wide range of systems reported in the literature. Nevertheless, it is important to mention that because of the increase of molecular size from monomers to oligomers, it is still impractical to treat large oligomers using TDDFT methodology. Therefore, we plan to develop an approach for using a semi-empirical molecular orbital theory as virtual screening tool to discard undesirable materials. The selected useful and valuable results obtained using semi-empirical method will be further put under test using TDDFT method. Our cost-effective and less time consuming strategy proposed in this work will assist in realistic functional design of photovoltaic materials in the laboratory towards the next stage.
•	Application of computational method to screen the best possible charge transporting materials among the proposed molecules in the project.
•	Targeted Synthesis and characterization (Structural, physical, optical and electrical properties) of most promising materials suggested by computational assessment using scalable synthetic approach.
•	Development of perovskite solar cell (Efficiency: ≈10-15%; Size: >5 mm × 5 mm)
•	Impedance spectroscopic investigation of charge transport
•	Detailed analysis of performance limiting parameters, e.g. recombination resistance, depletion capacitance etc.
Following specific activities are planned:
(1)	The compact TiO2 to be made by sputtering (Required consumable: A titanium target and paste)
(2)	Mesoporous TiO2 to be made by one of the techniques: doctor blade/ screen printing/ spin coating using TiO2 paste (Required consumables: FTO coated glass substrates, TiO2 pastes and powders, chemicals for cleaning the substrates, scotch tape, tissue paper etc.)
(3)	Chemical synthesis of perovskite material by solution processes (Required consumable: Chemicals for perovskite synthesis, glasswares)
(4)	Mesoporous TiO2  is to be sensitized with perovskite absorber layer followed by thermal treatment for crystallization (Required consumable: Al foil, Petry dishes, Syringe, scotch tape etc.)
(5)	HTM will be coated over the perovskite material (Required consumables: the chemicals to synthesize HTM)
(6)	Back contact will be taken by sputtering gold and/or platinum (Requires consumables: Au and Pt target of 1” size for sputtering purpose)

prosummary:
Once the project is sanctioned, the PI will start working for the projected goal. The very first steps will be to advertise for research fellow and other necessary steps would be taken regarding purchase of equipment, chemicals and other laboratory supplies. As soon as research fellow joins, he/she will start updating the available knowledge of proposed objective. Molecular library will be designed for better charge transporting materials and they will be screened using computational approach to estimate the proposed electronic properties. The most effective candidates based on the computational assessment will be synthesized in laboratory. Synthesized molecules will be characterized by means of its chemical, physical and electrical properties using various analytical tools. After successful synthesis and characterization of materials, they will be fabricated in to suitable device to test its real time efficiency. Based on experimental findings optimization of molecules will be carried out continuously. Finally consolidated results and findings will be recorded in the form of manuscript for publication.

proEoutcome:
The synthesis and characterization of charge transporting materials will be done by following systematic computational approach. Through Computational approach, we expect to develop a protocol for designing a charge transporting materials for optoelectronic devices. Efficient energy harvesting molecular library using not only Helicene, Hetero-annulenes and Binaphthyl derivatives but also other suitable moieties are expected. New range of molecules eases the fabrication of device and will be better hosts for wide range of devices like OLED, OFET and OPVs. The combination of computational and experimental work is expected to provide us better understanding of structure property relationship and hence providing a guiding principle for fine tuning of properties. The increasing energy demand and upcoming challenges from global warming is driving cutting edge R&D worldwide in the solar energy sector. Not only the advancement of existing solar photovoltaic technologies based on silicon and other thin-film materials is important, but there is an immediate need to explore a low cost alternative material, which can help in achieving a greater aim of electrifying rural India and non-electrified world. Looking at this demand our group, which specializes in Material Science, Organic Chemistry and Condensed Matter Physics, intends to develop a photovoltaic energy conversion technology based on upcoming novel perovskite material which showed an efficeincy of ≈15% in the international research just in last few years of their development.

FAScheme:
Extra Mural Research Funding (Individual Centric)


protitle:
Sustainable Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables by Using Solar Thermal Technologies

proarea:
Science and Technological Studies and Surveys

prointro:
The Indian food processing industry is a high priority sector and is poised for excellent growth in the coming years. The technology available in India in the agro-food processing equipment sector is not much advanced when compared to the developed countries. Some interesting features on Indian food industries are: India was ranked No. 1 in the world in 2012 in the production of bananas, mangoes, papayas, chickpea, ginger, okra, whole buffalo, goat milk and buffalo meat. India ranks second in the world in the production of sugarcane, rice, potatoes, wheat, garlic, groundnut (with shells), dry onion, green pea, pumpkin, gourds, cauliflower, tea, tomatoes, lentils, wheat and cow milk.
One of the most important potential applications of solar energy is the solar drying of agricultural products. Losses of fruits and vegetables during their drying in developing countries are estimated to be 30–40% of production. The postharvest losses of agricultural products in the rural areas of the developing countries can be reduced drastically by using well-designed solar drying systems. Literature survey revealed that in India, the major thrust in research and development in the agri-food sector has been on the processing of food rather on developing equipments in this sector. Further, it is stated in the literature that among the different types of solar dryers, the indirect mode forced convection solar dryer has been demonstrate to be superior in the speed and quality of drying. Since the solar air heater is the most important component of the indirect solar drying system, improvement of the solar air heater would led to better performance of the drying system.

proobj:
•	To isolate the direct and indirect effect of multifarious factors at various levels those promote/hinder community nutrition participation.
•	To promote and develop solar thermal technologies, through a seamless blend of different vegetables and fruits/traditional wisdom and modern sustainable scientific knowledge.

prometho:
Data collection and Field survey will be planned to get the idea of the need of solar drying.
According to the need, the solar thermal heating systems is designed, developed and tested under various weather conditions.
The dried food is nutritionally evaluated. The factors affecting the nutritional values are analyzed and the correct method and technology will be suggested for food drying using sustainable technology.

prosummary:
•	Critical Literature Survey & Data Collection
•	Field survey of local fruits and vegetables needs to be preserved
•	Documentation of potential food products and its regions
•	Design of system layout
•	Design, development and instrumentation of solar dryer setup
•	Define food processing techniques and energy requirements for drying
•	Documentation of potential food processing techniques before drying
•	Performance testing of actual solar drying for various fruits and vegetables
•	Dried food testing at Food testing laboratories
•	Performance evaluation, conclusion
•	Documentation of performance evaluation
•	Report writing and final progress report submission

proEoutcome:
•	Quality of the product is better in terms of nutrients, hygiene and colour,
•	Drying is faster because inside the dryer it is warmer than outside.
•	Less risk of spoilage because of the speed drying
•	The product is protected against flies, pets, rain and dust.
•	It is labour saving. The product can be left in the dryer overnight or during rain.


protitle:
Development of Graphene-TiO2 composite based Plasmon-Enhanced Perovskite-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) and Investigation of Charge Transport and Recombination Kinetics

proarea:
Solar Photovoltaics: New Materials and Devices

prointro:
This project falls in the category of New Materials based Solar Cells, wherein a graphene-TiO2 based perovskite-sensitized solar cell (PSSC) is proposed based on our expertise.  We have been working on the new pervoskite material to find their suitability for the photovoltaic application and have international publication in this area. The major bottleneck in such devices is the transport of photogenerated electrons across the TiO2 nanoparticle network, which competes with the charge recombination. To suppress the recombination and improve the transport, there are several strategies including (1) using composite metal oxides as the semiconductor with different band gaps, (2) preparing the porous structure whose direction is perpendicular to the conducting substrate, and (3) introducing charge carriers (1D nanomaterials) to direct photogenerated electrons. It is expected that a graphene-TiO2 composite based electrodes will show higher efficiency in PSSC due to better charge transport properties. Localized surface plasmons incurred by metal nanoparticles will improve the light trapping within the device to further improve their efficiency. In principle one can tailor the size and surface coverage of metal nanoparticles on the TiO2 electrode in plasmon-enhanced PSSC to maximize the efficiency. A thorough understanding of electron transport kinetics can be worked out by characterizing these devices through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The excellent transport properties of graphene-TiO2 composite would allow fast transport of electrons to the back contact, thus lowering the recombination rate.

proobj:
1.	Modelling and simulation of graphene-TiO2 based perovskite sensitized solar cell including plasmon enhanced light trapping effects 
2.	Fabrication of graphene-TiO2 based perovskite sensitized solar cell with plasmon induced light trapping and electrochemical characterization of cells to understand the charge transport mechanism

prometho:
For the execution of project, following methodology will be followed: First, a compact TiO2 blocking layer is deposited on a metal nanoparticle coated TCO substrate, where fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) has been usually used for TCO because the high haze surface of FTO provides a strong adhesion with the nanoparticle TiO2 film. This is an important step because the role of the compact layer is to protect direct contact between the FTO and hole transport material (HTM). Once the compact layer forms, graphene mixed nanoparticle TiO2 paste is deposited on the compact layer covered FTO substrate and annealed at around 500−550 °C to have a mesoporous film. In this process, the porosity and thickness should be carefully controlled because porosity and thickness are related to the pore filling and conductivity of HTM. TiO2 thin films will be sensitized by pervoskite material and followed by spin-coating the HTM solution. During spin-coating, HTM will infiltrated into the pores of the TiO2 film. The degree of infiltration is related to the pore filling fraction (PFF) that was found to have a significant effect on photovoltaic performance. PFF can be estimated by optical reflectometry. Finally, the metal electrode will be attached on the HTM layer using a thermal evaporator.

prosummary:
Thin-film photovoltaics aim to reduce the cost per unit energy of electricity generated from sunlight compared to conventional silicon solar cells. Several approaches have been developed for solar cells such as amorphous and nanocrystalline Si, inorganic compound semiconductors, quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs), dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), organic solar cells (OSCs), and now perovskite-based meso-superstructured solar cells (PSSCs). In particular, solid-state perovskite-based solar cells have risen to the forefront of emerging PV research in recent years. The use of perovskite having broad band absorption with nano-crystalline wide band gap semiconductor permits us to harvest a large fraction of sunlight with a higher efficiency.  Further performance improvement is expected by using plasmonic light trapping scheme. Following deliverables are planned:
•	An understanding of bottlenecks of perovskite based solar cell material and device fabrication.
•	A complete procedure to fabricate efficient plasmon enhanced TiO2-graphne composite based perovskite solar cell of an area of 5 mm×5 mm.
•	The work would be extended towards the development of a perovskite solar cell of a bigger area 1 inch ×1 inch.

proEoutcome:
•	A complete procedure to fabricate efficient plasmon enhanced TiO2-graphne composite based perovskite solar cell of an area of 5 mm×5 mm.
•	The work would be extended towards the development of a perovskite solar cell of a bigger area 1 inch ×1 inch.


protitle:
Investigating the Chemical Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells under Ambient Atmospheric Conditions and Aging

prointro:
Thin-film photovoltaics aim to reduce the cost per unit energy of electricity generated from sunlight compared to conventional silicon solar cells. Several approaches have been developed for solar cells such as amorphous and nanocrystalline Si, inorganic compound semiconductors, quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs), dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), organic solar cells (OSCs), and now perovskite-based meso-superstructured solar cells. In particular, solid-state perovskite-based solar cells have risen to the forefront of emerging PV research in recent years. The use of perovskite having broad band absorption with nano-crystalline wide band gap semiconductor permits us to harvest a large fraction of sunlight with a higher efficiency. In recent years, the record efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been updated from 9.7% to 20.1% in small area (~0.25 cm2) solar cells. However, there has been very little study of the issue of stability, which restricts the outdoor application of PSCs. The issues of the degradation of perovskite and the stability of PSC devices should be urgently addressed to achieve good reproducibility and long lifetimes for PSCs with high conversion efficiency. Without studies on stability, exciting achievements cannot be transferred from the laboratory to industry and outdoor applications. In order to improve their stability, a basic understanding of the degradation process of PSCs in different atmospheric conditions should be acquired via thorough study.

proobj:
1.	Development of perovskite solar cell (Efficiency: ≈15-20% with a bigger size: >5 mm × 5 mm).
2.	A thorough study of relationship of the chemical stability of PSCs with their environment (oxygen and moisture, UV light, solution process, temperature) and corresponding possible solutions.

prometho:
For the proper execution of project, following process will be followed: First, a compact TiO2 blocking layer is deposited on a TCO substrate, where fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) has been usually used for TCO because the high haze surface of FTO provides a strong adhesion with the nanoparticle TiO2 film. This is an important step because the role of the compact layer is to protect direct contact between the FTO and hole transport material (HTM). Once the compact layer forms, nanoparticle TiO2 paste is deposited on the compact layer covered FTO substrate and annealed at around 500−550 °C to have a mesoporous film. In this process, the porosity and thickness should be carefully controlled because porosity and thickness are related to the pore filling and conductivity of HTM. TiO2 thin films will be sensitized by pervoskite material and followed by spin-coating the HTM solution. During spin-coating, HTM will infiltrated into the pores of the TiO2 film. The degree of infiltration is related to the pore filling fraction (PFF) that was found to have a significant effect on photovoltaic performance. PFF can be estimated by optical reflectometry. Finally, the metal electrode will formed on the HTM layer using a thermal evaporator. For last few years, our group has done extensive study of dye-sensitized solar cell and silicon solar cell leading to more than 10 publications in good impact factor journals. In our laboratory, we have already performed preliminary study of perovskite based solar cells and have achieved ≈1.5% efficiency of these solar cells without HTM and gold contacts.

prosummary:
(1)	The compact TiO2 to be made by sputtering (Required consumable: A titanium target)
(2)	Mesoporous TiO2¬/Graphene composite to be made by one of the techniques: doctor blade/ screen printing/ spin coating using TiO2 paste and graphene powder (Required consumables: FTO coated glass substrates, TiO2 paste and graphene powder, chemicals for cleaning the substrates, scotch tape, tissue paper etc.)
(3)	Chemical synthesis of perovskite material by solution processes (Required consumable: Chemicals for perovskite synthesis, glasswares)
(4)	Mesoporous TiO2/Graphene is to be sensitized with perovskite absorber layer followed by thermal treatment for crystallization (Required consumable: Al foil, Petri-dishes, Syringe, scotch tape etc.)
(5)	HTM will be coated over the perovskite material (Required consumables: the chemicals to synthesize HTM)

proEoutcome:
1.	Perovskite solar cell (Efficiency: ≈15-20% with a bigger size: >5 mm × 5 mm) development technology.
2.	An understanding of charge transport through various interfaces of the device.
3.	A thorough study of relationship of the chemical stability of PSCs with their environment (oxygen and moisture, UV light, solution process, temperature) and corresponding possible solutions.
4.	Research Publications in Journals of International repute and Patents.


protitle:
Development of  “Key-hole Repair Techniques” in friction stir welding technology

prointro:
Innovation / implementing new techniques in each and every aspect are the need of the hour. With the tight market situation and stringent delivery time-lines, fabricators are seeking an improvement in currently used process as well as they are keen to harness the capabilities of the existing set-up/process with minor amendments. This is an important reason for development of semi-automatic and automatic welding techniques. Friction stir welding (FSW) is early days automatic welding technology invented by W. M Thomas (in 1991) and applied initially for aluminum alloys. FSW is numerously advantageous because of its solid state nature. In FSW, a non-consumable rotating tool is inserted into the work piece through which the intense frictional heat is generated and that leads to the bonding when material is flowed from top to bottom and front to rear beneath the tool as transverse feed is given. Specially designed pin and shoulder are two basic components needs to be taken into consideration which produces heat and subsequently responsible for deformed material flow. FSW process is divided into three phases; (i) Plunge phase, (ii) Welding phase and (iii) retracting phase. In plunge phase, the tool is plunged into the work piece until the shoulder makes a contact with the work piece surfaces. Then after the transverse feed is given to the tool which makes welding phase and further at the end the tool is retracted after stopping the feed. At the end of the weld, the replica of the pin is left when the tool is ejected. This is known as “Key-hole” effect. This key hole is not desirable as far as the quality and uniformity of the joint is concern. Our objective is to develop the techniques through which this “Key-hole” can be filled and nearly same properties of the joint can be obtained.

proobj:
Our objective is to develop the techniques through which this “Key-hole” can be filled and nearly same properties of the joint can be obtained.

fAhead:
Demand No. 90: Majaor Head-3425-other scientific research, 60-other-200-assistance to other scientific institutes (02) STP (19) Gujarat council on science and technology 5000-other charges (plan)


proarea:
Multi-objective Evolutionary Optimization and Vehicle Dynamics

proobj:
to enhance the ride comfort, road holding and minimize the suspension rattle space of three wheeled auto rickshaws by both experimental and theoretical (Advanced Meta-heuristics) investigations.

prometho:
For executing the proposed project on the TWAR (Three Wheeled Auto Rickshaw) the following methodology will be used.
Firstly, a full (human-vehicle) mathematical model for the three wheeled auto rickshaw will be prepared by utilizing multi body dynamics approach and then will be modeled in MATLAB/Simulink environment for the analysis. Mathematical model will give a set of ordinary differential equations of motion of the TWAR.
Secondly, experimental measurements of vertical accelerations of sprung and all un-sprung masses by accelerometers, one GPS based sensor unit to measure pitch accelerations of TWAR and vibration FFT analyzer will be conducted while TWAR is travelling on different road profiles. These accelerations will then be fed into the mathematical model to estimate the road profiles modeled
in MATLAB/Simulink model. Simulink model will give road profiles as an output; which will become an input excitation to the human-vehicle mathematical model developed into MATLAB/Simulink.
Thirdly, this mathematical model will compute the values of the multiple objective functions such as: ride comfort, road holding and suspension rattle space from the defined ranges of design variables (stiffness and damping coefficient of suspensions and tires) and will be utilized as an input for the optimization model. Fourthly, Optimization model will optimize the set of design variables for the minimum value of the multi objective functions.
Finally for this optimized design variables the experiments will be carried out and the value of the objective function obtained from experiments will be compared with the simulated optimization results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink and ISO 2631 – an International standard for evaluation of human exposure to whole body vibration and that would result into the Optimized Redesign of the Suspension system of the TWAR.

prosummary:
By using different approaches the equations of motion for vehicle ride model ranging from the simplest quarter car model to the complex vehicle-human (biomechanical) model will be derived.
These equations of motion will be a set of second order linear ordinary differential equations and will be modeled in Matlab/Simulink environment for obtaining both time domain and frequency domain responses.
The Matlab/Simulink ride models will need excitations as an input, these can be obtained by Simulink road profile estimation model file which in turn requires the measured vertical and pitch accelerations of the sprung and un-sprung masses of the TWAR through vibration analyzer.
In addition to time and frequency domain reponses of the ride models, these Matlab/Simulink ride model files would also give the value of multi objective optimization function that can be utilized by the Matlab files of optimization codes such as the files of advanced meta-heuristics for optimizing the objective function and would return the optimized set of TWAR suspension system design parameters.
The responses of the driver/passenger seat for the optimized suspension parameters obtained through Matlab/Simulink files will be compared with the one measured by experimental model of the TWAR for the validation of the theoretical model. Moreover; these theoretical results will also be compared with
the ISO 2631 standards to check whether the obtained accelerations are within limits.
Thus the validated results would be the Redesign of the Suspension System in TWAR for Improved Ride Comfort, Road Holding and Minimum Suspension Rattle Space.

proEoutcome:
Enhanced suspension performance parameters such as: ride comfort, road holding and suspension rattle space of three wheeled auto rickshaws (TWAR). • A mathematical model to estimate the road profile. • Optimized suspension system design of TWAR fulfilling all the important objectives of the suspension system.


protitle:
RDD&D Project: Geothermal Investigation
(1) Dholera
(2) Unai

proarea:
Energy Harnessing from Geothermal Reservoirs

prointro:
Geothermal exploration is in progress in Dholera and Unai. Drilling of Boreholes and deep drilling on the sweet spots is warranted. The testing of well and the energy harnessed can be utilized for domestic heating and also electricity generation.

proobj:
Creation of 1 MW electrical energy and R&D demonstration of use of low enthalpy heat pump

prometho:
(1) Identification of sweet spots.
(2) Drilling of borehole
(3) Understanding the application of heat exchangers.
(4) Drilling and testing of geothermal wells.

proEoutcome:
District cooling and heating effect.
Demonstration of electrical energy generation.


protitle:
Geothermal Energy: Development of Centre of Excellence

proarea:
Geothermal Energy Exploration and Exploitation

prointro:
The study areas in Gujarat are Unai, Dholera and Gandhar.

proobj:
The major objective of this project is to conduct research & development activities in the area of exploration and exploitation of geothermal energy.  
Another objective of this research is to conduct resource estimation for all the three above mentioned sites, to understand the energy potential of the study areas.

prometho:
Techniques such as Geochemical studies, Magnetotelluric (MT) survey, and Gravity survey are being used to identify the location of geothermal reserves in the study areas. 
Monte Carlo Simulation is being used as the resource estimation tool.
Drilling of parametric wells for understanding the process conditions.

prosummary:
Geochemical survey at all sites and performing physio-chemical analysis of water.
Magneto-telluric (MT) survey over all the sites. Interpretation of MT data and integration of the same with other techniques. Gravity survey at all the sites. Investigation through 3D MT at Unai for better understanding of the subsurface. Drilling of boreholes/parametric and exploratory well at the prospective locations

proEoutcome:
The success of the project will lead to commercial, academic and research benefits to the research community as well as to the state and the nation as well. This research is one of its kinds in India, and the successful completion of the same will put India in the energy basket of unconventional resources in the world.If harnessed properly, geothermal energy can be utilized in domestic as well as commercial applications in Dholera and Unai.


protitle:
Solar Powered High Recovery Desalination (SPHRD) to provide clean water

prointro:
This project will deliver high-efficiency and high-recovery desalination powered by thermal energy to provide clean WATER.  Solar Powered High Recovery Desalination (SPHRD) will build on an innovative concept, in which a batch-mode reverse osmosis process is driven by the steam Rankine cycle. To enable a more compact and versatile technology powered by a broad range of thermal energy sources, including solar SPHRD will use instead the organic Rankine cycle. Novel power units using quasi-isothermal expansion will be developed. The UK partner Dr Davies, will bring to the India essential knowledge and skills in the areas of thermal engineering, multi-phase heat transfer and advanced mechanical design, thanks to which these ground-breaking developments will be realised and implemented in the field. Besides offering novel and practical solutions to water-stressed regions, SPHRD will provide an inter-sectoral platform for expanding long-term India- UK collaborations focussed at the water-energy nexus.

proobj:
1.	Design and development of a thermodynamically efficient desalination system that will run on Organic Rankine Cycle
2.	Analyzing potential of vapour power cycle to run batch process RO system mechanism
3.	Design and develop novel power units for optimal heat transfer
4.	Design and optimise the novel linkage mechanism in conjunction with the vapour power cycle and power unit
5.	Design and construct advanced prototypes to demonstrate and evaluate desalination powered from variety of thermal energy sources

prometho:
1.	Modelling will be used to arrive at initial designs of subsystem (e.g. cycles, power units, linkage mechanism)
2.	Experimentation with the resulting prototypes will lead to verification and refinement of the models
3.	All the subsystems will be integrated in prototypes of the complete desalination system
4.	Iterative build, test and modification will then be the way forward to deliver the advanced prototypes from the project

prosummary:
The methodology will comprise a combination of analysis, modelling and experimentation at subsystem and system level. Analysis and modelling will be used to arrive at initial designs of subsystem (e.g. cycles, power units, linkage mechanism). Experimentation with the resulting prototypes will lead to verification and refinement of the models, thus leading to improved designs in an iterative process.  Once the sub systems are sufficiently well developed, they will be integrated in prototypes of the complete desalination system which will be ready for evaluation in. Iterative build, test and modification will then be the way forward to deliver the advanced prototypes from the project.

proEoutcome:
1.	Optimised cycles and working fluid selection 
2.	Novel power units 
3.	Modelling tools to represent power units 
4.	Prototype desalination system ready for evaluation 
5.	Publications in journals like Energy, Applied energy and Desalination

FAScheme:
WATER TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE (WTI)
Technology Development Scheme


prosummary:
Sl no.	Activity/Milestone 	1st year	2nd year	3rd year
		1-6 M	6-12 M	13-18 M	19-24 M	25-30 M	31-36 M
A1	Optimised cycles and working fluid selection 
						
A2	Designing of Novel power units  and modelling						
A3	Procurement of component and Fabrication, publication in energy
						
A4	Experimental Trials & Data gathering, publication in thermal engineering
						
A5	Validation of achieved results, optimization and automation, publication						
A6	Draft completion report  for review ( 3 month prior to date of completion )							
A7	Field testing, publication, patent

proEoutcome:
1.	Optimised cycles and working fluid selection 
2.	Novel power units 
3.	Modelling tools to represent power units 
4.	Prototype desalination system ready for evaluation 
5.	Publications in journals like Energy, Applied energy and Dsalination

FAScheme:
Water Technology Initiative (WTI), Technology Development Scheme

fAhead:
Demand No.77 Department of Science & Technology   3425 Other scientific Research   60 Others    60.200 Assistance to other scientific Bodies     26 Technology Development Programme     26.01.31 Grant in Aid General for the year 2016-17


protitle:
Small scale Solar Power Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (SPVAR) System as a rural microenterprise

prointro:
A suitable working fluid is probably the single most important factor in any refrigeration system. The cycle efficiency and operation characteristics of an absorption refrigeration system depend on the properties of refrigerant, absorbent and their mixtures. The most important thermo-physical properties are: heat of vaporization of refrigerant, heat of solution, vapour pressure of refrigerant and absorbent, solubility of refrigerant in solvent, heat capacity of solution, viscosity of solution and surface tension and thermal conductivity of the solution. Apart from this, the other selection criteria for the working fluids are their toxicity, chemical stability and corrosivity [2].
	
We are proposing the system with the capacity of around 1TR. The system can be used for refrigeration purposes in rural and remote areas. Also, the heat source which is currently electric heater for experimental purposes can be replaced with Low grade thermal energy from biomass, exhaust or other waste energy.

Thermodynamic analysis of the system involves finding important parameters like enthalpy, mass flow rates, flow ratio, Heat and Mass Transfers for the whole system to finally calculate the system Coefficient of Performance (COP). These values are to be then used for design of the system. First some set of thermodynamic equations have been derived in terms of mass flow rates and enthalpy by applying mass and energy balance for each component. Then the actual system conditions like temperature, pressures, and enthalpies are substituted in the equations to finally obtain the COP value for the system.

proobj:
•	To design and fabricate a modified small boiler unit with Water Pre Heater (WPH) based on bio mass that will be used to maintain steam flow when sun light is not adequate
•	To design and fabricate a unique solar collector capable of producing steam at about 150o C with the flow rate of about 15 kg/ hr
•	To design and fabricate an effective Solar Power Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (SPVAR) System having “Low maintenance cost”
•	Exploring possibilities of automated hybridization of boiler steam and solar collector steam supply with SPVAR unit as per the requirement
•	Parametric study of different size and capacity SPVAR system in actual environment
•	Field testing of the finally designed and developed SPVAR unit

prometho:
1.	1st and 2nd law (modified) analysis with EES software of proposed system (cooling capacity)
2.	Heat transfer studies of components / system (size calculation)
3.	Design and fabrication of experimental test rig.
4.	Experimental studies and data gathering
5.	Interpretation of experimental results

prosummary:
Sl no.	Activity/Milestone 	1st year	2nd year	3rd year
		1-6 M	6-12 M	13-18 M	19-24 M	25-30 M	31-36 M
A1	Thermodynamic Analysis 

						
A2	Design, feasibility studies and Procurement of component, review paper
 						
A3	Procurement of component and Fabrication, publication in energy
						
A4	Experimental Trials & Data gathering, publication in thermal engineering
						
A5	Validation of achieved results, optimization and automation, publication						
A6	Draft completion report  for review ( 3 month prior to date of completion )							
A7	Field testing, publication, patent

proEoutcome:
1.	State of art designed bio mass based small boiler unit suitable for rural applications
2.	A rugged and uniquely designed solar collector with tracking facility
3.	State of the art designed unit of an automated Solar Power Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (SPVAR) System having “Low maintenance cost” and nil running cost
4.	A PhD research work will be carried out simultaneously 
5.	The work will lead to significant publications in journals like energy and refrigeration

FAScheme:
Clean Energy Research Initiative, Technology Development Scheme


protitle:
Evaluation of the feasibility of FSW of wing panel to wing stringer of Sukhoi 30 MKI aircraft

prointro:
Evaluation of the process of FSW of the wing panel to wing stringer replacing the existing process of rivetting. The panel forms the boundary of  the fuel tank and over prolonged usage, the sealing compound around the rivets degrade leading to fuel leaks. The use of FSW for joining will prevent this problem

proobj:
identify whether the joining of the two surfaces can be achieved through FSW without effecting other required strength characteristics of the joint.

prometho:
FSW of coupons fabricated out of the material used for the two parts, testing of the strength of the joint and evaluating the test results against the strength of the existing rivetted joints. The freezing of the FSW parameters for the same is an added objective

prosummary:
The material recieved from HAL will be used to fabricate coupons. The coupons of the two metals will be FSW on the existing modified vertical milling machine. The testing of the coupons will be undertaken on inhouse facilities wherever available and the required facilities which are no available will be outsourced through civil agencies.

proEoutcome:
It is anticipated that the research will establish that the parts can be joined through FSW which will enable great benefits in manufacturing and exploitation of the process


protitle:
NANOSTRUCTURED CERIA BASED COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS

prointro:
Nanoscale multicomponent oxide materials receive much attention because of their wide range of applications including gas sensors, electrode materials for solid oxide fuel cells, and three way catalytic supports for automobile exhaust gas treatment.  Ceria–based materials are of interest because of their application as a catalyst for fuel reformation to enable fuel cells to be run on existing hydrocarbon fuels.  Recently, aerosol spray pyrolysis method has been used as a simple one step method for the preparation of oxide materials.  Much recent progress in this area has been achieved but there is still a need for research with the goal of developing fundamental relationships between precursor composition, temperature, and final product structure and morphology.  Here, we propose an experimental study of these relationships on ceria-based composite oxide materials focusing on phase equilibrium, surface morphology and catalytic activity.  The overall objective is to achieve an improved understanding of the relevant physical and chemical phenomena occurring in the nanometer sized particles during synthesis and catalytic reaction.  The results from this investigation can be applied to improve the methods for the preparation of new and existing catalytic materials important for the catalyst industry.

proobj:
The main objectives of this proposal are
1. Synthesis of Cu/CeO2, Pd/CeO2, Au/CeO2 and Rh/CeO2 composite materials, with different Cu, Pd, Au and Rh to Ce ratio.
2. Characterization of the synthesized powders by TGA, XPS, XRD, HRTEM, FTIR, BET, EXAFS and microprobe
3. Study of the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction of the as prepared materials in realistic condition.
4. Evaluation of phase diagram based on the experimental findings.

prometho:
We propose an experimental study of aerosol spray pyrolysis for the Cu-Ce-O, Pd-Ce-O, Au-Ce-O and Rh-Ce-O systems.  It was reported that CuO/Cu2O/Cu, and Au2O3/Au are immiscible with CeO2 (Li and Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, 1997).  CeO2 is an excellent dispersant for the transition metal like Cu, which can keep a fraction of it in cluster form (3-5 nm) even at higher copper loading (Li and Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, 1997).  The goal is to evaluate the extent of solubility of Cu, Pd, Rh, and Au in ceria and the position of Cu, Pd, Rh, and Au in ceria either in metallic or oxidized form and the interrelationship between phase diagram and experimental results.  However, considering the ionic radii of the transition metal ions and Ce4+, it is expected that there is a possibility of replacement of Ce4+ by transition metal ion in CeO2 crystal resulting in the formation of Ce-O-M and/or Ce-M bond (the ionic radius of Ce4+ is larger than the ionic radii of Cu2+/Cu1+, Au3+/Au1+, Pd2+/Pd4+ and Rh3+).  Researchers have shown that Au or Cu nanoparticles supported on the oxides, such as CeO2 and TiO2, possess higher activity even better than commercial catalysts in the WGS reaction whereas bulk gold, ceria, and titania are not known as WGS catalysts.  Cerium oxide (CeO2) / ceria are an important inorganic material having the cubic fluorite type crystal structure.  Ceria either in the pure form or doped with other metals (Cu, Ni, etc) / metal ions (Mg2+, La2+, Sc2+, Gd3+, Y3+, Zr4+ etc.), potentially has a wide range of applications including gas sensors, electrode materials for solid oxide fuel cells, oxygen pumps, amperometric oxygen monitors and three way catalytic supports for automobile exhaust gas treatment.  The nano ceria has attracted much attention because of the improved physical and chemical properties compared to the bulk ceria material.
To justify the above hypotheses, we are going to prepare several different kinds of transition and noble metal doped ceria composite materials and characterize them accordingly.  Then the performance test will be carried out at realistic condition.  Based on all the experimental results, we will go for the phase diagram.

prosummary:
This whole project has two main parts:

A. Particle synthesis by aerosol spray pyrolysis technique
The main apparatus in our experiments will consist of an atomizer that converts the starting precursor solution to droplets, carrier gas, high temperature tube furnace, and particle collector. Temperature measurements using fine wire thermocouple will be performed to map out the temperature distribution in the furnace. 
The precursors that will be used for the preparation of the fine particles are mainly nitrates and acetates.  As different precursors will be used for different components in our study, inhomogenities may result because the chemical characteristics of all the precursors and products are not same.  The rates of chemical reactions and thermodynamic properties, especially vapor pressures and surface energies of reaction products, determine the nucleation and growth behavior of different products derived from the precursors. To compare the surface property and activity of flame synthesized Cu-Ce-O, Pd-Ce-O, Au-Ce-O, and Rh-Ce-O materials, we will make a series of samples having transition metal to Ce ratio starting from 0 to 100 mole % on metal basis.  The as prepared materials will be calcined at different temperatures to investigate the extent of solubility of transition metal in CeO2.
Bulk chemical composition will be determined by using the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).  X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) will be used to investigate the surface segregation both at the precursor droplet drying state as well as during spray pyrolysis.  XPS will also be used to determine the oxidation state, and concentration of the atoms in the surface region.  Dynamic light scattering (DLS) will be used to investigate the size distribution of the particles in the final powders as well as the atomized solutions.  Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) will be used to determine the particle size and morphology of the materials and to qualitatively investigate the dispersion and crystallinity of the samples via selected area electron diffraction (SAED).  High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) will be used to look in detail at the nanostructure in the particles and to obtain the lattice parameters, to compare the X-ray diffraction results. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy will be used to determine the minimum temperature needed to make the materials fully carbon free. FTIR will also be used to investigate the chemical bonding the sample as well.  Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) will be used to determine the atomic number, distance and coordination number of the atoms surrounding the element whose absorption edge is being examined.  An automatic physisorption analyzer will be used to determine multi-point BET surface areas of the materials.  WGS reaction will be performed using a small plug reactor to investigate the catalytic activity of the as prepared and calcined catalysts.

proEoutcome:
The challenge related to fuel cells for Navy applications, especially in low acoustic and thermal signature applications, is not only their ability to provide power, but to be cost effective and endure the marine and littoral environments in which the Navy operates. 
Cost, durability, size, weight, thermal, and water management are major barriers and challenges to the commercialization of fuel cell technology in both commercial and military applications.  To expand fuel cell usage in the Navy, fuel cells must use logistical fuels. The power ranges that are of current interest to the Navy and Marine Corps globally for tactical applications are mobile power (1 kW to 100 kW) and stationary power (>100 kW). These ranges and fuel choices narrow the fuel cell technologies of interest to solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and to polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells.  For permanent installations and facilities in secure or domestic locations, the fuel choices can expand to include natural gas and even hydrogen.  The feasible applications can also expand to include buildings for combined heat and power (CHP), road and off-road vehicles, mobile auxiliary power, materials handling, and backup power (power reliability).  Indeed, any of the various civilian applications for fuel cells, many of which are currently undergoing demonstration programs, are candidates for adoption by the Military and Navy.  Justification for these applications includes economic, environmental, logistic, energy security, and political reasons.  There are technical issues that must be solved in order to bring fuel cells to broad Navy application, with fuel reforming the most prominent.  Fuel reforming, cleanup, and purification are key technologies for processing raw fuel into basic reactants that can be consumed by the fuel cell.  Sulfur and other reformate contaminant removal is a critical technology to enable use of logistics fuels in fuel cells.  Significant manufacturing and acquisition costs can be lowered by reducing or eliminating the use of precious metal catalysts (such as Pt) to reform fuels.  Other manufacturing issues include development of automated production lines to reduce manufacturing costs associated with manual assembly lines.  Increasing automation decreases product variation and reduces worker error in the assembly process.  Nowadays, one of the most crucial hurdles PEM fuel cell facing is the carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning inside the reformer as well as fuel cell.  Choice of appropriate materials not only reduces the concentration of CO but also produce hydrogen with the help of water-gas shift (WGS) reaction.
Here, we propose an experimental study of the structure property relationships on ceria-based composite materials (WGS catalysts) focusing on phase equilibrium, surface morphology and catalytic activity.  The overall objective will be to achieve an improved understanding of the relevant physical and chemical phenomena occurring in the nanometer sized particles during synthesis and catalytic reaction.  The results from this investigation can be applied to improve the methods for the preparation of new and existing catalytic materials important for the petroleum industry and most importantly the Navy of our country


protitle:
Women's Economic Empowerment in Asia :Psychosocial and Anthropological factors

prointro:
The aim of the proposed collaboration is to enhance our knowledge of the lived experience of young
women textile workers in India; the attitudes as well as perspectives of those who employ them; and later
develop a psychological intervention aimed at the betterment of such women’s lives.

proobj:
The aim of the proposed collaboration is to enhance our knowledge of the lived experience of young
women textile workers in India; the attitudes as well as perspectives of those who employ them; and later
develop a psychological intervention aimed at the betterment of such women’s lives.

prometho:
Survey Based Approach including both qualitative and Quantitative method.

prosummary:
The initial project is significant in terms of understanding the psychosocial health and wellbeing of women in the Indian workforce. It is also significant as it examines the attitudes of
employers to participants. The potential progression and development of an effective on-going
intervention and evaluation is significant because it would contribute to the betterment of women in the
Indian workforce; enhance the profile of the researchers and the universities involved as well as contribute to increased and deeper understanding of best practice in psycho-social interventions in the
context of women who work. Our collaborative research will also lead to greater understanding of
Psychological and Anthropological issues around women and empowerment. The intervention is designed to bring about positive change by influencing stakeholders. More importantly, it has the potential to improve and contribute to greater harmony in the lives of the community in India through raising awareness to social justice issues.

proEoutcome:
Expected outcomes include:

(1) An in depth psycho-social and anthropological understandings of young women textile workers in
India and their employers;

(2) A collaborative psycho-social intervention and method that would be implemented in India;

(3) Positive influence upon stakeholders (business owners, women and economic leaders) and
community and political leaders about the importance of Indian women in the workforce;

(4) Collaborative future project applications and increased understanding of Australian best practice in
gender-based research and psycho-social modelling vis-a-vis women and empowerment;


protitle:
Slum Rehabilitation Housing Impact Assessment –Ahmedabad 2015

proarea:
Social Development;Community Well being;Gender Studies;Urban Sustainability;Quality of life of Slum Dwellers

prointro:
The concept of slum redevelopment is to improve the standard of living of the slum dwellers without shifting them from the place where they have been located over decades. The Government of Gujarat took measures to provide better dwellings to the urban poor by introducing the ‘Rehabilitation and Redevelopment of Slum Regulations, 2010
Evaluating the slum rehabilitation projects is crucial for identifying the positives of relocation and mapping the changes in mindsets  that have impacted the dwellers due to change in lifestyle which range from, social, economical, psychological, medical, cultural and environmental approaches.  Evaluating the slum rehabilitation projects is also crucial for identifying the shortcomings in the planning and implementation processes. This would help in suitable planning interventions, required to be incorporated in the forth coming slum rehabilitation projects. Evaluation determines the extent of project implementation is successful in terms of its effectiveness, sustainability of results, impact and contribution to capacity development.

The city of Ahmedabad has witnessed the changes under the Slum Rehabilitation Scheme wherein five notified slums have been removed and slum dwellers have been given clean dwellings. The School of Liberal Studies, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University have taken up the impact study of Slum Rehabilitation projects undertaken in Ahmedabad. The project coordinators are Ms. Neeta Khurana and Dr. Ritu Sharma. The aim of this impact study is to examine the effects of this project on the lives of the slum dwellers and the efficiency and success of other stakeholders of the project.

proobj:
To assess the Project Implementation and Project Impact and the resultant difference in the lives of the slum dwellers under Housing Tenure,Physical Impact,Basic Infrastructure
Economic Impact,Social Impact,Environment and Sanitation and Urban sustainability

prometho:
Survey based Research both qualitative and quantitative techniques will be used

prosummary:
The goal of this study is to assess the Project Implementation and Project Impact and the resultant difference in the lives of the slum dwellers under the following heads:	
Housing Tenure: the right to property and its incidentals to 2000 families
Physical Impact: The functional space utility of dwelling units and its satisfaction levels will be assessed
Basic Infrastructure
Water supply, Electricity, medical facility, aanganwadi, and educational facility will be assessed.
Economic Impact: the changes in professions and aspirations of the dwellers post occupation of new homes. New avenues of earning money.	
Social Impact: breakdown of stereotypes and mainstreaming 
Access  Health insurance and Education : decline in Infant Mortality and Maternal Mortality
Social security/ safety in dwelling units and community, decline in crime and community participation 
Environment and Sanitation: individual bath and toilet within the dwelling 
To understand Urban sustainability, which  is defined as "Improving the quality of life in a city, including ecological, cultural, political, institutional, social and economic components without leaving a burden on the future generations” (Urban21, 2000).

proEoutcome:
Identifying the positives of relocation and mapping the changes in mindsets  that have impacted the dwellers due to change in lifestyle which range from, social, economical, psychological, medical, cultural and environmental approaches.  
To identify the shortcomings in the planning and implementation processes. 
To suggest suitable planning interventions, required to be incorporated in the forth coming slum rehabilitation projects. To determine the extent of success of the  project implementation in terms of its effectiveness, sustainability of results, impact and contribution to capacity development


protitle:
NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTROLYTE MATERIALS FOR LOW TEMPERATURE SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL (LT-SOFC)

prointro:
Nanoscale multicomponent oxide materials receive much attention because of their wide range of applications including gas sensors, electrode and electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells, and three way catalytic supports for automobile exhaust gas treatment.  Among them ceria based materials are of interest because of their application not only as a catalyst for fuel reformation to enable fuel cells to be run on existing hydrocarbon fuels but also as the water-gas shift (WGS) catalysts in PEM fuel cell but also their tremendous potential as an electrolyte material used in solid oxide fuel cell operated at low temperature because of their high oxygen ion conductivity compared to the existing electrolyte materials.  Here, we propose an experimental study on the fabrication of nanostructured ceria based materials for the use as electrolyte in low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LT-SOFC) focusing on crystal structure, operating temperature and ionic conductivity.  The overall objective is to achieve an improved understanding of the relevant physical and chemical phenomena occurring in the nanometer sized particles during cell operation.  The results from this investigation can be applied to improve the methods for the preparation of new and existing electrolyte materials important for the fuel cell industry and the Navy of our country.

proobj:
The overall objective of the present project is to develop materials to be used in low temperature solid oxide fuel cell (LT-SOFC) technology and device/stack based on functional nanocomposites with focus on liquid fuels.

prometho:
A. Particle Synthesis
In the present proposal the main materials, which will be synthesized are ceria based fluorite oxides.  Several tri-valent dopants (such as Gd, Sm, Y etc) will be incorporated in the ceria system with appropriate concentration in order to achieve the cubic structure.  The materials will be prepared by simple coprecipitation method by using easily available metal salt precursors, such as nitrate, chloride and sulphate.  During the synthesis, no additional water will be used from outside to minimize agglomeration due to the hydrogen bonding. Simply, the experiment will be performed at water free environment.  The coprecipitated materials will then be heat-treated at different temperature to get the desired phase and the green body will be sintered at comparatively higher temperature to achieve the dense body.
To compare the performance of synthesized doped ceria materials, we will make a series of samples trivalent metal to Ce ratio starting from 0 to 100 mole % on metal basis.
The single cell SOFC will be prepared by using doped ceria as the electrolyte, Ni/doped ceria as anode and LaMnO¬3/doped ceria as cathode.  First, functional anode layer will be made by pressing (~ 2 cm diameter) the synthesized Ni/doped ceria mixed with carbon black and calcined at certain temperature to generate certain amount of pores.  Then the anode support layer will be made by tape casting the same material (with less amount of carbon black) in one side of the functional layer.  On the other side, doped ceria electrolyte will be tape casted and sintered at higher temperature to ensure proper adhesion between anode and electrolyte.  The cathode material, LMN/doped ceria, will be tape casted on the electrolyte and sintered at appropriate temperature.  Finally, interconnect will be connected on both cathode and anode side.
 
B. Particle Characterization
Bulk chemical composition will be determined by using the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).  XPS will be used to determine the oxidation state, and concentration of the atoms in the surface region.  Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) will be used to determine the particle size and morphology of the materials and to qualitatively investigate the dispersion and crystallinity of the samples via selected area electron diffraction (SAED).  High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) will be used to look in detail at the nanostructure in the particles and to obtain the lattice parameters, to compare the X-ray diffraction results. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) will be used to determine the minimum temperature needed to make the materials.  Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) will be used to determine the atomic number, distance and coordination number of the atoms surrounding the element whose absorption edge is being examined.  An automatic physisorption analyzer will be used to determine multi-point BET surface areas of the materials.  Electrochemical study of the fabricated single cell fuel cell will be performed at temperature between 300-600°C using both H2 and natural gas (butane, methane).  The ionic conductivity of the synthesized and processed electrolyte materials will be performed at different temperature.

prosummary:
We propose an experimental study on the preparation, processing and characterization of nanostructured ceria based composite electrolyte materials for the fabrication of solid oxide fuel cell operated at low temperature.  The overall objective will be to achieve an improved understanding of the relevant physical and chemical phenomena occurring in the nanometer sized particles during synthesis and cell operation at low temperature (300-600 °C).  The outcome from this project will be enormous.  Generally, in SOFC, temperature is one of the major factors because the electrolytes start working at high temperature only.  From temperature point of view, the overall cost of energy to fabricate the cell will be reduced drastically, startup time will be reduced and the cell can be operated easily.  Hence, it will be a great success.  Another point is that the electrode materials can be designed, modified and fabricated depending on the electrolyte used.  Therefore, the results from this investigation can be directly applied to improve the methods for the preparation of new and existing electrolyte materials important for fuel cell industry and most importantly the navy (and Army) of our country.

proEoutcome:
The challenge related to fuel cells for Navy applications, especially in low acoustic and thermal signature applications, is not only their ability to provide power, but to be cost effective and endure the marine and littoral environments in which the Navy operates. 
Cost, durability, size, weight, thermal, and water management are major barriers and challenges to the commercialization of fuel cell technology in both commercial and military applications.  To expand fuel cell usage in the Navy, fuel cells must use logistical fuels. The power ranges that are of current interest to the Navy and Marine Corps globally for tactical applications are mobile power (1 kW to 100 kW) and stationary power (>100 kW). These ranges and fuel choices narrow the fuel cell technologies of interest to solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) especially.   For permanent installations and facilities in secure or domestic locations, the fuel choices can expand to include natural gas and even hydrogen.  The feasible applications can also expand to include buildings for combined heat and power (CHP), road and off-road vehicles, mobile auxiliary power, materials handling, and backup power (power reliability).  Indeed, any of the various civilian applications for fuel cells, many of which are currently undergoing demonstration programs, are candidates for adoption by the Military and Navy.  Justification for these applications includes economic, environmental, logistic, energy security, and political reasons.  There are technical issues that must be solved in order to bring fuel cells to broad Navy application, with fuel reforming the most prominent.  Fuel reforming, cleanup, and purification are key technologies for processing raw fuel into basic reactants that can be consumed by the fuel cell.  Sulfur and other reformate contaminant removal is a critical technology to enable use of logistics fuels in fuel cells.  Significant manufacturing and acquisition costs can be lowered by reducing or eliminating the use of precious metal catalysts (such as Pt) to reform fuels.  Other manufacturing issues include development of automated production lines to reduce manufacturing costs associated with manual assembly lines.  Increasing automation decreases product variation and reduces worker error in the assembly process.  Nowadays, one of the most crucial hurdles SOFC facing is the operating temperature (800-1000°C), which limits its use and so the commercialization.  Choice of appropriate materials (electrolyte, and electrodes) not only reduces the operation temperature (300-600°C) but also reduces the startup time.
Here, we propose an experimental study on the preparation, processing and characterization of nanostructured ceria based composite electrolyte materials for the fabrication of solid oxide fuel cell operated at low temperature.  The overall objective will be to achieve an improved understanding of the relevant physical and chemical phenomena occurring in the nanometer sized particles during synthesis and cell operation at low temperature (300-600 °C).  The outcome from this project will be enormous.  Generally, in SOFC, temperature is one of the major factors because the electrolytes start working at high temperature only.  From temperature point of view, the overall cost of energy to fabricate the cell will be reduced drastically, startup time will be reduced and the cell can be operated easily.  Hence, it will be a great success.  Another point is that the electrode materials can be designed, modified and fabricated depending on the electrolyte used.  Therefore, the results from this investigation can be directly applied to improve the methods for the preparation of new and existing electrolyte materials important for fuel cell industry and most importantly the navy (and Army) of our country.


protitle:
Sulfuric acid mediated weathering in the Ganga, Yamuna and the Brahmaputra (GYB) River Basins: Constraints from Sulfur and oxygen isotopes in dissolved sulfate.

prointro:
Chemical weathering of silicate minerals on continents followed by carbonate deposition in oceans acts as climate-regulator in geological timescales (Berner and Berner, 1996). Majority of the protons required for chemical weathering is derived from carbonic acid (H2CO3), produced from dissolution of soil/atmospheric CO2 in water. In addition to CO2 mediated chemical weathering, a significant fraction of chemical weathering is considered also to be mediated by sulfuric acid, produced by oxidative weathering of sulfide minerals. Sulfuric acid mediated weathering is believed to be important as it regulates: (i) the global carbon cycle without involving the consumption of CO2, (ii) the long-term O2 in ocean-atmosphere system (Petsch and Berner, 1996) and (iii) carbonate precipitation in the oceans. 

The work attempts to use the potential of dual Sulfur and Oxygen (S and O) isotopic ratios in river sulfate to understand the role of sulfuric acid mediated weathering in the Ganga, Yamuna and the Brahmaputra (hereafter referred to as GYB) River basins. The dual isotope-data to be obtained will be the first-attempt in GYB river basins and the study has implications to the flux of sulfide-derived-sulfate to oceans from the GYB Rivers. This will be a valuable addition to the global dataset that exist only for a few River basins.

proobj:
The proposal aims at dual (S and O) isotopic tracing of the sulfate-sources in GYB rivers, at characterizing sulfuric acid mediated weathering in GYB river basins, and in quantifying the sulfate delivery to the oceans from the GYB rivers due to sulfide weathering.

prometho:
The primary data to be collected are S and O isotope ratios* (34S and 18O respectively) of dissolved sulfate (SO42-) in river water, and in various sources that contribute to river SO42-. Measurements of 34S and 18O in dissolved sulfate will be made by using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS) in SO2 and CO gases respectively. SO2 and CO are extracted from purified BaSO4 following two different analytical methods of conversion. BaSO4 is precipitated from the SO42- by adding BaCl2 at pH of ~3. IRMS-measurements of 18O in H2O will be done following conventional equilibration of the H2O (liq.) with CO2 (gas) of known 18O followed by 18O measurements of the purified CO2. In case of solid samples, 34S and/or 18O will be measured directly on the purified analyte gases following combustion process. Routine measurements of dissolved ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, and SO42- etc.) will be done by ion-chromatography and HCO3- by titration. Elemental analysis of major and minor elements in solid samples (e.g., rocks, soils, agro-products) will be measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICPMS) after they are brought to solution.

prosummary:
•	The proposal for the first time aims to measure both 34SSO4 and 18OSO4 in the GYB Rivers. This will characterize the sulfate-sources, and its apportionment in GYB Rivers. Attempts will be made to quantify the sulfide weathering in GYB river basins and arrive at direct estimate of the sulfide-derived-sulfate from GYB Rivers to the oceans; the latter has implications to the elemental cycle models. The combined size of GYB river basins, possibly, makes the study to bear more significance than carrying it out on any other smaller river basin with similar geological settings.

proEoutcome:
•	Provide first-time data on coupled 34S and 18O in river sulfate from the GYB rivers.
•	Characterize sources contributing to sulfate in GYB rivers and quantify their contributions by measurements of 34S and 18O in river sulfate and in various sources in conjunction with major ion/element data in river and in various sources.
•	Characterize sulfuric acid mediated weathering in GYB River basins.


protitle:
Role of ICT in Indian Police Force:  Working  of Crime and Criminal Tracking Network System (CCTNS) in Gujarat and Telangana States

proarea:
Information Communication Technology and Police administration

prointro:
How does information technology (IT) affect the organization of police work?
How does it in turn affect police crime-fighting effectiveness? To answer thesequestions,  We find that while IT adoption had substantial effects on a widerange of police organizational practices, it had, by itself, a negligible impact oncrime-fighting effectiveness. These results are robust to various methods for controllingfor agency-level characteristics and the endogeneity of IT use. We thensuggest and test two explanations for this puzzle. First, we demonstrate that use of a particular technology, computerized record-keeping, increased recorded crime rates. Second, we provide evidence that IT investments only had a substantial impact on crime clearance rates and crime rates when undertaken aspart of a broad set of national police organizational practices such as those inthe CCTNS program. Policing is a highly complex, information-led activity that requires the integration of multiple data sources, often in short time frames. The sensitive nature of most information and the severe consequences of possible errors further increase the relevance of adequate design and use of ICT. so the extended use of ICT turns out to be much more than just a technical innovation to make police work easier and more efficient.

proobj:
Objective of Project:

1) An information-centric Police Department that is well-connected with the civil society, leveraging ICT to provide efficient service delivery to the citizen of the State in order to minimize crime and provide an environment for well-being and confident action.

2) Computerization of  Police to meet the needs of the public with state-ofthe-art technology

prometho:
We had finalized with two states of Gujarat and Jammu & Kashmir. Gujarat is technically sound in Information technology compared with J&K. the comparision will give better results of the projects implementation throughout India. Data will be collected from Primary and secondary source.
Director General Office, Police head quarters of any two districts and police stations of both the states will be preliminary visited and consulted. project running status, benefits to state, stake holders, police personnel, and difficulties faced in implementation, availability of skilled force, training of personnel, finding of System Instigators, allocation of funds, tender procedure, ect. From which data will be collected. 
Approach would be by interviewing of  police personnel working with computer services at State crime record Beauro and district crime record Beauro, questioner  will be prepare to understand and collect information related to , CCTNS and its importance , Safety and Security in sharing of information, states projects like eGUJCOP (Gujarat) , and CCTNS jammu and Kashmir and role played by union government in sharing there data with other states, understanding the necessity and advantages of the project. 
Understanding the disadvantages in maintaining the project and duplication work and lack of technical personnel, hiring of services, security in sharing of data online, cyber security and threats, political angle, etc will also be studies.
Major study will focus on identifying the service provided to public regarding, online filing of First information report and bio metric data of criminals, and investigative department in utilizing the data in controlling the international or interstate  or state or inter district movement of criminals and related crimes. study would be conducted about  CCTNS and state Crime Record Beauro in sharing data with hospitals, maturities, courts, forensic laboratories, fingerprint department, etc in reducing time , resources and bringing accuracy in dealing crime which is the part of CCTNS project.
To meet the challenges of the coming decades Technology is essential to have a police force which is up-to-date with ICTs in its daily work. This will build the confidence of the public that the police force is effective and can serve the community efficiently. ICT will help bring more offences to justice through a modern and efficient process. Employees will also get benefit. Not only does technology promise to improve police effectiveness and efficiency in controlling crime, it may also enhance their professional status and organizational legitimacy.

prosummary:
The Ministry of Home Affairs has conceptualized the Crime & Criminals Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) project as a Mission Mode Project under the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP). This is an effort of the Government of India to modernize the police force giving top priority to citizen services, information gathering, and its dissemination among various police organizations and units across the country.A need has been felt to adopt a holistic approach to address the requirements of the police, mainly with relation to functions in the Police Station and traffic management.There is also a need to strengthen the citizen interfaces with the police. Interfaces need to be built with external agencies like courts, transport authorities,hospitals, jails, municipal authorities etc., to be able to share information between departments. Therefore, it becomes critical that information and communication technologies are made an integral part of policing in order to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the Police Department.In order to realize the benefits of e-Governance fully, it is essential that a holistic approach is adopted that includes re-engineering and standardizing key functions of the police and creating a sustainable and secure mechanism for sharing critical crime information across all Police Formations. The CCTNS has been conceptualized in response to the need for establishing a comprehensive e Governance system in all the Police Stations across the country.

proEoutcome:
Expected outcome of Project

a) Improve Service Delivery to the Public
b) Empowerment of Police Officers at all levels 
c) Increase Operational Efficiency
d) Eliminate laborious work  from Police System
e) Create a platform for sharing crime & criminal information across the country
f) Increase accuracy in fault finding
g) Reduce the scope of Corruption and  case Diversions

Apart from this this project out come, it will personally and institutionally help in handling  projects. I would be eligible in taking up new projects and building my career. This will encourage me for further research.


protitle:
Development of  methods for optimizing the operation of thermal power plants in non-stationary modes using mathematical modeling

prointro:
Optimal use of various solutions for each type of steam power blocks requires Mathematical modeling and performance analysis, depending primarily on the configuration of the equipment/components. Application of regime methods on wide range of operating conditions is the most promising in the short term perspective taking into consideration minimum of investment for the modification of thermal circuit. The use of aforementioned methods is limited by the lack of an accurate modeling and validation at standard operating modes. At present, as a consequence, application of both technical and model measures is having shortcomings and often does not lead to the results with desired accuracy.

proobj:
•	Development of a set of measures to reduce the technological minimum on the basis of parametric optimization (Mathematical modeling) of the thermal power plants. 
•	Selection of the optimal combination of methods from the thermodynamic and economic point of view (mathematical modeling) on the basis of Graph Theory and their applications to operation Thermal power plants.

prometho:
It is required to optimize the steam and electricity generation from a CHP system (with supercritical and subcritical parameters) on the basis of heat and electricity so that it is achieved at minimum cost. Our research group proposes the development of a set of measures based on optimal use of various combinations in different blocks to reduce the technological minimum on the basis of existing thermal power plants in operation. We offer selection of the optimal combination of methods from the thermodynamic and economic point of view on the basis of Graph Theory in collaboration with our Russian partners. It will help us to achieve maximum utilization of energy resources.

prosummary:
1st Six Months	Mathematical Modeling 	 The independent development of models for typical CHP units
2nd Six Months	Model Development, validation and  Performing analysis	Exergetic Modeling of the CHP system, validation  and Development of graph theoretic methodology in Russian and Indian context
3rd Six Months	Computational Optimization studies 	Application of the Counts (results obtained from graph theoretic analysis results) to determine the most advantageous variants of the entire set of options. 
4th Six Months	Preparation of Exhaustive case studies based on developed mathematical modeling 	Application of optimization studies for preparation of case studies on operating thermal power plants.

proEoutcome:
•	The scientific results from the collaboration will be published in the peer reviewed international/national journals. 
•	Outcome will be utilized to bring awareness among the industries (locally as well globally) to exhibit the importance of advanced mathematical modeling  and exergy studies, which may lead to improvement in to the existing practices or modification in the methodology.
•	The scientific outcome from the collaboration will be disseminated to respective stack holders through workshop/conference/seminar.
•	Training and knowledge enhancement of Human resources.


protitle:
Applications of Organic Rankine Cycle thermal power plants in energy sector

prointro:
The current common challenges for the world to meet future energy demand and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are making more energy efficient and environment friendly systems, and clean power generation by massive shift towards renewable energy sources.
Recent interest in combined heat and power (CHP) power systems has coincided with demand growth for distributed electricity supplies in areas poorly served by centralized power stations. The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is interesting CHP plant for available low temperature energy sources and having potential to conquer the discussed challenges. The Organic Rankine Cycle is well suited for these applications, mainly because of its ability to recover low-grade heat and the possibility to be implemented in decentralized lower-capacity power plants. The organic Rankine cycle technology has many possible applications, and counts more than 250 identified power plants worldwide. Among them, the most widespread and promising fields are waste heat recovery, biomass power plant, geothermal plant, solar thermal plant

proobj:
Utilization of waste heat, discharged to the atmosphere with different types of coolant (hot water, industrial gases, steam etc.) Identification and Utilization of non-standard types of fuels for the production of heat and electricity, such as waste from the food industry, agriculture, wood processing industry, household waste etc.

prometho:
To perform the tasks we need the following main stages of research related to power plants implementing Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and combined cycle [based on Rankine water vapor and organic working fluids SORC]:
1. Determination of the field of application of units operating by each of the cycles: Preliminary analysis shows that the installation of ORC is useful for low-grade heating medium (water, steam with a temperature of 100 to 150 ° C), and installation of SORC is reasonable for water vapor pressure of 1.4 to 2.4 MPa and a temperature of 200 to 300 ° C.
2. Development of thermal schemes of power plants for different sources of waste heat (steam and hot water boilers, gas turbines, natural gas-fired units, backpressure steam turbines, geothermal heat transfer fluids).
3. Research of energy indicators and thermodynamic analysis of developed heat schemes.
4. Rationale for the choice of coolant (low-temperature working fluid NRT) and the determination of its thermodynamic parameters.
5. Development of software and performance study based on its calculations of characteristics offered for thermal schemes.

proEoutcome:
The scientific results from the collaboration will be published in the peer reviewed international/national journals. Outcome will be utilized to bring awareness among the industries (locally as well globally) to exhibit the importance of advanced mathematical modeling and exergy studies, which may lead to improvement in to the existing practices or modification in the methodology. The scientific outcome from the collaboration will be disseminated to respective stack holders through workshop/conference/seminar. Up gradation of Human resources.


protitle:
HIV/AIDS control strategies and the role of Government and Voluntary Sector in India: A comparative Study of Gujarat and Maharashtra

proarea:
Public Policies 
Public Health and Role of Government and NGOs

prointro:
The proposed study envisions to make an analysis of the HIV-AIDS scenario in India wherein the role of government and voluntary sector to control it is to be analyzed. In this context the HIV-AIDS control strategies in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat is proposed to be analyzed. As it is well known HIV-AIDS control strategies involves multi pronged approaches and hence the role and importance of not only the general government including the Union and the respective State governments but also the voluntary sector becomes highly significant. HIV-AIDS being among the most fatal diseases which is responsible for large number of deaths in developing and least developed countries, its control and prevention strategies that’s why must be focused on involvement of tripartite relations viz. the government, the NGOs and the community itself. The Union government has from past decades formulated special AIDS control policies way back in its National Health Policy in 2002. The draft National Health Policy 2015 specifically mentions involvement of voluntary organizations in management of healthcare services and delivery particularly the healthcare PPP’s

proobj:
•	To study the range of involvement of government & voluntary sector in the control of HIV/AIDS in the select states of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
•	To examine the government’s policy on HIV-AIDS control strategies and administrative practices involved in the Public-Private Partnership modules in the country as well as assess the role of the voluntary sector in the control of HIV/AIDS.

prometho:
5.	Methodology
a)	Area of the Study:
The study is proposed to be undertaken in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat,  which have significant prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the country. Accordingly, six districts will be selected from each state. In Maharashtra, the study will cover Sangli, Thane, Jalgaon, Chandrapur, Latur and Pune districts, while in Gujarat, the districts of Surat, Navsari, Dahod, Mehsana, Banaskantha, Surendranagar will be covered. All these districts are having category A status defined by NACO in its NACP programme i.e. having more than 1% ANC prevalence in district in any of the sites in the last 3 years. That means these districts are part of “high prevalence” districts identified by NACO in the country. Moreover, one city from each state will be covered to capture the urban HIV/AIDS affected population viz. Mumbai and from Maharashtra, and Ahmedabad from Gujarat.

b)	Universe and Sampling
The target group of this research is both the staff of State AIDS Control Societies, officials and field staff of voluntary organizations and the patients who visit the designated centers for anti-retroviral therapy (ART). The total number of respondents is expected to be over 1200 including the medical staff, health administrators and heads of voluntary organizations. 

c)	Method and Sources of Data Collection
Two interview schedules are to be adopted for the collection of primary data.  The aspects that will cover in the interview schedule for the staff of SACS-designated centers involve the problems and interventions of the government and its partnership with the voluntary sector in the control of AIDS. The second schedule is to be used as two parts; one is for socio-economic status of respondents such as name, sex, age, social status, education, religion, income, nature type of the house and so on. Another one deals with the services and access of health services to AIDS patients. To broaden the study further, data will be collected from official documents, informal discussions besides administering a structured questionnaire to the stakeholders. Secondary sources include books, journals, articles, published and unpublished research works, union government reports, state government and other agency documents. A set of internet based secondary literature will also be referred for the purpose of the study.

d) Data Processing 
The data covered from the field studies will be compiled and analyzed using the latest version of SPSS for accuracy and reliability.

prosummary:
Setting up of research facility, ground work for project, selection and training of staff	- 4 months.
Finalization of project work schedule, selection of sample, design of evaluation frameworks, questionnaires, pilot study and rescheduling the study accordingly	- 4 months

Data collection & verification	18 months

Data processing, analysis and report writing	8 months
 
Two BSS (Brain Storming sessions), one National Level Seminar 
(This will take two Months to organize BSS and Seminar)	1.After pilot
    Study (1st BSS)
2. After Half Period of the Project(2nd  BSS)
 3.Before
finalization 
  of report

Total Duration of the Project	36 months

proEoutcome:
Expected Outcome
The proposed research project would be of utmost importance not only to the respective State Governments, but also the Union Government in terms of evolving a definitive framework for assessing the role and impact of HIV/AIDS control strategies on a broader plane. It can also serve as a background study for drafting future National AIDS Control Programmes.
Foremost, the project will provide a framework for assessing institutional capabilities, technical competency of public personnel as well as the cost-benefit analysis of various health administration and epidemic management programmes. Second, it will lay a fertile ground for scientific study on the efficacy of HIV/AIDS control programmes in terms of financial viability, sustainability and effective voluntary sector involvement and community participation. Third, it will present public perceptions on the various facets of health administration and epidemic management programmes in an objective manner. 
Overall, the study will critically evaluate and analyze the various factors that contribute to or hinder the implementation of HIV/AIDS control projects at the national, state and district levels.

FAScheme:
Public Health Research Initiative -2015-16


protitle:
Tracking Chromium (VI) migration in groundwater using stable isotopes of Chromium

prointro:
Chromium pollution in groundwater is mostly of anthropogenic origin (e.g., corrosion control, leather tanning and electroplating industries), and in a few cases it may have geogenic origin. In groundwater environments where dissolved Cr is mostly as Cr (VI), Fe bearing solids/minerals and organic matter tends reduce Cr (VI)  Cr (III) resulting in decreases of total Cr/Cr(VI) concentrations as Cr (III) is insoluble and is removed from the aqueous phase. Because of contrasting nature of toxicity of the two forms (Cr (VI) is toxic and carcinogenic while Cr (III) is a micronutrient), knowledge on processes controlling the relative abundances of Cr (VI) and Cr (III) in natural waters is crucial for understanding of Cr contamination in groundwater. Since the decrease in concentration by reduction forms the basis of remedial measures of Cr contamination; therefore, understanding of the reduction rates is important for assessing the fate and migration of Cr.

proobj:
1.	To assess the extent of reduction of Cr/ Cr (VI) along the groundwater flow path by analyzing Cr concentrations and Cr isotopic characterization of groundwater samples collected at source-point(s) and at locations away from the source-points.
2.	Isotopic characterization of all (natural and anthropogenic) possible sources of Cr to the groundwater. This is required to constrain the source inputs. The natural source would include aquifer solids/ Cr containing minerals while anthropogenic sources would include industrial effluents particularly from leather industries. 
3.	Experimental determination of the fractionation factors during Cr reduction which are representative of the groundwater environments we plan to sample. This will be done by performing laboratory based water-rock interaction experiments with aquifer solids/sediments and Cr (VI) solutions, under a set of varying experimental conditions.

prometho:
Because of contrasting nature of toxicity of the two forms (Cr (VI) is toxic and carcinogenic while Cr (III) is a micronutrient), knowledge on processes controlling the relative abundances of Cr (VI) and Cr (III) in natural waters is crucial for understanding of Cr contamination in groundwater. Since the decrease in concentration by reduction forms the basis of remedial measures of Cr contamination; therefore, understanding of the reduction rates is important for assessing the fate and migration of Cr.
	Reduction in concentrations of Cr/Cr (VI) compared to a reference value can be an indicator of its mitigation; however, this approach (concentration-measurement-approach) can offer erroneous inferences as Cr (VI) abundances can be modified by processes such as mixing with heterogeneous aquifers. In this context, Cr isotope measurement approach (e.g., del53Cr) serves as better and more direct indicator for assessing the extent of Cr (VI) reduction and attenuation of Cr concentrations, as reduction has been found to the predominant mechanism for fractionation of the isotopes of Cr.

prosummary:
(1A). Groundwater: The major objective of the project is to measure Cr isotopic ratio in groundwater from aquifers contaminated with Cr; therefore, sampling of the groundwater will be planned in regions affected by Cr pollution. Therefore, apriori information on Cr pollution from a few regions of Kanpur and Chennai will be utilized for this purpose from existing studies (Schaffner et al., 2008; Sharma et al., 2012; Rao et al., 2013). 
	Programs are also aimed to collect groundwater samples which are away from the contaminated sites; these groundwater samples are expected to carry a fractionated Cr isotopic symbol due to the reduction process along their flow path. In order to study the seasonal variation, sampling would be made in two different seasons, the pre-monsoon and the monsoon in a year. It is also planned that sampling will be made for two-successive years, in order to study any inter-annual variation. Groundwater sampling would be made into pre-cleaned PFE bottles from hand pumps/tube-wells, conventional well and irrigation wells. Subsequently, the water would be filtered through 0.45 micron Nucleopore membranes, and one split would be used for the analyses of major ionic species (Ca, Mg, Na, K, F, Cl, SO4, NO3 and HCO3); and the second split for the isotopic and trace elemental analyses. The parameters such as water temperature, conductivity, Eh, pH and TDS would be measured on the site by using a field kit. These parameters provide supporting information to the chemical and isotope data. 
In addition to the groundwater samples, representative effluent/wastewater samples would be collected from industries, following the same protocols employed for groundwater samples. Soil/sediments and representative rock samples would also be collected also from nearby groundwater sampling sites.
(1B) Sediments and aquifer solids: In order to understand the fractionation of the Cr isotopes during reduction reaction on solid phases, sediments and aquifer solids will also be collected for their use in laboratory simulation studies (on water-rock interaction). Furthermore, it is also planned to characterize and analyse of the solid materials to be collected.
(2) Elemental/ionic analyses: Data on dissolved major and minor elements will help significantly in understanding of the chemistry of water, and assist in better interpretation of the Cr isotope data to be obtained in the study. Two analytical techniques will be used to determine the elemental concentrations in water samples. For analyses of majority of the cations and anions (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, NO3, SO4) ion chromatography will be used. For Cr and a suite of other trace elements associated with anthropogenic sources (e.g.  V, Ni, Co, Fe, Pb etc.), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICPAES) and/or Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) will be used, depending on the concentration levels of elements.
(3)  Analysis of Cr concentrations in groundwater: Concentration of Cr (III) in natural waters is low; however, its determination is crucial in understanding the reduction-oxidation processes during the transformation of Cr (VI) to Cr (III). Concentrations of Cr (VI) and Cr (III) in water samples will be measured by the methodology of Ball and McClesky (2003).  For measurements of Cr (VI), filtered water samples will be passed through cation-exchange resin (AG50W-X8) which will retain Cr (III) whereas Cr (VI) which is not retained by the resin will be collected and measured. Total Cr (Cr (VI) and Cr (III)) can directly be measured following the same protocol; however, without passing the filtered water through the resin. Cr (III) can be calculated indirectly from the difference of the Cr values measured by the two approaches discussed above. For total Cr measurements, ICPMS will be used. 
(4) Stable isotope analysis of chromium: Cr has four stable isotopes with masses of 50, 52, 53 and 54 with respective abundances of 4.35%, 83.8%, 9.5% and 2.37%; as already mentioned isotopic ratio of 53Cr/52Cr (53Cr) will be measured. Isotopic analyses of Cr will be done using the MC-ICPMS facility available to the collaborator (Dr. Vinai K. Rai) at Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad. Analysis would be done using the preferred standard-sample-standard bracketing technique; the analytical details of the isotope measurements are known to both the PI and collaborator. Prior to isotopic analysis purification of the Cr from potential interfering elements will be done based on the published methodology of the Schoenberg et al. (2008).

proEoutcome:
A greater significance of the proposal lies in the fact whether the Cr isotope approach can help us in evaluating the effectiveness of the existing remediation approaches (e.g., pump-and-treat approach, natural attenuation approach and in-situ approaches) applicable on aquifer scales. Therefore, the data from this work may possibly seek the attention of the regional groundwater board, which monitors the quality of water on routine basis, and strategists who make predictions on the chances of contamination of groundwater.

fAhead:
Fund for Science & Engineering Research. This release is being made under Extra mural Research Funding (Individual Centric). PAC Earth and Atmospheric Sciences.


protitle:
Design and evaluation of Controlled Release Tablets of an anti-hypertensive drug Fabricated using Additive Manufacturing Technology

prointro:
Hypertension is one of the major risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. It has become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Researchers have surveyed urban and rural India for estimation of the hypertension status in India. They concluded that the Indian data ran similar to the data produced from PURE (Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology) study and the prevalence of hypertension is about 30% in urban adults and 20% in the rural population. Researchers have reported that the number of adults with hypertension will increase by about 60% in 2025 globally. This increasing proportion of hypertensive patients has become a primary root of concern. The cause of high blood pressure for most of the patients is unknown. This type of hypertension is called as primary or essential hypertension. Approximately 90% of patients with high blood pressure have primary hypertension. Primary hypertension cannot be cured, but it can be controlled up to certain extent with appropriate therapy. 
Now-a-days conventional dosage forms of drugs are expeditiously being replaced by the new and the novel drug delivery systems and  greater attention has been focussed on the formulation of controlled release/sustained release dosage forms. The major limitations encountered with conventional dosage forms are: 
1. Poor patient compliance due to frequent administration for drugs with short half-life.
2. Fluctuations (peak and valley) in plasma drug concentration - time profile.
3. The drugs with small therapeutic index show adverse effects due to fluctuation in drug levels. 
Although literature has been able to show the release characteristics of dosage forms have similar profiles as products currently available in market. Mechanical properties of 3DP oral dosage forms were also similar to those of compressed tablets. Although 3DP is still in the pilot manufacturing stage, it is clear that the process is easily scalable to full-scale manufacturing of pharmaceutical products. Also, currently 3D printed leviracetam tablets manufactured by Aprecia have been approved by USFDA for consumer use. Thus, it is expected that 3DP will provide a useful and competitive way to combine multiple materials and actives into complex release forms with designed release rates, onsets, and combined release mechanisms.

proobj:
To manufacture controlled release tablet formulations tablets of a selected anti-hypertensive drug using 3D printing technology.

prometho:
1. Development and validation of analytical methods and preformulation studies.
2. Method of manufacture of controlled release tablets by 3D printing.
3. Evaluation of developed formulations in suitable animal models.

prosummary:
Procurement of equipments and chemicals required for analytical method development, preparation and characterization of nanocarrier formulations.  
Development and validation of analytical and bioanalytical methods. 
Preformulation studies and selection of excipients
Optimize the process and formulation variables affecting the manufacture of controlled release tablets using the concepts of Design of Experiment
To prepare the drug embedded filament through filament extrusion process.
To manufacture the tablets by 3D Printer through the drug embedded filament manufactured earlier using the extrusion process.
Pharmacokinetic evaluation of selected nanocarrier formulations
Tissue distribution and in vitro/in situ permeability studies 
Analysis and interpretation of data
Conclusion and report writing.

proEoutcome:
3D printed controlled release tablets of an anti-hypertensive drug will be manufactured, tested and analyzed using in-vivo and in-vitro conditions.

FAScheme:
The Funding agency is a subsidiary of DST, titled as Science and Engineering Research Board.
Funding Scheme: Early Research Award.


protitle:
Development and performance evaluation of organic-inorganic hybrid pervoskite (CH3NH3PbI3-xClx) based heterojunction devices

prointro:
Our aim is to design a heterojunction using CH3NH3PbI3-xClx and novel charge carrier transporting materials which can be used as a core component in optoelectronic devices, e.g. PSC. The proposed research work aims to develop rigid Hetero annulenes and Helicene derived scaffolds as a charge carrier transporting materials towards efficient energy harvesting application. The development of new and improved organic charge transporting material for light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field effective transistors (OFET), Fluorescent sensors and PSC is currently a vibrant area of research requiring constant need to develop enhanced efficient material. Some of the rigid hetero annulenes have proven to be extremely efficient as host matrices in optoelectronic devices (OLED, OFET, PSC) due to their high stability, low electronic band gap and strong blue fluorescence. Proposed derivatives can be successfully engineered to be a high performing charge carrier transporting materials by systematic tailoring to lower the band gap and optimized to get a promising charge transporting material for various optoelectronic devices.

proobj:
•	Targeted Synthesis and characterization (Structural, physical, optical and electrical properties) of most promising materials (CH3NH3PbI3-xClx and Helicene derivatives).
•	Development of perovskite solar cell (Efficiency: >20 % will be attempted; Size: >5 mm × 5 mm)
•	Impedance spectroscopic investigation to study the effect of ambient conditions on heterojunction performance.
•	Detailed analyses of performance limiting parameters, e.g. recombination resistance, junction capacitance, series resistance, shunt resistance etc.

prometho:
The synthesized molecules will be characterized by means of structural characterization (using UV, IR, NMR, MASS spectrum etc.), physical properties (HPLC, GC, XRD, TEM, SEM, TGA, DSC, PSD etc.) and electrical properties (Cyclic voltammetry, Fluorescence spectroscopy, I-V, Band gap calculation, Impedance spectrum etc.) to assess the real time compatibility with device.
The synthesized materials will be fabricated into a device to test feasibility using various fabricating techniques (spin coating, thermal evaporation, chemical bath deposition etc.) and the performance of the device will be tested. Optimization of device performance will be conducted systematically using up to date technology to get results without any compromise. 
From the national and international status of the perovskite based solar cells, it is clearly observed that this technology has tremendous potential for low cost and high light to electricity conversion efficiency. The mechanism behind slowed recombination in perovskite material is to be explored in order to improve the conversion efficiency of these devices towards 20%. The schematic representation of the perovskite solar cell is given in Figure 1.
An attempt is to be made to understand the material aspects and the device physics of solid-state mesoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2)/perovskite hetero-junction solar cell, employing nanoparticles (NPs) of methyl ammonium lead iodide perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 as light harvesters. Further, the performance limiting factors (e.g., series resistance, shunt resistance, recombination resistance, diffusion capacitance etc.) have to be explored by theoretical modeling of the current-voltage characteristics and complex impedance spectra of this device. A flowchart of the required steps towards the investigation of charge carrier transport kinetics in this type of solar cell is outlined in the Figure 2.
(1)	The compact TiO2 to be made by sputtering (Required consumable: A titanium target and paste)
(2)	Mesoporous TiO2 to be made by one of the techniques: doctor blade/ screen printing/ spin coating using TiO2 paste (Required consumables: FTO coated glass substrates, TiO2 pastes and powders, chemicals for cleaning the substrates, scotch tape, tissue paper etc.)
(3)	Chemical synthesis of perovskite material by solution processes (Required consumable: Chemicals for perovskite synthesis, glasswares)
(4)	Mesoporous TiO2 is to be sensitized with perovskite absorber layer followed by thermal treatment for crystallization (Required consumable: Al foil, Petry dishes, Syringe, scotch tape etc.)
(5)	HTM will be coated over the perovskite material (Required consumables: the chemicals to synthesize HTM)
(6)	Back contact will be taken by sputtering gold and/or platinum (Requires consumables: Au and Pt target of 1” size for sputtering purpose)

prosummary:
The synthesis and characterization of charge transporting materials will be done. It is expected to develop charge transporting materials for optoelectronic devices. Efficient energy harvesting molecular library using not only Helicene, Hetero-annulenes and Binaphthyl derivatives but also other suitable moieties are expected. New range of molecules eases the fabrication of device and will be better hosts for wide range of devices like OLED, OFET and OPVs. The combination of theoretical and experimental work is expected to provide us better understanding of structure, property, and performance relationship and hence providing a guiding principle for fine tuning of properties. The increasing energy demand and upcoming challenges from global warming is driving cutting edge R&D worldwide in the solar energy sector. Not only the advancement of existing solar photovoltaic technologies based on silicon and other thin-film materials is important, but there is an immediate need to explore a low cost alternative material, which can help in achieving a greater aim of electrifying rural India and non-electrified world. Looking at this demand our group, which specializes in Material Science, Organic Chemistry and Condensed Matter Physics intends to develop a photovoltaic energy conversion technology based on upcoming novel perovskite material which showed an efficiency of ≈15% in the international research just in last few years of their development. The group has experience of the third generation technology of dye-sensitized solar cells as well as established technology of silicon solar cells, which form the basis of new technology development for harnessing the benefits of solar energy.

proEoutcome:
It is expected that the projected research work will produce the high performing stable and reliable charge carrier transporting materials comprising of Hetero-annulenes, Helicene and Binaphthyl derivatives to use as core materials in various optoelectronic devices like OLED, OPV, OFET etc. An honest attempt will be made to look for a possible large scale production and fabrication of device and trouble shooting of scale up issues associated. The better performing materials will be used extensively for producing a new class of organic electronics with improved performance.


protitle:
Development and performance optimization of low-bandgap conjugated polymer based organic solar cells with a focus on stability improvement

prointro:
In order to increase the efficiency of polymer solar cell, more photons are to be absorbed by the polymer. The general mechanistic picture of an organic solar cell comprises the following four steps: (1) light absorption and exciton formation, (2) exciton migration, (3) charge separation and (4) charge transport and charge collection. OPV solar cells are highly dependent on the solid state nanoscale morphology of the two components (donor/acceptor) in the photoactive layer. Several strategies are presented here which can reliably improve the solar cell performance. In order to improve the performance of these devices, further studies are required to investigate:  (1) the effect of additives - Heeger and coworkers screened several processing additives and studied the structural order in BHJ films prepared with different solvent additives. It was found that the DIO gave consistently good control in morphology needed for optimized solar cell performances by improving short current density and fill factor; (2) modification of interfacial layer -  conducting polymers, PEDOT:PSS, are widely used as a layer of hole-injecting (electron blocking) materials. Other materials, such as graphene oxide or metal oxides have also been investigated for the purpose of replacing PEDOT:PSS to match work function of the hole-injecting layer with the HOMO energy of the polymer and avoid detrimental effects caused by the acidity of PSS; (3) innovation of device architectures - inverted BHJ solar cells have been studied by several groups because of their compatibility with large-scale roll-to-roll processing.

proobj:
•	Development of low-bandgap small conjugated polymers molecules based organic solar cell (Efficiency: >10 % will be attempted; Size: >5 mm × 5 mm).
•	Impedance spectroscopic investigation to study the effect of ambient conditions on the electrical performance of OSC and factors affecting the stability of devices.
•	Detailed analyses of performance limiting parameters, e.g. recombination resistance, junction capacitance, series resistance, shunt resistance etc.

prometho:
Devices may be investigated by using conventional structure i.e. indium tin oxide (ITO)/ poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulphonate)(PEDOT:PSS)/Active layer/aluminium (Al) as well as inverted structure. For device fabrication, the ITO glass substrates (sheet resistance = 15 Ω/□) can be used. Cleaned ITO glasses would be exposed to ultraviolet-ozone irradiation for 20 min. A thin layer of PEDOT:PSS would be spin coated at ~3500 rpm over ITO glass and dried at 140 °C in air for 20 min. Active layers (PTB7:PC71BM) with the blend ratio of 1:1.5 would be spin-coated using the solutions (chlorobenzene solvent with 25 mg/ml)  at ~1000-1500 rpm in a glove box. Finally, Al (~100 nm) electrode would be thermally deposited in high vacuum, over the active layer through shadow mask. 
The current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of these devices would be measured under solar simulator (class AAA) with an intensity of 100 mWcm-2. 
Studying the Morphology and Performance Relationship:
Various physical methods can be tried to study the relationship between morphology and performance as listed below:
1.	Solvents: Toluene, Chlorobenzene, Chloroform etc.
2.	Thermal Annealing and Postannealing
3.	Solvent Annealing
4.	Polar Solvent Effect: For example exposing the thin film blends to ethanol may improve the morphology and consequently the efficiency.
5.	Donor: Acceptor Ratio

Following tools are required for studying the morphology of the device:
1.	Grazing incidence X-ray scattering
2.	UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
3.	Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4.	Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
5.	Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Solid-state NMR spectroscopy can be used to measure the local environment within the mixed films because of its sensitivity to intermolecular correlations over nanometer length scales and to chemical contrast. NMR measurements could be applied to estimate the domain size in polymer/fullerene BHJ blends.
6.	Impedance spectroscopic measurements of the solar cells
7.	Photo-luminescence (PL)
8.	IPCE measurements
9.	I-V measurements

prosummary:
Once the project is sanctioned, the PI will start working for the projected goal. The very first steps will be to advertise for research fellow and other necessary steps would be taken regarding purchase of equipment, chemicals and other laboratory supplies. As soon as research fellow joins, he/she will start updating the available knowledge of proposed objective. Synthesized molecules will be characterized by means of its chemical, physical and electrical properties using various analytical tools. After successful synthesis and characterization of materials, they will be fabricated in to suitable device to test its real time efficiency. Based on experimental findings optimization of molecules will be carried out continuously. Finally consolidated results and findings will be recorded in the form of manuscript for publication.

proEoutcome:
The development and characterization of OSCs will be done. It is expected to develop OSCs to act as energy conversion devices. New range of small molecules eases the fabrication of devices and will be better hosts for wide range of devices like OSCs. The combination of theoretical and experimental work is expected to provide us better understanding of structure, property, and performance relationship and hence providing a guiding principle for fine tuning of properties. The increasing energy demand and upcoming challenges from global warming is driving cutting edge R&D worldwide in the solar energy sector. Not only the advancement of existing solar photovoltaic technologies based on silicon and other thin-film materials is important, but there is an immediate need to explore a low cost alternative material, which can help in achieving a greater aim of electrifying rural India and non-electrified world. The group has experience of the third generation technology of dye-sensitized solar cells as well as established technology of silicon solar cells, which form the basis of new technology development for harnessing the benefits of solar energy.


protitle:
Solar Powered Desalination System combines with Fresnel lens and vacuum technology.

prointro:
This project will lead to deliver highly effective solar desalination plant with Fresnel lens coupled with vacuum and trough collector subsystem along with PCM in basin. This is an innovative concept to combine PCM with Fresnel lens to increase the overall output. This project will lead almost 24 hour operation of desalination plant with the help of PCM which increase the overall yield output and also suits for commercial use. This project will fill the gap between fresh water supply and demand in remote areas of India and many other dessert countries

proobj:
	Design and Development of Solar powered desalination system combines with Fresnel lens glass cover, solar trough collector and a basin equipped with vacuum pump facility along with the Phase change material (PCM).
	Analysing potential of  the proposed system to run batch process RO system mechanism 
	Design and development of an efficient and robust system to meet the demand of larger plants. 
 Design and optimize the operating parameters of the proposed system to enhance its performance

prometho:
	Numerical design and modelling will be used to arrive at initial design of components of the prototype. 
	Experimentation with the resulting prototype will lead to verification and refinement of the models
	Comparing the prototype model results with theoretical results and modify it according to it.
	Iterative build, test and modification will then be the way forward to deliver the advanced prototypes from the project

prosummary:
The proposed works deals with the Desalination of the brackish water with the help of solar energy along with the vacuum technology. The proposed works is aim to developed the  Desalination system having 800 liter capacity per day.

proEoutcome:
1	Novel desalination units 
2	Prototype desalination system ready for evaluation 
3	Publications in journals like Desalination, Energy, Energy conversation and management etc


protitle:
Aluminium Surface Composite manufacturing using Friction Stir Processing

prointro:
Friction stir welding (FSW) and friction stir process (FSP) was invented as a solid-state joining technique firstly, and then developed as a surface modification technique. It is a ‘‘green’’ technology to incorporate ceramic particles into surface layer to form surface composite. 
The microstructure of the materials’ surface, including the phases, particle distribution, grain size and shape, crystallographic orientation of the grains, and grain-boundary structure, greatly influences the binding of surface layer and matrix, and the resistance to wear, creep and fatigue. In the proposed research, we address to develop a novel surface modifying technique, friction stir processing (FSP), to produce surface composite on Al. The microstructure of surface composites and the bonding mechanism with the aluminum alloy substrate will be studied in detail. The obtained results will be used to further improve friction stir processing. 
A detailed analysis on wear characteristics of the surface composites manufactured will be carried out on the Pin-On-Disk Tribometer. The testing will be carried out under dry, lubricated, ambience heating and specimen heating condition. Selection of different test conditions will allow us to determine which of the surface composites and structures being of the optimum properties of resistance to wear/corrosion, creep and fatigue.

proobj:
1.	To develop Aluminium Surface Composites using Friction Stir Processing.
2.	Understand the microstructure evolution in Friction Stir Processing.
3.	To propose the microstructural model to relate the microstructural characteristics to properties, evaluate the resistance to wear, creep and fatigue and validate the model predictions on the specimens having various structures.

prometho:
The microstructure of any material has governing effect on the properties and hence performance of a material in service. In the proposed research, Aluminium surface composites are to be produced by Friction Stir Processing (FSP). Microstructure evolution with different processing parameters of FSP will be studied. This microstructure's effect on properties like wear will be investigated. The aim thus is to determine the microstructure and corresponding set of processing parameters in order to have a surface composite with desired properties.

prosummary:
•	Phase I: FIRST YEAR
	Exhaustive literature review of FSP
	Identification of Al alloy for FSP
	Design and development of FSP tool for Aluminium 6XXX
	Procurement of tool material, Al alloys and powder (matrix material B4C or SiC)
	Procurement of High Resolution Microscope

•	Phase II: SECOND YEAR
	Initial trials
	Actual trials: Optimizations FSP parameters
	Mechanical & Metallurgical Testing
	Wear Testing
	Characterizations: Optical microscope and SEM
•	Phase III: THIRD YEAR
	Mechanical & Metallurgical Testing
	Wear Testing
	Characterizations: Optical microscope and SEM
	Analysis of test results
	Publication of research papers and report writing

proEoutcome:
Technology for producing Aluminium Surface composites with desired wear properties.


protitle:
Enabling Equitable Access to Rural Electrification Interventions: The Gujarat and Chattisgarh Experiences

prointro:
Women and men often use energy and are affected by or benefited from energy services differently. The same energy service may affect men and women in different ways, with different social or economic outcomes. However, there is little independent and empirical evidence of these differentiated impacts. 

Norwegian researchers Karina Standal and Tanja Winther from the Centre of Development and Environment, University of Oslo, examined in a recent study how the introduction of electricity in new contexts (solar power) affected gender relations in rural communities. The study confirmed that in terms of empowerment, women feel that true inclusion of a stakeholder (women) from very beginning helps in getting them as change maker. Access to solar electricity gave them an easier everyday life and sense of accomplishments in pursuing their roles as mothers and wives/daughters-in-law and the like. This is, of course, very important in raising their life quality. However, women in Indian villages can challenge patriarchy and discriminating gender roles if their participation in solar electricity projects from planning and implementation to maintenance is not absolute and not equal.

proobj:
1.	What are the impacts on women and girls of access to electricity?
2.	Does a gendered approach provide greater empowerment to women and girls than traditional approaches in the energy sector?

prometho:
The methodology of the exercise involves a multi-pronged process consisting of a literature review; a background study of gender, energy and poverty issues; interactions with key stakeholders in the energy sector and an analysis of energy policies and strategies in India vis-à-vis the two proposed states. Unlike a gender audit of an organization, the gender analysis of the energy sector in India concentrates on the concerns over gender in the content of energy policy and strategies, and their impact on gender relations, in terms of addressing women’s practical and strategic needs within a framework of gender, energy and poverty linkages.

prosummary:
Given the rapid pace of developments in these states the research survey will focus on the 24 x7 electrical supply models, the Jyoti Gram Yojana and the alternative power generation and energy efficiency projects in the state implemented in the light of the solar power policy announced in 2009 by the state government in Gujarat and solar home light system experiences as there are numerous decentralized systems installed in the state of Chhattisgarh. 

In view to fulfill this gap we propose a study on documenting and analyzing experiences that have enabled equitable access to rural electrification interventions - both conventional and non-conventional in the states of Gujarat and Chhattisgarh.  This research will highlight the current gender-oriented strategies and document the studies/successes, major activities and experiences available in related areas from which guidelines and best practices can be drawn in energy and poverty alleviation and recommended measures for gender mainstreaming.

proEoutcome:
•	Building up a body of evidence and experience (conceptual, methodological, and case studies) linking attention to gender in energy policy and projects to equitable, efficient, and sustainable outcomes in energy and development.
•	Advocating on the importance of bringing a gender perspective to policy analysis and design in various arenas. 
•	Capacity building, advice, and assistance to energy programs, policy, and projects in integrating a gender perspective. 
•	Creating networks and institutions at the national, regional, and international levels to support these efforts at the practical and political level.


protitle:
Study of metallurgical feasibility of friction stir weld of wing panel to stringer of Sukhoi-30MKI aircraft

prointro:
The stringer of the wing fuel tank panel is presently riveted on to the panel since conventional fusion weld is not feasible on the metal combination. However, this has resulted in practical problems on the ageing fleet like fuel leaks from the rivet holes, long downtime of the aircraft etc. Friction stir weld (FSW) of the two plates would help alleviate all these problems.

proobj:
Evaluate the metallurgical feasibility of FSW of the V-95 and D-19 aluminum alloy combination used for fabrication of the wing stringer and wing panel respectively

prometho:
The research methodology planned for the project would be experimental analysis of the strength and mechanical characteristics of the welded and the existing riveted joints. The parameters for obtaining the best weld will be first determined by welding test pieces using different tool profiles and weld parameters. Specimens would then be welded with the optimum parameters identified and the welded samples would be tested for mechanical and other characteristics to identify if the friction stir welded sample would provide better mechanical characteristics than the riveted samples.

prosummary:
(a)	  Literature survey to identify similar studies which would guide the selection of the FSW parameters.
(b)	Tool design and fabrication.  The tool for the weld has to be selected based on the best weld result by physically friction stir welding coupons with different tool profiles and freezing the profile providing the best weld output. 
(c)	Freezing of Lap weld parameters   Lap FSW of a number of coupons with different weld parameters to identify and freeze the parameters providing the best weld output.  
(d)	Fabrication and welding of the test  coupons using the selected weld parameters  
(e)	Fabrication and riveting of coupons    Riveting of coupons in the same configuration as in the aircraft fuel tank
(f)	Testing of coupons.   Conduct of a series of tests on the welded and riveted coupons like tensile test, shear test, compression test, micro hardness test, hot wear resistance test, microstructure analysis, corrosion resistance test of the joint and fatigue analysis and comparison of the results for both the type of joints.

proEoutcome:
The research team is fully confidant that the FSW joint would provide better mechanical characteristics than the riveted joint and it would be feasible to conduct field trials post confirmation of the metallurgical feasibility of the proposal

FAScheme:
Aeronautical Research and Development Board

fAhead:
PCDA R&D WEST BLOCK V RK PURAM NEW DELHI 110066, MAJOR HEAD 2080-DEFENCE SERVICES R&D, MINOR HEAD 004 RESEARCH/RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CODE HEAD 852/02 (AR&DB GRANT IN AID ) OF DEFENCE SERVICES ESTIMATES)


protitle:
Composites of Transition Metal Oxides of Very High Surface Chemical Activity in Carbon Nano-Space for Super-Capacitor Application

prointro:
Supercapacitors are electronic devices used to store an extremely large amount of electrical charges.  They are also known as electrochemical capacitors, promise high power density, high rate capability, great cycle stability and high energy density.   In an energy storage device, storing an electrical charge is called "energy density," a distinction from "power density," which refers to how quickly energy is delivered.  Conventional capacitors have high power density but low energy density, which means they can quickly charge and discharge and release a burst of electric power in a short time, but they can't hold a large amount of electric charges. On the other hand, conventional batteries are the opposite, have high energy density or can store a lot of electric energy and needs hours to charge and discharge.  Supercapacitors are a bridge (figure 1) between conventional capacitors and batteries, combining the advantageous properties of high power, high energy density and low internal resistance, which may replace batteries as a fast, reliable and potentially safer power source for electric and portable electronic devices in future.

proobj:
•Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured transition metal oxides, nano-spaced carbon materials such as entangled graphene assembly, CNT and corresponding composites
•Fabrication of electrodes and assembly of suitable energy storage device.
•Evaluation of device performance and 
•Simulation studies to predict the performance affecting parameters using DC and AC techniques.

prometho:
•Transition metal oxide will be prepared by coprecipitation method
•Carbon matrix will be synthesized by CVD, Hummer’s method
•Composites will be prepared by standard chemical routes
•All the materials will be characterized by XRD, HRTEM, SEM, BET, AFM, XPS and Raman spectroscopy
•Electrochemical performances such as CV, charge-discharge, device impedance and lifetime of the storage devices will be carried out using standard approach

prosummary:
The whole project will be divided into few segments, which include synthesis of the raw materials, fabrication of the electrodes and fabrication of the storage devices.  We, in our lab, will synthesize the materials, suitable for energy storage application by using a simple coprecipitation method.  In this method, easily available, inexpensive metal salts such as nitrates, sulphates and chlorides will be utilized as the precursors for some of the metal oxides.  During the synthesis, no additional water will be used from outside to minimize agglomeration caused by hydrogen bonding.  Simply, the experiment will be performed at water free environment. Carbon nanomaterials, mainly graphene, will be prepared by modified Hummer’s method as well as CVD.  Similarly, carbon nanotubes (both single walled and multi walled) will be synthesized using suitable precursors by CVD.  The composite materials i.e, graphene/metal, graphene/metal oxide, carbon nanotube (CNT)/metal and carbon nanotube (CNT)/metal oxide will be prepared by suitable chemical routes.  Then the synthesized materials (transition metal oxide and composite materials) will be deposited on suitable substrates such as nickel, copper, steel and carbon to fabricate the electrodes.  Individual electrode performance such as cyclic voltametry, charge-discharge, durability and electrochemical impedance study will be performed using standard approach.  Based on the performance of individual electrode, storage devices will be fabricated.  It will be our prime target to fabricate the ultra-light, cost effective energy storage devices having superior performance.

proEoutcome:
This is the first time we have developed a simple chemical method for making nanocrystalline oxide materials having high surface area for the application in energy storage devices particularly in supercapacitors.  The process involves the reaction between inexpensive metal precursors and a precipitant in almost water free environment to generate nanocrystalline metal oxides.  The novelty of the process is, since there is no additional water involves throughout the synthesis process, the agglomeration/aggregation of the particles can be minimized resulted in monodispersed nanosized metal oxide particles with high surface area.  Since particle size and surface area are the two main role players in determining the performance of energy storage devices, it is expected that the materials synthesized by this method will be extremely important for this investigation.  The nanocrystalline transition metal oxides can be easily inserted in the nano-spaced carbon matrix to make the composites.  As nanocrystallinity and high surface area are major role players in energy storage devices, it is expected that extremely high power density with reasonable current density can be achieved from the fabricated devices by using these materials.  Moreover, nano-space of conducting carbon material can offer extra mechanical stability of the electrodes during operation ensuring prolonged stability and consequently, longer lifetime.  After completion of the project, it is expected that the improved technology will help the battery industry, navy, military and space organization of our country directly.


